Benjamin Butler - Revision history

imported>StefenTower: Typo fixes + cleanups, typo(s) fixed: , Jr → Jr

2025-12-30T23:35:20Z

Typo fixes + cleanups, typo(s) fixed: , Jr → Jr

imported>StefenTower: Typo fixes + cleanups, typo(s) fixed: , Jr → Jr (3)

2025-06-30T21:05:46Z

Typo fixes + cleanups, typo(s) fixed: , Jr → Jr (3)

imported>Maurice Magnus: /* Further reading */ added an article

2025-06-12T00:29:14Z

Further reading: added an article

← Previous revision		Revision as of 00:29, 12 June 2025
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	* ''Private And Official Correspondence Of Gen. Benjamin F. Butler During The Period Of The Civil War'' (1917). [https://archive.org/details/privateoffice05butlrich vol 1 online], [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.153806/page/n7/mode/2up vol 2 online], [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.153768, vol 3 online], [https://archive.org/details/privateandoffici028872mbp vol 4 online], [https://archive.org/details/privateofficialc05butl vol 5 online], [https://archive.org/details/privateofficialc01inbutl in five volumes]		* ''Private And Official Correspondence Of Gen. Benjamin F. Butler During The Period Of The Civil War'' (1917). [https://archive.org/details/privateoffice05butlrich vol 1 online], [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.153806/page/n7/mode/2up vol 2 online], [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.153768, vol 3 online], [https://archive.org/details/privateandoffici028872mbp vol 4 online], [https://archive.org/details/privateofficialc05butl vol 5 online], [https://archive.org/details/privateofficialc01inbutl in five volumes]
	* Butler, Benjamin F. [https://archive.harpers.org/1885/07/pdf/HarpersMagazine-1885-07-0034832.pdf?Expires=1708367933&Signature=UOik~UJ2K6pe8JReItMxHUfHZwE5CXcsWvRTwV0tocTwijMwAJcQJz5KzdudBzS2yua~95VEZdntar4WCUewKxmPuyCmW98DPXikKm30Llmc~J4FRkKl0mXCIwz-gcPLifjmVtABMCb9bTgFXhTBCFgztw3j2JK4LaO4FpfsvV9~geaWLhscRqXBrx2we8BYATitDhSim3XEPK4TU4BepKHA1vXw7zsknCQT2QdE898RSAZ~NLRVe7LWCbmpPnplzotWD1LpEunfwYrgpj9umu6YhX~oN3cQendXCwQup5t6YMy0N36L8SlW17qt-qyyQiMoy6wWMv25mzLu-Mg0EQ__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAIQD6QYTWPWWYIORQ "The Story of the 'America{{'"}}, ''Harper's New Monthly Magazine'', July 1885] The ''America'' was a sailing (as opposed to a steam) yacht, which competed in races. [https://harpers.org/archive/1885/07/the-story-of-the-america/ This link identifies Butler as the author.]		* Butler, Benjamin F. [https://archive.harpers.org/1885/07/pdf/HarpersMagazine-1885-07-0034832.pdf?Expires=1708367933&Signature=UOik~UJ2K6pe8JReItMxHUfHZwE5CXcsWvRTwV0tocTwijMwAJcQJz5KzdudBzS2yua~95VEZdntar4WCUewKxmPuyCmW98DPXikKm30Llmc~J4FRkKl0mXCIwz-gcPLifjmVtABMCb9bTgFXhTBCFgztw3j2JK4LaO4FpfsvV9~geaWLhscRqXBrx2we8BYATitDhSim3XEPK4TU4BepKHA1vXw7zsknCQT2QdE898RSAZ~NLRVe7LWCbmpPnplzotWD1LpEunfwYrgpj9umu6YhX~oN3cQendXCwQup5t6YMy0N36L8SlW17qt-qyyQiMoy6wWMv25mzLu-Mg0EQ__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAIQD6QYTWPWWYIORQ "The Story of the 'America{{'"}}, ''Harper's New Monthly Magazine'', July 1885] The ''America'' was a sailing (as opposed to a steam) yacht, which competed in races. [https://harpers.org/archive/1885/07/the-story-of-the-america/ This link identifies Butler as the author.]
			* Butler, Benj. F. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/25101653 "Some Experiences with Yellow Fever and Its Prevention"] ''The North American Review'', Vol. 147, No. 385 (November 1888), pp. 525-541.
	{{refend}}		{{refend}}

