imported>Randy Kryn: /* Nests */ uppercase per direct link (Indo-Gangetic Plain)

2025-12-22T04:33:52Z

Nests: uppercase per direct link (Indo-Gangetic Plain)

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imported>Chris the speller: replaced: variably-sized → variably sized (2)

2025-06-22T17:01:20Z

replaced: variably-sized → variably sized (2)

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imported>OAbot: Open access bot: hdl updated in citation with #oabot.

2025-06-09T14:04:05Z

Open access bot: hdl updated in citation with #oabot.

← Previous revision		Revision as of 14:04, 9 June 2025
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	Further east into Asia, their distribution includes eastern [[Afghanistan]] and [[Pakistan]] through most of the [[Indian subcontinent]], where generally it is uncommon but more locally common near [[Nepal]]. On the other hand, they are absent in eastern India and only occur as a vagrant to [[Sri Lanka]] and [[Bangladesh]].<ref name="iucn status 12 November 2021" /><ref name= Ferguson-Lees/><ref name= Naoroji/> In [[India]], they are most regularly found in areas such as the [[Chambal river\|Chambal ravines]], [[Ranthambore National Park]], the Chir zone of the lower [[Kumaon division\|Kumaun Himalayas]], and in winter in the [[Keoladeo National Park]] of [[Bharatpur, Rajasthan]].<ref name= Naoroji/> From central [[Myanmar]], they range across into northwestern [[Thailand]] and northern [[Laos]] (though possibly only as a visitor rather than breeding in the latter two). In southern [[China]], their resident range includes [[Yunnan]], [[Guangxi]], and [[Guangdong]] north to the [[Yangtze River]], as well as rarely into [[Hong Kong]].<ref name="iucn status 12 November 2021" /><ref name= Ferguson-Lees/><ref>Round, P. D. (1983). ''Some recent bird records from northern Thailand''. Nat. Hist. Bull. Siam Soc, 31(2), 123–138.</ref><ref>Scharringa, J. (1994). ''A record of the Bonelli's Eagle Hieraaetus fasciatus in Thailand''. Natural History Bulletin of the Siam Society, 42: 291.</ref><ref>MacKinnon, J. R., MacKinnon, J., Phillipps, K., & He, F. Q. (2000). ''A field guide to the birds of China''. Oxford University Press.</ref><ref>Carey, G. (2001). ''The Avifauna of Hong Kong''. Hong Kong Bird Watching Society.</ref> Their isolated [[Indonesia]]n population range is in the [[Lesser Sunda Islands]], including at least [[Sumbawa]], [[Timor]], [[Wetar]], [[Maluku (province)\|Luang]], and [[Flores]], however records show they've turned up on as many as 20 islands in the Lesser Sundas.<ref name= Ferguson-Lees/><ref name= Trainor/><ref>Trainor, C. R. (2002). ''The birds of Adonara, Lesser Sundas, Indonesia''. Forktail, 93–100.</ref>		Further east into Asia, their distribution includes eastern [[Afghanistan]] and [[Pakistan]] through most of the [[Indian subcontinent]], where generally it is uncommon but more locally common near [[Nepal]]. On the other hand, they are absent in eastern India and only occur as a vagrant to [[Sri Lanka]] and [[Bangladesh]].<ref name="iucn status 12 November 2021" /><ref name= Ferguson-Lees/><ref name= Naoroji/> In [[India]], they are most regularly found in areas such as the [[Chambal river\|Chambal ravines]], [[Ranthambore National Park]], the Chir zone of the lower [[Kumaon division\|Kumaun Himalayas]], and in winter in the [[Keoladeo National Park]] of [[Bharatpur, Rajasthan]].<ref name= Naoroji/> From central [[Myanmar]], they range across into northwestern [[Thailand]] and northern [[Laos]] (though possibly only as a visitor rather than breeding in the latter two). In southern [[China]], their resident range includes [[Yunnan]], [[Guangxi]], and [[Guangdong]] north to the [[Yangtze River]], as well as rarely into [[Hong Kong]].<ref name="iucn status 12 November 2021" /><ref name= Ferguson-Lees/><ref>Round, P. D. (1983). ''Some recent bird records from northern Thailand''. Nat. Hist. Bull. Siam Soc, 31(2), 123–138.</ref><ref>Scharringa, J. (1994). ''A record of the Bonelli's Eagle Hieraaetus fasciatus in Thailand''. Natural History Bulletin of the Siam Society, 42: 291.</ref><ref>MacKinnon, J. R., MacKinnon, J., Phillipps, K., & He, F. Q. (2000). ''A field guide to the birds of China''. Oxford University Press.</ref><ref>Carey, G. (2001). ''The Avifauna of Hong Kong''. Hong Kong Bird Watching Society.</ref> Their isolated [[Indonesia]]n population range is in the [[Lesser Sunda Islands]], including at least [[Sumbawa]], [[Timor]], [[Wetar]], [[Maluku (province)\|Luang]], and [[Flores]], however records show they've turned up on as many as 20 islands in the Lesser Sundas.<ref name= Ferguson-Lees/><ref name= Trainor/><ref>Trainor, C. R. (2002). ''The birds of Adonara, Lesser Sundas, Indonesia''. Forktail, 93–100.</ref>

