Battle of Chioggia - Revision history

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	The '''Battle of Chioggia''' was a naval battle during the [[War of Chioggia]] that culminated on June 24, 1380 in the lagoon off [[Chioggia]], Italy, between the [[Republic of Venice\|Venetian]] and the [[Republic of Genoa\|Genoese]] fleets.<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica 2015">"Carlo Zeno". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2015. Web. 10 Mar. 2015 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/656525/Carlo-Zeno>.</ref> The Genoese, commanded by Admiral Pietro Doria, had captured the little fishing port in August the preceding year.<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica 2015"/>		The '''Battle of Chioggia''' was a naval battle during the [[War of Chioggia]] that culminated on June 24, 1380 in the lagoon off [[Chioggia]], Italy, between the [[Republic of Venice\|Venetian]] and the [[Republic of Genoa\|Genoese]] fleets.<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica 2015">"Carlo Zeno". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2015. Web. 10 Mar. 2015 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/656525/Carlo-Zeno>.</ref> The Genoese, commanded by Admiral Pietro Doria, had captured the little fishing port in August the preceding year.<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica 2015"/>

	The port was of no consequence, but its location at an inlet to the [[Venetian Lagoon]] threatened Venice at her very doorstep. The Venetians, under [[Vettor Pisani]] and [[Doge (title)\|Doge]] [[Andrea Contarini]], were victorious thanks in part to the fortunate arrival of [[Carlo Zeno]] at the head of a force from the east.<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica 2015"/><ref name="Pemsel, Helmut 1977">Pemsel, Helmut. A History of War At Sea : an Atlas and Chronology of Conflict At Sea From Earliest Times to the Present. [1st English language ed., fully rev.] [Annapolis, Md.]: Naval Institute Press, 1977.</ref> The Venetians both captured the town and turned the tide of the war in their favor. A [[Peace of Turin\|peace treaty]] signed in 1381 in Turin gave no formal advantage to Genoa or Venice, but it spelled the end of their long competition: Genoese shipping was not seen in the [[Adriatic Sea]] after Chioggia.<ref name="Hattendorf, John B 2003">Hattendorf, John B, and Richard W. Unger. War at Sea in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. Woodbridge, Suffolk, UK: Rocherster, NY, 2003. Print.</ref><ref name="Pemsel, Helmut 1977"/> This battle was also significant in the technologies used by the combatants.<ref name="Guilmartin, John Francis 2007">Guilmartin, John Francis. "The Earliest Shipboard Gunpowder Ordnance: An Analysis of Its Technical Parameters and Tactical Capabilities." The Journal of Military History 71.3 (2007): 649-69. Web.</ref>		The port was of no consequence, but its location at an inlet to the [[Venetian Lagoon]] threatened Venice at her very doorstep. The Venetians, under [[Vettor Pisani]] and [[Doge (title)\|Doge]] [[Andrea Contarini]], were victorious thanks in part to the fortunate arrival of [[Carlo Zeno]] at the head of a force from the east.<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica 2015"/><ref name="Pemsel, Helmut 1977">Pemsel, Helmut. A History of War At Sea : an Atlas and Chronology of Conflict At Sea From Earliest Times to the Present. [1st English language ed., fully rev.] [Annapolis, Md.]: Naval Institute Press, 1977.</ref> The Venetians both captured the town and turned the tide of the war in their favor. A [[Peace of Turin\|peace treaty]] signed in 1381 in Turin gave no formal advantage to Genoa or [[Venice]], but it spelled the end of their long competition: Genoese shipping was not seen in the [[Adriatic Sea]] after Chioggia.<ref name="Hattendorf, John B 2003">Hattendorf, John B, and Richard W. Unger. War at Sea in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. Woodbridge, Suffolk, UK: Rocherster, NY, 2003. Print.</ref><ref name="Pemsel, Helmut 1977"/> This battle was also significant in the technologies used by the combatants.<ref name="Guilmartin, John Francis 2007">Guilmartin, John Francis. "The Earliest Shipboard Gunpowder Ordnance: An Analysis of Its Technical Parameters and Tactical Capabilities." The Journal of Military History 71.3 (2007): 649-69. Web.</ref>