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	\|label=Benjamin Butler}}		\|label=Benjamin Butler}}
	{{refbegin}}		{{refbegin}}
	* [[John H. Eicher\|Eicher, John H.]], and [[David J. Eicher]]. ''Civil War High Commands''. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2001. {{ISBN\|0-8047-3641-3}}.		* [[Thomas Bland\|Bland, Thomas Augustus]]. ''Life of Benjamin F. Butler''. Boston, Massachusetts: Lee & Shepard, 1879.
			* Capers, Gerald M. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt130hs9w ''Occupied City: New Orleans Under the Federals 1862–1865''] Lexington, Kentucky: University Press of Kentucky, 1965.
			* [[John H. Eicher\|Eicher, John H.]], and [[David J. Eicher]]. ''Civil War High Commands''. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 2001. {{ISBN\|0-8047-3641-3}}.
			* Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History. [https://www.gilderlehrman.org/sites/default/files/inline-pdfs/336_nicholas_c.pdf "Reconstructing the Crescent City: Benjamin Butler’s Occupation of New Orleans"]
	* Hearn, Chester G. ''When the Devil Came Down to Dixie: Ben Butler in New Orleans''. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1997. {{ISBN\|0-8071-2180-0}}		* Hearn, Chester G. ''When the Devil Came Down to Dixie: Ben Butler in New Orleans''. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1997. {{ISBN\|0-8071-2180-0}}
	* Holzman, Robert S. ''Stormy Ben Butler''. Macmillan, 1954. {{OCLC\|1198303}}		* Holzman, Robert S. ''Stormy Ben Butler''. Macmillan, 1954. {{OCLC\|1198303}}
	* Horowitz, Murray M. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/4231586 "Ben Butler and the Negro: 'Miracles Are Occurring{{'"}}], ''Louisiana History'', Vol. 17, No. 2 (Spring, 1976), pp. 159–186.		* Horowitz, Murray M. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/4231586 "Ben Butler and the Negro: 'Miracles Are Occurring{{'"}}], ''Louisiana History'', Vol. 17, No. 2 (Spring, 1976), pp. 159–186.
	* [[Elizabeth D. Leonard\|Leonard, Elizabeth D.]] ''Benjamin Franklin Butler: A Noisy, Fearless Life''. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 2022. {{ISBN\|9781469668048}}. In his review of Leonard's book, Brian Matthew Jordan writes that it is "the first scholarly, cradle-to-grave treatment of her subject since Richard West's ''Lincoln's Scapegoat General''...." He concludes that it is a "compelling rehabilitation" of Butler. [https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/12/article/912409/pdf ''The Journal of the Civil War Era'', Volume 13, Number 4, December 2023, pp. 563-566]		* [[Elizabeth D. Leonard\|Leonard, Elizabeth D.]] ''Benjamin Franklin Butler: A Noisy, Fearless Life''. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: The University of North Carolina Press, 2022. {{ISBN\|9781469668048}}. In his review of Leonard's book, Brian Matthew Jordan writes that it is "the first scholarly, cradle-to-grave treatment of her subject since Richard West's ''Lincoln's Scapegoat General''...." He concludes that it is a "compelling rehabilitation" of Butler. [https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/12/article/912409/pdf ''The Journal of the Civil War Era'', Volume 13, Number 4, December 2023, pp. 563-566]
	* [https://archive.nytimes.com/opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/06/18/general-butler-and-the-women/ Long, Alecia P. "General Butler and the Women," ''The New York Times,'' June 18, 2012]		* [https://archive.nytimes.com/opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/06/18/general-butler-and-the-women/ Long, Alecia P. "General Butler and the Women," ''The New York Times,'' June 18, 2012]
	* Nash, Howard P. Jr. ''Stormy Petrel: The Life and Times of General Benjamin F. Butler, 1818–1893''. Rutherford, New Jersey: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1969. {{ISBN\|083867383X}} {{OCLC\|49599}}		* Nash, Howard P. Jr. ''Stormy Petrel: The Life and Times of General Benjamin F. Butler, 1818–1893''. Rutherford, New Jersey: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1969. {{ISBN\|083867383X}} {{OCLC\|49599}}

