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{{Short description|Proposed language grouping}}
{{See also|Bodo language|Bodo–Garo languages}}
{{Infobox language family
|name=Bodish
|region=[[Tibetan Plateau]]
|familycolor=Sino-Tibetan
|fam2=[[Tibeto-Burman]]
|fam3=[[Tibeto-Kanauri languages|Tibeto-Kanauri]] (?)
|child1=[[Tibetic languages|Tibetic]]
|child2=[[East Bodish languages|East Bodish]]
|glotto=bodi1257
|glottorefname=Bodish
}}

'''Bodish''', named for the Tibetan [[ethnonym]] ''Bod'', is a proposed grouping consisting of the [[Tibetic languages]] and associated [[Sino-Tibetan languages]] spoken in [[Tibet]], [[India|North India]], [[Nepal]], [[Bhutan]], and [[Pakistan|North Pakistan]].
It has not been demonstrated that all these languages form a [[clade]], characterized by shared innovations, within Sino-Tibetan.{{sfn|Tournadre|2014|p=105}}

Shafer, who coined the term "Bodish", used it for two different levels in his classification, called "section" and "branch" respectively:{{sfn|Shafer|1955|pp=100–101}}

{{tree list}}
* '''Bodish'''
** Bodish
*** West Bodish
*** Central Bodish
*** South Bodish
*** East Bodish
** Gurung ([[Tamangic languages|Tamangic]])
** [[Tshangla language|Tshangla]]
** [[Rgyalrongic languages|Rgyalrongic]]
{{tree list/end}}

It is now generally accepted that the languages Shafer placed in the first three subgroups are all descended from [[Old Tibetan]], and should be combined as a Tibetic subgroup, with the [[East Bodish languages]] as a sister subgroup.{{sfn|Hill|2010|p=111}}
More recent classifications omit Rgyalrongic, which is considered a separate branch of Sino-Tibetan.{{sfn|Bradley|1997|p=4}}

Bradley (1997) also defined a broad "Bodish" group, adding the [[West Himalayish languages]], which Shafer treated as a sibling of his Bodish section. The resulting grouping is roughly equivalent to the "[[Tibeto-Kanauri languages|Tibeto-Kanauri]]" group in other classifications. Within this grouping, Bodish proper is a subgroup with two branches, Tibetic and East Bodish:{{sfn|Bradley|1997|pp=3–15}}

{{tree list}}
* '''Bodish'''
** {{tree list/branching}}
*** {{tree list/branching}}
**** Central Bodish (Tibetic)
**** East Bodish
*** West Bodish (Tamangic)
** Tshangla, [[Lhokpu language|Lhokpu]], [[Gongduk language|Gongduk]]
** [[West Himalayish languages|West Himalayish]]
{{tree list/end}}

East Bodish is among the least researched branches of Sino-Tibetan. Languages regarded as members of this family include [[Bumthang language|Bumthang]] (Michailovsky and Mazaudon 1994; [[George van Driem|van Driem]] 1995), [[Tshangla language|Tshangla]] (Hoshi 1987; Andvik 1999), [[Dakpa language|Dakpa]] (Lu 1986; Sun et al. 1991), [[Zhang-Zhung language|Zhangzhung]] (Nagano and LaPolla 2001), and maybe [[Zakhring language|Zakhring]] (Blench & Post 2011).

According to Shafer, East Bodish is the most conservative branch of the Bodish languages.

As for grammars of the [[East Bodish languages]], there is Das Gupta (1968) and Lu (2002). Some papers on [[Kurtöp language|Kurtöp]] include Hyslop (2008a, 2008b, 2009).

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=20em}}

{{refbegin|colwidth=30em|indent=yes}}
* {{citation | surname = Bradley | given = David | author-link = David Bradley (linguist) | chapter = Tibeto-Burman languages and classification | pages = 1–71 | chapter-url = http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/bradley1997tibeto-burman.pdf | editor-surname = Bradley | editor-given = David | title = Tibeto-Burman languages of the Himalayas | series = ''Papers in South East Asian linguistics'' | volume = 14 | location = Canberra | publisher = Pacific Linguistics | year = 1997 | isbn = 978-0-85883-456-9 | postscript = . }}
* [[George van Driem|van Driem, George]] (1994). ''East Bodish and Proto-Tibeto-Burman morphosyntax.'' Current Issues in Sino-Tibetan Linguistics, Osaka: The Organizing Committee of the 26th International Conference on Sino-Tibetan Languages and Linguistics.
* van Driem, George (1995). ''Een eerste grammaticale verkenning van het Bumthang, een taal van midden-Bhutan.'' Leiden: Onderzoekschool CNWS.
* van Driem, George (2001) ''Languages of the Himalayas: An Ethnolinguistic Handbook of the Greater Himalayan Region.'' Brill.
* {{citation | given = Nathan W. | surname = Hill |author-link= Nathan W. Hill | title = Overview of Old Tibetan synchronic phonology | journal = Transactions of the Philological Society | volume = 108 | issue = 2 | year = 2010 | pages = 110–125 | doi = 10.1111/j.1467-968X.2010.01234.x | url = http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/8964/1/Hill_2010_overview_of_Old_Tibetan_phonology.pdf | postscript = . | citeseerx = 10.1.1.694.8283 }}
* Hyslop, G., (2008a). Kurtöp phonology in the context of Northeast India. In: Morey, S., Post, M. (Eds.), ''North East Indian Linguistics 1: Papers from the First International Conference of the [[North East Indian Linguistics Society|North East Indian Linguistic Society]].'' Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 3–25.
*Hyslop, G., (2008b). "Kurtöp and the classification of the languages of Bhutan." In: ''Proceedings from the 42nd Annual Meeting of the Chicago Linguistic Society 42, vol. 2, South Asian Linguistics, Case, Voice, and Language Coexistence.'' University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
*Hyslop, G., (2009), "Kurtöp Tone: A tonogenetic case study." ''Lingua'' 119: 827–845
*Lu shao zun 陸紹尊(2002). 門巴語方言研究 ''Menbayu fangyan yanjiu [Studies in the dialects of the Monpa language.]'' Beijing: [[Publishing House of Minority Nationalities]].
*Michailovsky, Boyd and Martine Mazaudon (1994). “Preliminary Notes on the Languages of the Bumthang Group (Bhutan).” ''Tibetan Studies: proceedings of the 6th Seminar of the International Association for Tibetan Studies.'' Ed. Per Kværne. Vol 2. Oslo: The Institute of Comparative Research in Human Culture. 545-557.
* {{citation | given = Robert | surname = Shafer | title = Classification of the Sino-Tibetan languages | journal = Word (Journal of the Linguistic Circle of New York) | year = 1955 | volume = 11 | issue = 1 | pages = 94–111 | doi = 10.1080/00437956.1955.11659552 | postscript = . | doi-access = free }}
* {{citation | given = Nicolas | surname = Tournadre | chapter = The Tibetic languages and their classification | pages = 103–129 | title = Trans-Himalayan Linguistics: Historical and Descriptive Linguistics of the Himalayan Area | editor1-given = Thomas | editor1-surname = Owen-Smith | editor2-given = Nathan W. | editor2-surname = Hill | publisher = De Gruyter | year = 2014 | isbn = 978-3-11-031074-0 | postscript = . }} ([http://www.nicolas-tournadre.net/wp-content/uploads/multimedia/2014-The_Tibetic_languages.pdf preprint])
{{refend}}

{{Sino-Tibetan languages}}
{{Bodic languages}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Bodish languages| ]]

Bodish languages - Revision history

imported>TinaLees-Jones at 01:01, 12 November 2024