	==Background==		==Background==
	By the fourteenth century, interregional trade had seen a very large increase, aided in part by improved navigational and naval technologies as well as by the collapsing [[Byzantine Empire\|Byzantine empire]].<ref name="Pemsel, Helmut 1977"/> The northern Italian cities of Genoa and Venice were well placed to foster this trade that extended east through the Mediterranean to Constantinople, the Middle East, and the Black Sea, as well as north through the Strait of Gibraltar to the Baltic Sea.<ref name="Pemsel, Helmut 1977"/><ref name="McNeill, William Hardy 1797. p. 20-53">McNeill, William Hardy. Venice, the Hinge of Europe, 1081-1797. Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1974, p. 20-53.</ref> Common goods that were traded in the region included timber, metals, weapons, slaves, salt, spices, and grain.<ref name="McNeill, William Hardy 1797. p. 20-53"/> Grain from the Black Sea region became increasingly important to feed the growing urban populace of the city-states and support the growing naval merchant class, with most grain imports coming through the ports at Caffa in modern-day Crimea and Chios in the eastern Aegean Sea.<ref name="McNeill, William Hardy 1797. p. 20-53"/> Throughout this period both Genoa and Venice became ever more entrenched in trade, building considerable naval forces to protect their interests and battling for trade dominance in a series of sporadic wars that largely culminated with Chioggia.<ref name="Pemsel, Helmut 1977"/>		By the fourteenth century, interregional trade had seen a very large increase, aided in part by improved navigational and naval technologies as well as by the collapsing [[Byzantine Empire\|Byzantine empire]].<ref name="Pemsel, Helmut 1977"/> The northern Italian cities of Genoa and Venice were well placed to foster this trade that extended east through the Mediterranean to Constantinople, the [[Middle East]], and the [[Black Sea]], as well as north through the [[Strait of Gibraltar]] to the [[Baltic Sea]].<ref name="Pemsel, Helmut 1977"/><ref name="McNeill, William Hardy 1797. p. 20-53">McNeill, William Hardy. Venice, the Hinge of Europe, 1081-1797. Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1974, p. 20-53.</ref> Common goods that were traded in the region included timber, metals, weapons, slaves, salt, spices, and grain.<ref name="McNeill, William Hardy 1797. p. 20-53"/> Grain from the Black Sea region became increasingly important to feed the growing urban populace of the city-states and support the growing naval merchant class, with most grain imports coming through the ports at Caffa in modern-day Crimea and Chios in the eastern Aegean Sea.<ref name="McNeill, William Hardy 1797. p. 20-53"/> Throughout this period both Genoa and Venice became ever more entrenched in trade, building considerable naval forces to protect their interests and battling for trade dominance in a series of sporadic wars that largely culminated with Chioggia.<ref name="Pemsel, Helmut 1977"/>

	==Lead-up to the battle==		==Lead-up to the battle==
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	At the [[Peace of Turin]], Venice made several concessions to the Genoese, including [[Tenedos]], the original source of contention in the war.<ref name="Hattendorf, John B 2003"/><ref name=LAN/> Nevertheless, the Genoese stopped their military and trade forays into most of the Mediterranean, perhaps as a result of their defeat combined with debts and domestic civil unrest.<ref name="Reynolds, Clark G 1998">Reynolds, Clark G. Navies In History. Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, 1998.</ref> Venice too was left with a great deal of debt, but crawled slowly out of it over the next few decades.<ref name=LAN/>		At the [[Peace of Turin]], Venice made several concessions to the Genoese, including [[Tenedos]], the original source of contention in the war.<ref name="Hattendorf, John B 2003"/><ref name=LAN/> Nevertheless, the Genoese stopped their military and trade forays into most of the Mediterranean, perhaps as a result of their defeat combined with debts and domestic civil unrest.<ref name="Reynolds, Clark G 1998">Reynolds, Clark G. Navies In History. Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, 1998.</ref> Venice too was left with a great deal of debt, but crawled slowly out of it over the next few decades.<ref name=LAN/>