imported>Hirolovesswords: removed Category:Massachusetts lawyers; added Category:Lawyers from Lowell, Massachusetts using HotCat

2025-05-20T17:37:43Z

removed Category:Massachusetts lawyers; added Category:Lawyers from Lowell, Massachusetts using HotCat

Show changes

← Previous revision		Revision as of 21:05, 30 June 2025
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	Butler, a successful trial lawyer, served in the [[Massachusetts General Court\|Massachusetts legislature]] as an antiwar [[Democratic Party (United States)\|Democrat]] and as an officer in the [[Massachusetts National Guard\|state militia]]. Early in the Civil War he joined the Union Army, where he first gained renown when he refused to return escaped slaves, designating them as [[Contraband (American Civil War)\|contraband of war]],<ref>Jordan, Brian Matthew, "Benjamin F. Butler, ''Ex Parte Milligan'', and the Unending Civil War," p. 35.</ref> an idea that the Lincoln administration endorsed and that played a role in making emancipation an official war goal. Later in the war, he was noted for his questionable military skills and his controversial command of [[New Orleans]], which made him widely disliked in the South and earned him the "Beast" epithet. His commands were marred by financial and logistical dealings across enemy lines, some of which may have taken place with his knowledge and to his financial benefit.		Butler, a successful trial lawyer, served in the [[Massachusetts General Court\|Massachusetts legislature]] as an antiwar [[Democratic Party (United States)\|Democrat]] and as an officer in the [[Massachusetts National Guard\|state militia]]. Early in the Civil War he joined the Union Army, where he first gained renown when he refused to return escaped slaves, designating them as [[Contraband (American Civil War)\|contraband of war]],<ref>Jordan, Brian Matthew, "Benjamin F. Butler, ''Ex Parte Milligan'', and the Unending Civil War," p. 35.</ref> an idea that the Lincoln administration endorsed and that played a role in making emancipation an official war goal. Later in the war, he was noted for his questionable military skills and his controversial command of [[New Orleans]], which made him widely disliked in the South and earned him the "Beast" epithet. His commands were marred by financial and logistical dealings across enemy lines, some of which may have taken place with his knowledge and to his financial benefit.

