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{{Short description|Species of moth}}
__NOTOC__
{{Speciesbox
| image = Bupalus pinaria male par Nemos.jpg
| image_caption = Upperwings of adult male of a southern population
| taxon = Bupalus piniaria
| authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]])
| synonyms_ref=<ref>{{cite web |title=''Bupalus piniaria'' (Linnaeus, 1758) |url=https://fauna-eu.org/cdm_dataportal/taxon/f5c095c1-23aa-45e4-9c14-ea7c51fee0d0 |website=Fanua Europaea |access-date=20 August 2023}}</ref>
| synonyms = {{collapsible list|
*''Bupalus piniarius'' (''[[lapsus]]'')
*''Phalaena piniaria'' Linnaeus, 1758
}}}}

The '''bordered white''' or '''pine looper''' ('''''Bupalus piniaria'''''), is a [[moth]] of the [[family (biology)|family]] [[Geometridae]]. Among these, it belongs to [[tribe (biology)|tribe]] [[Bupalini]] of the [[subfamily]] [[Ennominae]]. ''B. piniaria'' is a common species throughout the western [[Palearctic]] region, the [[Near East]] and North [[Africa]]. However, its presence in certain regions – e.g. the northern [[Balkans]] – is doubtful.<ref>Skinner (1984), Chinery (2007): 180, FE (2009)</ref> East it is found to Siberia
and [[Amur Oblast]].

Three [[subspecies]] are generally recognized, while two additional ones are doubtfully distinct:<ref>FE (2009)</ref>
* ''Bupalus piniaria bernieri'' de Lajonquiere, 1958
* ''Bupalus piniaria espagnolus'' Eitschberger & Steiniger, 1975
* ''Bupalus piniaria flavescens'' White, 1876 (usually included in ''piniaria'')
<gallery mode=packed>
(MHNT) Bupalus piniaria flavescens - Kosov Slovaquie - Male dorsal.jpg|[[MHNT]] ''Bupalus piniaria flavescens'' ♂
(MHNT) Bupalus piniaria flavescens - Kosov Slovaquie - Male ventral.jpg|[[MHNT]] ''Bupalus piniaria flavescens'' ♂ △
</gallery>
* ''Bupalus piniaria mughusaria'' Gumppenberg, 1887 (usually included in ''piniaria'')
* ''Bupalus piniaria piniaria'' (Linnaeus, 1758)

In addition, many [[form (zoology)|form]]s (e.g. ''kolleri'') have also been named.<ref>Reissner (1942)</ref><ref>Prout, L. B. (1912–16). Geometridae. In A. Seitz (ed.) ''The Macrolepidoptera of the World''. The Palaearctic Geometridae, 4. 479 pp. Alfred Kernen, Stuttgart.[https://archive.org/details/macrolepidoptera1216seit pdf]</ref>

==Description and ecology==
{{Entomology glossary hatnote}}
This moth is an inhabitant of [[Conifer|coniferous]] [[woodland]]. The adults fly in May and June,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.habitas.org.uk/moths/species.asp?item=6046|title=Bordered White|last=Thompson, R. S. & Nelson, B.|date=August 2023|website=Habitas}}</ref> sometimes later (up to August or so) in the north of the range. Their [[wingspan]] is 34–40 mm. This is a variable species with strong [[sexual dimorphism]], always conspicuous in the [[antenna (biology)|antennae]] which are combed in the males and plain in the females. Females, particularly when filled with ripe eggs, also have a plumper [[abdomen]].<ref>Skinner (1984), Chinery (2007): 180–181</ref><ref>Pasi Sihvonen and Peder Skou , 2015 In: Axel Hausmann (Hrsg.):, 2015 ''The Geometrid Moths of Europe''. 1. Auflage. Volume 5: Ennominae I, Stenstrup 2015, 978-90-04-26573-8</ref>
<gallery mode=packed heights="140px">
(MHNT) Bupalus piniaria - Kosov Slovaquie - Male dorsal.jpg|''Bupalus piniaria'' ♂
(MHNT) Bupalus piniaria - Kosov Slovaquie - Male ventral.jpg| ♂ △
(MHNT) Bupalus piniaria - Kosov Slovaquie - Female dorsal.jpg|''Bupalus piniaria''♀
(MHNT) Bupalus piniaria - Kosov Slovaquie - Female ventral.jpg| ♀ △
</gallery>
The male has upperwings with broad dark brown borders and spots and a background varying from white in the north to deep yellow in southern populations. The female is plainer, varying from yellow to brown on the upperwings, which have slightly darker crosswise stripes. In both sexes, the wingtips are darkest. The underwings are less dimorphic, orange-brown with darker tips on the forewings and marbled light brown with a whitish lengthwise stripe on the hindwings in both sexes. The male's underwings have a wider whitish hindwing stripe and darker forewing tips, while the females have a more contrasting hindwing pattern. All four wings are bordered by a short fringe of alternating sections of white and dark brown hairs. Bilateral [[gynandromorph]]s are easily recognized in this species.<ref>Reissner (1942), Skinner (1984), Chinery (2007): 180–181</ref>