	Fernand Braudel sets the end of sporadic warfare between the two early centers of aquatic empire as a result of the economic retrenchment of the 14th century: "Perhaps the answer is that only prolonged prosperity and a rising tide of trade had made it possible to indulge for so long in battles which were fierce but not in the end mortal... Both major and minor wars had become too expensive a luxury. Peaceful coexistence would have to be the rule."<ref>Braudel, The Perspective of the World (1984), p. 118</ref>		[[Fernand Braudel]] sets the end of sporadic warfare between the two early centers of aquatic empire as a result of the economic retrenchment of the 14th century: "Perhaps the answer is that only prolonged prosperity and a rising tide of trade had made it possible to indulge for so long in battles which were fierce but not in the end mortal... Both major and minor wars had become too expensive a luxury. Peaceful coexistence would have to be the rule."<ref>Braudel, The Perspective of the World (1984), p. 118</ref>

	Left with no major enemies, Venice expanded its power along both Adriatic coasts, posting a fleet at Corfu to guard the sea's entrance.<ref name="Reynolds, Clark G 1998"/> They increased their trade influence on the Greek [[Peloponnesus]] and greatly extended inland at home.<ref name="Reynolds, Clark G 1998"/> By 1400, Venice had 3000 ships, and in a population of 200,000 had 38,000 seamen.<ref>Potter, E. B, Roger Fredland, and Henry Hitch Adams. Sea Power : a Naval History. 2nd ed. Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, 1981.</ref> Venice's system of aquatic economic domination is one that continued to surface even after its decline, with an example being Portugal's later domination of the seas around Africa and Asia.<ref>Brockey, Liam Matthew. Portuguese Colonial Cities In the Early Modern World. Farnham, Surrey, England: Ashgate, 2008, p. XV</ref>		Left with no major enemies, Venice expanded its power along both Adriatic coasts, posting a fleet at Corfu to guard the sea's entrance.<ref name="Reynolds, Clark G 1998"/> They increased their trade influence on the Greek [[Peloponnesus]] and greatly extended inland at home.<ref name="Reynolds, Clark G 1998"/> By 1400, Venice had 3000 ships, and in a population of 200,000 had 38,000 seamen.<ref>Potter, E. B, Roger Fredland, and Henry Hitch Adams. Sea Power : a Naval History. 2nd ed. Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, 1981.</ref> Venice's system of aquatic economic domination is one that continued to surface even after its decline, with an example being Portugal's later domination of the seas around Africa and Asia.<ref>Brockey, Liam Matthew. Portuguese Colonial Cities In the Early Modern World. Farnham, Surrey, England: Ashgate, 2008, p. XV</ref>

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{{Short description|1380 naval battle}}
{{Infobox military conflict
|conflict=Battle of Chioggia
|partof=the [[War of Chioggia]]
|date= June 24, 1380
|place=[[Chioggia]], [[Venetian Lagoon]]
|result= [[Republic of Venice|Venetian]] victory
|combatant1=[[File:Flag of Genoa.svg|25px]] [[Republic of Genoa]]
|combatant2=[[File:Flag of Most Serene Republic of Venice.svg|25px]] [[Republic of Venice]]
|commander1=[[Pietro Doria]]{{KIA}} Matteo Maruffo 
|commander2=[[Carlo Zeno]] [[Vettor Pisani]] [[Andrea Contarini|Doge Andrea Contarini]]
|strength1=23 galleys under Pietro Doria Genoese reinforcements<ref>Sanderson, Michael W. B. Sea Battles: a Reference Guide. 1st American ed. Middletown, Conn., Wesleyan University Press, 1975, p. 140.</ref>
|strength2=34 galleys under Pisani and Contarini, 14 galleys under Zeno<ref>Lane, Frederic Chapin. Venice, a Maritime Republic. Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1973, pp. 193–194</ref>
|casualties1=Destruction of much of the Genoese fleet<ref name="Sanderson, Michael W. B 1975, p. 51">Sanderson, Michael W. B. Sea Battles: a Reference Guide. 1st American ed. Middletown, Conn., Wesleyan University Press, 1975, p. 51.</ref> 4,000 men captured<ref name="Sanderson, Michael W. B 1975, p. 51"/> 17 galleys captured<ref name="Sanderson, Michael W. B 1975, p. 51"/>
|casualties2=_
}}