	At the request of General-in-Chief [[Ulysses S. Grant]], President [[Abraham Lincoln]] relieved Butler from the posts he held in the Union Army after his failure in the [[First Battle of Fort Fisher]], but he soon won election to the [[United States House of Representatives]] from Massachusetts. As a [[Radical Republican]] he considered President Johnson's [[Reconstruction era\|Reconstruction]] agenda to be too weak, and he advocated harsher punishments of former Confederate leadership and stronger stances on civil rights reform. He was also an early proponent of [[Efforts to impeach Andrew Johnson\| impeaching Johnson]]. After [[Impeachment of Andrew Johnson\|Johnson was impeached in early 1868]], Butler served as the lead prosecutor among the House-appointed [[impeachment manager]]s in [[Impeachment trial of Andrew Johnson\|the Senate impeachment trial proceedings]]. Additionally, as Chairman of the House Committee on Reconstruction, Butler authored the [[Enforcement Act of 1871 (third act)\|Ku Klux Klan Act of 1871]] and coauthored the landmark [[Civil Rights Act of 1875]].		At the request of General-in-Chief [[Ulysses S. Grant]], President [[Abraham Lincoln]] relieved Butler from the posts he held in the Union Army after his failure in the [[First Battle of Fort Fisher]], but he soon won election to the [[United States House of Representatives]] from Massachusetts. As a [[Radical Republican]] he considered President Johnson's [[Reconstruction era\|Reconstruction]] agenda to be too weak, and he advocated harsher punishments of former Confederate leadership and stronger stances on civil rights reform. He was also an early proponent of [[Efforts to impeach Andrew Johnson\|impeaching Johnson]]. After [[Impeachment of Andrew Johnson\|Johnson was impeached in early 1868]], Butler served as the lead prosecutor among the House-appointed [[impeachment manager]]s in [[Impeachment trial of Andrew Johnson\|the Senate impeachment trial proceedings]]. Additionally, as Chairman of the House Committee on Reconstruction, Butler authored the [[Enforcement Act of 1871 (third act)\|Ku Klux Klan Act of 1871]] and coauthored the landmark [[Civil Rights Act of 1875]].

	In Massachusetts, Butler was often at odds with more conservative members of the political establishment over matters of both style and substance. Feuds with Republican politicians led to his being denied several nominations for the governorship between 1858 and 1880. Returning to the Democratic fold, he won the governorship in the 1882 election with Democratic and [[Greenback Party]] support. He ran for president on the Greenback Party and the [[Anti-Monopoly Party]] tickets in [[1884 United States presidential election\|1884]], having unsuccessfully sought the Democratic nomination as well.		In Massachusetts, Butler was often at odds with more conservative members of the political establishment over matters of both style and substance. Feuds with Republican politicians led to his being denied several nominations for the governorship between 1858 and 1880. Returning to the Democratic fold, he won the governorship in the 1882 election with Democratic and [[Greenback Party]] support. He ran for president on the Greenback Party and the [[Anti-Monopoly Party]] tickets in [[1884 United States presidential election\|1884]], having unsuccessfully sought the Democratic nomination as well.
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	In August, Butler commanded an expeditionary force that, in conjunction with the [[United States Navy]], took [[Battle of Hatteras Inlet Batteries\|Forts Hatteras and Clark]] in [[North Carolina]]. That move, the first significant Union victory after First Bull Run, was lauded in Washington and won Butler accolades from President Lincoln. Butler was sent back to Massachusetts to raise new forces.<ref>West (1965), p. 107</ref> That thrust Butler into a power struggle with Governor Andrew, who insisted on maintaining his authority to appoint regimental officers, refusing to commission (among others) Butler's brother Andrew and several of the general's close associates. The spat instigated a recruiting war between Butler and the state militia organization.<ref>West (1965), pp. 110–115</ref> The dispute delayed Butler's return to Virginia, and in November he was assigned to command ground troops in [[Louisiana]].<ref>West (1965), p. 113</ref>		In August, Butler commanded an expeditionary force that, in conjunction with the [[United States Navy]], took [[Battle of Hatteras Inlet Batteries\|Forts Hatteras and Clark]] in [[North Carolina]]. That move, the first significant Union victory after First Bull Run, was lauded in Washington and won Butler accolades from President Lincoln. Butler was sent back to Massachusetts to raise new forces.<ref>West (1965), p. 107</ref> That thrust Butler into a power struggle with Governor Andrew, who insisted on maintaining his authority to appoint regimental officers, refusing to commission (among others) Butler's brother Andrew and several of the general's close associates. The spat instigated a recruiting war between Butler and the state militia organization.<ref>West (1965), pp. 110–115</ref> The dispute delayed Butler's return to Virginia, and in November he was assigned to command ground troops in [[Louisiana]].<ref>West (1965), p. 113</ref>