	Historically speaking, research published in ''[[British Ecological Society#Publications\|People and Nature]]'' in 2024 by scientists from the [[University of Granada]] and [[Miguel Hernández University of Elche]] (UMH) indicates that Bonelli's eagle is a relative newcomer to Europe and the [[Mediterranean Basin]] and that they spread there with the help of humans around 50,000 years ago.<ref name=phys>{{cite web \|url=https://phys.org/news/2024-05-homo-sapiens-bonelli-eagle-mediterranean.html \|title=Homo sapiens facilitated establishment of Bonelli's eagle in the Mediterranean 50,000 years ago, study finds \|last=Gallar \|first=Angeles \|publisher=[[Miguel Hernández University of Elche]] \|website=phys.org \|date=2024-05-21 \|access-date=2024-05-29}}</ref><ref name=people2024>{{cite journal \|title=Wildlife following people: A multidisciplinary assessment of the ancient colonization of the Mediterranean Basin by a long-lived raptor \|journal=People and Nature \|last1=Moleón \|first1=M. \|last2=Graciá \|first2=E. \|last3=García \|first3=N. \|last4=Gil-Sánchez \|first4=J.M. \|last5=Godinho \|first5=R. \|last6=Beja \|first6=P. \|last7=Palma \|first7=L. \|last8=Real \|first8=J. \|last9=Hernández-Matías \|first9=A. \|last10=Muñoz \|first10=A.R. \|last11=Arrondo \|first11=E. \|last12=Sánchez-Zapata \|first12=J.A. \|volume= 6\|issue= 3\|pages= 1303–1319\|doi=10.1002/pan3.10642 \|date=2024\|doi-access=free \|bibcode=2024PeoNa...6.1303M }}</ref> Genetic analyses indicate that the Mediterranean Bonelli's eagle population likely comprised a few individuals around the last glacial maximum, which later thrived as the temperature in the Mediterranean Basin rose, and the human population grew and became sedentary.<ref name=phys/>		Historically speaking, research published in ''[[British Ecological Society#Publications\|People and Nature]]'' in 2024 by scientists from the [[University of Granada]] and [[Miguel Hernández University of Elche]] (UMH) indicates that Bonelli's eagle is a relative newcomer to Europe and the [[Mediterranean Basin]] and that they spread there with the help of humans around 50,000 years ago.<ref name=phys>{{cite web \|url=https://phys.org/news/2024-05-homo-sapiens-bonelli-eagle-mediterranean.html \|title=Homo sapiens facilitated establishment of Bonelli's eagle in the Mediterranean 50,000 years ago, study finds \|last=Gallar \|first=Angeles \|publisher=[[Miguel Hernández University of Elche]] \|website=phys.org \|date=2024-05-21 \|access-date=2024-05-29}}</ref><ref name=people2024>{{cite journal \|title=Wildlife following people: A multidisciplinary assessment of the ancient colonization of the Mediterranean Basin by a long-lived raptor \|journal=People and Nature \|last1=Moleón \|first1=M. \|last2=Graciá \|first2=E. \|last3=García \|first3=N. \|last4=Gil-Sánchez \|first4=J.M. \|last5=Godinho \|first5=R. \|last6=Beja \|first6=P. \|last7=Palma \|first7=L. \|last8=Real \|first8=J. \|last9=Hernández-Matías \|first9=A. \|last10=Muñoz \|first10=A.R. \|last11=Arrondo \|first11=E. \|last12=Sánchez-Zapata \|first12=J.A. \|volume= 6\|issue= 3\|pages= 1303–1319\|doi=10.1002/pan3.10642 \|date=2024\|doi-access=free \|bibcode=2024PeoNa...6.1303M \|hdl=10261/388196 \|hdl-access=free }}</ref> Genetic analyses indicate that the Mediterranean Bonelli's eagle population likely comprised a few individuals around the last glacial maximum, which later thrived as the temperature in the Mediterranean Basin rose, and the human population grew and became sedentary.<ref name=phys/>