The [[caterpillar]] (also known as a [[larva]]) can be a serious pest in conifer [[plantation]]s.<ref>Skinner (1984), Chinery (2007): 180, and see references in Savela (2001)</ref> They are green with pale lines and usually feed on various species of [[pine]] (''Pinus''), especially [[Scots pine]] (''P. sylvestris'') and [[European black pine]] (''P. nigra''). It has also been recorded feeding on [[Douglas-fir]] (''Pseudotsuga menziesii''), [[larch]] (''Larix'') and [[spruce]] (''Picea'', e.g. [[Norway spruce]] ''P. abies''). <ref>[http://www.nhm.ac.uk/research-curation/research/projects/hostplants/search/index.dsml HOSTS database, National History Museum, London]. Retrieved 2024</ref>Larvae have four to six [[instar]]s and [[Pupa|pupate]] in the soil where they overwinter.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Leverton |first1=Roy |title=Enjoying Moths |date=2001 |publisher=T & A D Poyser Ltd |location=London |isbn=0-85661-124-7 |pages=16–17}}</ref>
<gallery>
File:Bupalus piniaria femelle par Nemos.jpg|Upperwings of southern adult female
File:Bupalus.piniaria.7489.jpg|Underwings of adult male from [[Dresden]] (Germany)
File:Bupalus.piniaria.7513.jpg|Underwings of adult female from Dresden (Germany)
File:Bupalus_piniaria_ova.jpg|Eggs
File:Männivaksiku röövik.jpg|Early instar larvae
File:Bupalus piniarius 1 beentree.jpg|[[Caterpillar]]
</gallery>

==Taxonomy==
It is (under its original [[scientific name]] ''Phalaena piniaria'') the [[type species]] of its [[genus]] ''[[Bupalus (moth)|Bupalus]]'', as well as the [[junior objective synonym]]s ''Catograpta'', ''Chleuastes'' and ''Phaophyga'', and the [[junior homonym|preoccupied]] ''[[Synchita|Bupala]]''. Via its genus, it is also the type of the Bupalini.<ref>Pitkin & Jenkins (2004)</ref> ''Bupalus'' was raised by the English [[Zoology|zoologist]] [[William Elford Leach]], in 1815 and is the name of a [[Bupalus and Athenis|6th-century BC Greek sculptor]]. The [[Specific name (zoology)|specific name]] ''piniaria'' refers to ''Pinus'' the pine tree genus and food-plant.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Emmet |first1=A Maitland |author1-link=A. Maitland Emmet |editor1-link= |title=The Scientific Names of the British Lepidoptera. Their History and Meaning |date=1991 |publisher=[[Harley Books]] |location=Colchester |isbn=0-946589-28-3 |page=183}}</ref>

==Footnotes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
* {{aut|Chinery, Michael}} (2007): ''Domino Guide to the Insects of Britain and Western Europe'' (Revised ed.). A. & C. Black, London. {{ISBN|978-0-7136-7239-8}}
* {{aut|Pitkin, Brian & Jenkins, Paul}} (2004): [http://www.nhm.ac.uk/jdsml/research-curation/research/projects/butmoth/index.dsml Butterflies and Moths of the World, Generic Names and their Type-species] – [http://www.nhm.ac.uk/jdsml/research-curation/research/projects/butmoth/GenusDetails.dsml?NUMBER=4421.0 ''Bupalus'']. Version of 5 November 2004. Retrieved 13 May 2010.
* {{aut|Reissner, Hans}} (1942): Ein geteilter Zwitter von ''Bupalus piniarius'' L. ["A bilateral gynandromorph of the Bordered White"]. ''Zeitschrift des Wiener Entomologen-Vereins'' '''27''': 287-288 [in German]. [http://www.biologiezentrum.at/pdf_frei_remote/ZOEV_27_0287-0288.pdf PDF fulltext]
* {{aut|Savela, Markku}} (2001): Markku Savela's Lepidoptera and some other life forms – [http://www.nic.funet.fi/pub/sci/bio/life/insecta/lepidoptera/ditrysia/geometroidea/geometridae/ennominae/bupalus/index.html#piniarius ''Bupalus piniarius''] [''[[sic]]'']. Version of 1 October 2001. Retrieved 13 May 2010.
* {{aut|Skinner, Bernard}} (1984): ''Colour Identification Guide to Moths of the British Isles''.

==External links==
{{Commons category|Bupalus piniaria}}
*[https://www.ukmoths.org.uk/species/bupalus-piniaria/ Bordered white at ''UKMoths'']
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060824204227/http://kimmos.freeshell.org/lnel/g4/Buppinia.htm Bordered white at kimmos.freeshell.org]
*[https://projects.biodiversity.be/lepidoptera/species/5656/ ''Lepidoptera of Belgium'']
*[https://treesforlife.org.uk/into-the-forest/habitats-and-ecology/ecology/herbivory/ Trees for Life]
*[http://www.vlindernet.nl/vlindersoort.php?vlinderid=383 ''Vlindernet.nl''] {{in lang|nl}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q24342}}

[[Category:Bupalini]]
[[Category:Moths described in 1758]]
[[Category:Moths of Africa]]
[[Category:Moths of Asia]]
[[Category:Moths of Europe]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]

Bordered white - Revision history

imported>Citation bot: Alter: pages, isbn. Formatted dashes. | Use this bot. Report bugs. | Suggested by Abductive | Category:Moths described in 1758 | #UCB_Category 10/317