	While in command at Fort Monroe, Butler had declined to return to their owners [[fugitive slave]]s who had come within his lines. He argued that Virginians considered them to be [[Personal property\|chattel property]], and that they could not appeal to the [[Fugitive Slave Law of 1850]] because of Virginia's secession. "I am under no constitutional obligations to a foreign country," he said, "which Virginia now claims to be."<ref>Butler, Benjamin, ''Butler's Book'', p. 257</ref> Furthermore, slaves used as laborers for building fortifications and other military activities could be considered [[Contraband (American Civil War)\|contraband]] of war.<ref>Quarstein (2011), p. 53</ref><ref>Oakes (2013), pp. 95-100</ref> "Lincoln and his Cabinet discussed the issue on May 30 and decided to support Butler's stance".<ref>Stahr, Walter, ''Samuel Chase: Lincoln's Vital Rival''. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2021, p. 342</ref> It was later made standard Union Army policy to not return fugitive slaves.<ref name=Finkelman277>Finkelman (2006), p. 277</ref> This policy was soon extended to the Union Navy.<ref>Oakes (2013), pp. 100-101</ref>		While in command at Fort Monroe, Butler had declined to return to their owners [[fugitive slave]]s who had come within his lines. He argued that Virginians considered them to be [[Personal property\|chattel property]], and that they could not appeal to the [[Fugitive Slave Law of 1850]] because of Virginia's secession. "I am under no constitutional obligations to a foreign country," he said, "which Virginia now claims to be."<ref>Butler, Benjamin, ''Butler's Book'', p. 257</ref> Furthermore, slaves used as laborers for building fortifications and other military activities could be considered [[Contraband (American Civil War)\|contraband]] of war.<ref>Quarstein (2011), p. 53</ref><ref>Oakes (2013), pp. 95-100</ref> "Lincoln and his Cabinet discussed the issue on May 30 and decided to support Butler's stance".<ref>Stahr, Walter, ''Samuel Chase: Lincoln's Vital Rival''. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2021, p. 342</ref><ref>[https://cwemancipation.wordpress.com/2011/05/30/birth-of-a-policy/ Civil War Emancipation] Letter from [[Simon Cameron]] to Butler.</ref> It was later made standard Union Army policy to not return fugitive slaves.<ref name=Finkelman277>Finkelman (2006), p. 277</ref> This policy was soon extended to the Union Navy.<ref>Oakes (2013), pp. 100-101</ref>

	===New Orleans===		===New Orleans===
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	==Later years and death==		==Later years and death==
	[[File:General Butler's Monument (Rear).jpg\|thumb\|right\|upright\|Butler's memorial at the [[Hildreth Cemetery#Hildreth Family Cemetery\|Hildreth family cemetery]] in [[Lowell, Massachusetts]]]]		[[File:General Butler's Monument (Rear).jpg\|thumb\|right\|upright\|Butler's memorial at the [[Hildreth Cemetery#Hildreth Family Cemetery\|Hildreth family cemetery]] in [[Lowell, Massachusetts]]]]
	In his later years Butler reduced his activity level, working on his memoir, ''Butler's Book'', which was published in 1892.<ref>West (1965), pp. 408-413</ref> ''Butler's Book'' has 1,037 pages plus a 94-page appendix consisting of letters. In it, "Butler focused by far the majority of his attention on the war years, vigorously defending his often-maligned record." He arranged "with his longtime friend and ally [[James Parton]] [author of ''General Butler in New Orleans''] that Parton would finish the book if Butler died before it was done. (As it happens, Parton died first, in October 1891)."<ref>Leonard, Elizabeth D., ''Benjamin Franklin Butler: A Noisy, Fearless Life'', p. 270.</ref> Butler's biographer Richard S. West, Jr. writes, "The autobiography may be said to be generally true without being meticulously accurate".<ref>''Lincoln's Scapegoat General'', p. 418.</ref>		In his later years Butler reduced his activity level, working on his memoir, ''Butler's Book'', which was published in 1892.<ref>West (1965), pp. 408-413</ref> ''Butler's Book'' has 1,037 pages plus a 94-page appendix consisting of letters. In it, "Butler focused by far the majority of his attention on the war years, vigorously defending his often-maligned record." He arranged "with his longtime friend and ally [[James Parton]] [author of ''General Butler in New Orleans''] that Parton would finish the book if Butler died before it was done. (As it happens, Parton died first, in October 1891)."<ref>Leonard, Elizabeth D., ''Benjamin Franklin Butler: A Noisy, Fearless Life'', p. 270.</ref> Butler's biographer Richard S. West Jr. writes, "The autobiography may be said to be generally true without being meticulously accurate".<ref>''Lincoln's Scapegoat General'', p. 418.</ref>