	Mechanistically, the three bilateral interactions among Bonelli's eagles, [[golden eagles]], and the human population are jointly what allowed Bonelli's eagles to move from the [[Middle East]] into the Mediterranean Basin at this time – and also what prevented them from moving there sooner.<ref name=phys/><ref name=people2024/> Golden eagles are less tolerant of humans than Bonelli's eagles are.<ref name=phys/> Additionally, between the two eagle species, the golden eagle is the dominant species, while Bonelli's eagle is the subordinate one.<ref name=phys/> With these interactions in mind, the authors of the 2024 ''People and Nature'' study hypothesize and test with data-driven mathematical models that with the arrival of the first anatomically modern humans in Europe, some of the golden eagle territories closest to human settlements were abandoned, and these 'vacant' territories began to be occupied by Bonelli's eagles from the Middle East.<ref name=phys/><ref name=people2024/> That is, Bonelli's eagles could not have established themselves in the Mediterranean before the arrival of the first Homo sapiens because the competitive pressure exerted by golden eagles and other species would have been too overwhelming, but the arrival of humans displaced the golden eagles and provided an empty niche in the localities' ecosystems that Bonelli's eagles were then able to neatly fill.<ref name=phys/><ref name=people2024/>		Mechanistically, the three bilateral interactions among Bonelli's eagles, [[golden eagles]], and the human population are jointly what allowed Bonelli's eagles to move from the [[Middle East]] into the Mediterranean Basin at this time – and also what prevented them from moving there sooner.<ref name=phys/><ref name=people2024/> Golden eagles are less tolerant of humans than Bonelli's eagles are.<ref name=phys/> Additionally, between the two eagle species, the golden eagle is the dominant species, while Bonelli's eagle is the subordinate one.<ref name=phys/> With these interactions in mind, the authors of the 2024 ''People and Nature'' study hypothesize and test with data-driven mathematical models that with the arrival of the first anatomically modern humans in Europe, some of the golden eagle territories closest to human settlements were abandoned, and these 'vacant' territories began to be occupied by Bonelli's eagles from the Middle East.<ref name=phys/><ref name=people2024/> That is, Bonelli's eagles could not have established themselves in the Mediterranean before the arrival of the first Homo sapiens because the competitive pressure exerted by golden eagles and other species would have been too overwhelming, but the arrival of humans displaced the golden eagles and provided an empty niche in the localities' ecosystems that Bonelli's eagles were then able to neatly fill.<ref name=phys/><ref name=people2024/>

imported>OAbot: Open access bot: url-access updated in citation with #oabot.

2025-05-22T16:10:42Z

Open access bot: url-access updated in citation with #oabot.

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Bonelli's eagle - Revision history

imported>Randy Kryn: /* Nests */ uppercase per direct link (Indo-Gangetic Plain)

imported>Chris the speller: replaced: variably-sized → variably sized (2)

imported>OAbot: Open access bot: hdl updated in citation with #oabot.

imported>OAbot: Open access bot: url-access updated in citation with #oabot.