	Butler died on January 11, 1893, of complications from a [[bronchial infection]], two days after arguing a case before the Supreme Court.<ref>Holzman, Robert S., ''Stormy Ben Butler'' (1954), p. 225.</ref> He is buried in his wife's family cemetery, behind the main [[Hildreth Cemetery]] in Lowell.<ref>Leonard, Elizabeth D., ''Benjamin Franklin Butler: A Noisy, Fearless Life'', pp. 274–275.</ref> The inscription on Butler's monument reads, "the true touchstone of civil liberty is not that all men are equal but that every man has the right to be the equal of every other man—if he can."<ref>[https://www.politico.com/story/2013/07/this-day-in-politics-july-29-1878-094836 ''Politico''], [https://www.hmdb.org/m.asp?m=108045 The Historical Marker Database]</ref>		Butler died on January 11, 1893, of complications from a [[bronchial infection]], two days after arguing a case before the Supreme Court.<ref>Holzman, Robert S., ''Stormy Ben Butler'' (1954), p. 225.</ref> He is buried in his wife's family cemetery, behind the main [[Hildreth Cemetery]] in Lowell.<ref>Leonard, Elizabeth D., ''Benjamin Franklin Butler: A Noisy, Fearless Life'', pp. 274–275.</ref> The inscription on Butler's monument reads, "the true touchstone of civil liberty is not that all men are equal but that every man has the right to be the equal of every other man—if he can."<ref>[https://www.politico.com/story/2013/07/this-day-in-politics-july-29-1878-094836 ''Politico''], [https://www.hmdb.org/m.asp?m=108045 The Historical Marker Database]</ref>
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	===Primary sources===		===Primary sources===
	* {{cite book \|last=Butler \|first=Benj. F.\|title=Autobiography and Personal Reminiscences of Major-General Benj. F. Butler: Butler's Book: A Review of His Legal, Political, and Military Career \|publisher=A. M. Thayer & Co. \|year=1892 \|url=https://archive.org/details/autobiographyan00butlgoog \|ref=butler92}}—[https://archive.org/details/autobiographyper0192butl Other versions and formats available at the Internet Archive] In ''Lincoln's Scapegoat General'', p. 424, Richard S. West, Jr. writes of ''Butler's Book'': "Poorly organized and peppered with minor inaccuracies of fact ... it nevertheless has merit as an attempt to present controversial issues as they appeared to the writer after a lapse of years."		* {{cite book \|last=Butler \|first=Benj. F.\|title=Autobiography and Personal Reminiscences of Major-General Benj. F. Butler: Butler's Book: A Review of His Legal, Political, and Military Career \|publisher=A. M. Thayer & Co. \|year=1892 \|url=https://archive.org/details/autobiographyan00butlgoog \|ref=butler92}}—[https://archive.org/details/autobiographyper0192butl Other versions and formats available at the Internet Archive] In ''Lincoln's Scapegoat General'', p. 424, Richard S. West Jr. writes of ''Butler's Book'': "Poorly organized and peppered with minor inaccuracies of fact ... it nevertheless has merit as an attempt to present controversial issues as they appeared to the writer after a lapse of years."
	* ''Private And Official Correspondence Of Gen. Benjamin F. Butler During The Period Of The Civil War'' (1917). [https://archive.org/details/privateoffice05butlrich vol 1 online], [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.153806/page/n7/mode/2up vol 2 online], [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.153768, vol 3 online], [https://archive.org/details/privateandoffici028872mbp vol 4 online], [https://archive.org/details/privateofficialc05butl vol 5 online], [https://archive.org/details/privateofficialc01inbutl in five volumes]		* ''Private And Official Correspondence Of Gen. Benjamin F. Butler During The Period Of The Civil War'' (1917). [https://archive.org/details/privateoffice05butlrich vol 1 online], [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.153806/page/n7/mode/2up vol 2 online], [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.153768, vol 3 online], [https://archive.org/details/privateandoffici028872mbp vol 4 online], [https://archive.org/details/privateofficialc05butl vol 5 online], [https://archive.org/details/privateofficialc01inbutl in five volumes]
	* Butler, Benjamin F. [https://archive.harpers.org/1885/07/pdf/HarpersMagazine-1885-07-0034832.pdf?Expires=1708367933&Signature=UOik~UJ2K6pe8JReItMxHUfHZwE5CXcsWvRTwV0tocTwijMwAJcQJz5KzdudBzS2yua~95VEZdntar4WCUewKxmPuyCmW98DPXikKm30Llmc~J4FRkKl0mXCIwz-gcPLifjmVtABMCb9bTgFXhTBCFgztw3j2JK4LaO4FpfsvV9~geaWLhscRqXBrx2we8BYATitDhSim3XEPK4TU4BepKHA1vXw7zsknCQT2QdE898RSAZ~NLRVe7LWCbmpPnplzotWD1LpEunfwYrgpj9umu6YhX~oN3cQendXCwQup5t6YMy0N36L8SlW17qt-qyyQiMoy6wWMv25mzLu-Mg0EQ__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAIQD6QYTWPWWYIORQ "The Story of the 'America{{'"}}, ''Harper's New Monthly Magazine'', July 1885] The ''America'' was a sailing (as opposed to a steam) yacht, which competed in races. [https://harpers.org/archive/1885/07/the-story-of-the-america/ This link identifies Butler as the author.]		* Butler, Benjamin F. [https://archive.harpers.org/1885/07/pdf/HarpersMagazine-1885-07-0034832.pdf?Expires=1708367933&Signature=UOik~UJ2K6pe8JReItMxHUfHZwE5CXcsWvRTwV0tocTwijMwAJcQJz5KzdudBzS2yua~95VEZdntar4WCUewKxmPuyCmW98DPXikKm30Llmc~J4FRkKl0mXCIwz-gcPLifjmVtABMCb9bTgFXhTBCFgztw3j2JK4LaO4FpfsvV9~geaWLhscRqXBrx2we8BYATitDhSim3XEPK4TU4BepKHA1vXw7zsknCQT2QdE898RSAZ~NLRVe7LWCbmpPnplzotWD1LpEunfwYrgpj9umu6YhX~oN3cQendXCwQup5t6YMy0N36L8SlW17qt-qyyQiMoy6wWMv25mzLu-Mg0EQ__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAIQD6QYTWPWWYIORQ "The Story of the 'America{{'"}}, ''Harper's New Monthly Magazine'', July 1885] The ''America'' was a sailing (as opposed to a steam) yacht, which competed in races. [https://harpers.org/archive/1885/07/the-story-of-the-america/ This link identifies Butler as the author.]
	* Butler, Benj. F. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/25101653 "Some Experiences with Yellow Fever and Its Prevention"] ''The North American Review'', Vol. 147, No. 385 (November 1888), pp. ~~525-541~~.		* Butler, Benj. F. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/25101653 "Some Experiences with Yellow Fever and Its Prevention"] ''The North American Review'', Vol. 147, No. 385 (November 1888), pp. 525–541.
	{{refend}}		{{refend}}

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	* Nash, Howard P. Jr. ''Stormy Petrel: The Life and Times of General Benjamin F. Butler, 1818–1893''. Rutherford, New Jersey: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1969. {{ISBN\|083867383X}} {{OCLC\|49599}}		* Nash, Howard P. Jr. ''Stormy Petrel: The Life and Times of General Benjamin F. Butler, 1818–1893''. Rutherford, New Jersey: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1969. {{ISBN\|083867383X}} {{OCLC\|49599}}
	* {{cite book\|last=Nolan\|first= Dick \|title=Benjamin Franklin Butler: The Damnedest Yankee\|location=Novato, California\|publisher= Presidio Press\|year=1991\|isbn= 0891413936\|oclc=23017163}}		* {{cite book\|last=Nolan\|first= Dick \|title=Benjamin Franklin Butler: The Damnedest Yankee\|location=Novato, California\|publisher= Presidio Press\|year=1991\|isbn= 0891413936\|oclc=23017163}}
	* [[James Parton\|Parton, James]]. [https://archive.org/details/generalbutlerinn00part_1 ''General Butler in New Orleans: History of the Administration of the Department of the Gulf in the Year 1862: With an Account of the Capture of New Orleans, and a Sketch of the Previous Career of the General, Civil and Military'']. New York: Mason Brothers, 1864. In ''Benjamin Franklin Butler: A Noisy, Fearless Life'', p. 143, Elizabeth D. Leonard writes that this is "an uncritically admiring study of Butler's command of the occupation in New Orleans," by his "friend James Parton." In ''Lincoln's Scapegoat General'', p. 424, Richard S. West, Jr. writes that Parton wrote the book independently of Butler and that the book "is invaluable as a full-scale, near-contemporary, narrative ... [and] is generally pro-Butler".		* [[James Parton\|Parton, James]]. [https://archive.org/details/generalbutlerinn00part_1 ''General Butler in New Orleans: History of the Administration of the Department of the Gulf in the Year 1862: With an Account of the Capture of New Orleans, and a Sketch of the Previous Career of the General, Civil and Military'']. New York: Mason Brothers, 1864. In ''Benjamin Franklin Butler: A Noisy, Fearless Life'', p. 143, Elizabeth D. Leonard writes that this is "an uncritically admiring study of Butler's command of the occupation in New Orleans," by his "friend James Parton." In ''Lincoln's Scapegoat General'', p. 424, Richard S. West Jr. writes that Parton wrote the book independently of Butler and that the book "is invaluable as a full-scale, near-contemporary, narrative ... [and] is generally pro-Butler".
	* [[Alfred Puffer\|Puffer, Alfred F.]] [https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1863/07/our-general/308754/ "Our General: In defense of Union General Benjamin Butler"], ''The Atlantic'', July 1863.		* [[Alfred Puffer\|Puffer, Alfred F.]] [https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1863/07/our-general/308754/ "Our General: In defense of Union General Benjamin Butler"], ''The Atlantic'', July 1863.
	* Shapiro, Samuel. {{"'}}Aristocracy, Mud, and Vituperation': The Butler-Dana Campaign in Essex County in 1868," ''The New England Quarterly'', vol. 31, no. 3 (September 1958), pp. 340–360. {{JSTOR\|362605}}.		* Shapiro, Samuel. {{"'}}Aristocracy, Mud, and Vituperation': The Butler-Dana Campaign in Essex County in 1868," ''The New England Quarterly'', vol. 31, no. 3 (September 1958), pp. 340–360. {{JSTOR\|362605}}.