The '''Battle of Chioggia''' was a naval battle during the [[War of Chioggia]] that culminated on June 24, 1380 in the lagoon off [[Chioggia]], Italy, between the [[Republic of Venice|Venetian]] and the [[Republic of Genoa|Genoese]] fleets.<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica 2015">"Carlo Zeno". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2015. Web. 10 Mar. 2015 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/656525/Carlo-Zeno>.</ref> The Genoese, commanded by Admiral Pietro Doria, had captured the little fishing port in August the preceding year.<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica 2015"/>

The port was of no consequence, but its location at an inlet to the [[Venetian Lagoon]] threatened Venice at her very doorstep. The Venetians, under [[Vettor Pisani]] and [[Doge (title)|Doge]] [[Andrea Contarini]], were victorious thanks in part to the fortunate arrival of [[Carlo Zeno]] at the head of a force from the east.<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica 2015"/><ref name="Pemsel, Helmut 1977">Pemsel, Helmut. A History of War At Sea : an Atlas and Chronology of Conflict At Sea From Earliest Times to the Present. [1st English language ed., fully rev.] [Annapolis, Md.]: Naval Institute Press, 1977.</ref> The Venetians both captured the town and turned the tide of the war in their favor. A [[Peace of Turin|peace treaty]] signed in 1381 in Turin gave no formal advantage to Genoa or Venice, but it spelled the end of their long competition: Genoese shipping was not seen in the [[Adriatic Sea]] after Chioggia.<ref name="Hattendorf, John B 2003">Hattendorf, John B, and Richard W. Unger. War at Sea in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. Woodbridge, Suffolk, UK: Rocherster, NY, 2003. Print.</ref><ref name="Pemsel, Helmut 1977"/> This battle was also significant in the technologies used by the combatants.<ref name="Guilmartin, John Francis 2007">Guilmartin, John Francis. "The Earliest Shipboard Gunpowder Ordnance: An Analysis of Its Technical Parameters and Tactical Capabilities." The Journal of Military History 71.3 (2007): 649-69. Web.</ref>

==Background==
By the fourteenth century, interregional trade had seen a very large increase, aided in part by improved navigational and naval technologies as well as by the collapsing [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine empire]].<ref name="Pemsel, Helmut 1977"/> The northern Italian cities of Genoa and Venice were well placed to foster this trade that extended east through the Mediterranean to Constantinople, the Middle East, and the Black Sea, as well as north through the Strait of Gibraltar to the Baltic Sea.<ref name="Pemsel, Helmut 1977"/><ref name="McNeill, William Hardy 1797. p. 20-53">McNeill, William Hardy. Venice, the Hinge of Europe, 1081-1797. Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1974, p. 20-53.</ref> Common goods that were traded in the region included timber, metals, weapons, slaves, salt, spices, and grain.<ref name="McNeill, William Hardy 1797. p. 20-53"/> Grain from the Black Sea region became increasingly important to feed the growing urban populace of the city-states and support the growing naval merchant class, with most grain imports coming through the ports at Caffa in modern-day Crimea and Chios in the eastern Aegean Sea.<ref name="McNeill, William Hardy 1797. p. 20-53"/> Throughout this period both Genoa and Venice became ever more entrenched in trade, building considerable naval forces to protect their interests and battling for trade dominance in a series of sporadic wars that largely culminated with Chioggia.<ref name="Pemsel, Helmut 1977"/>

==Lead-up to the battle==
{{Main|War of Chioggia}}
Since 1372, Venice and Genoa had been engaged along with their respective allies in the War of Chioggia, the fourth Genoese War.<ref name="Pemsel, Helmut 1977"/> In 1378, when full-scale hostilities occurred in earnest, Venetian [[Captain General of the Sea]] Vettor Pisani was sent with a fleet of 14 galleys to attack Genoese waters.<ref name=LAN>Lane, Frederic C. VENICE, A MARITIME REPUBLIC. N.p.: Johns Hopkins UP, 1973. p. 192-196 Print.</ref> It is worth noting that throughout the War of Chioggia, the sizes of the fleet of both sides were relatively small compared to other wars.<ref name=LAN/> This is a sign that the plagues and general slump of the mid-fourteenth century had weakened both cities.<ref name=LAN/>

After some moderately successful campaigning, Pisani requested to return home to refit his ships but was denied by the Venetian leadership.<ref name=LAN/> He was ordered to spend the winter near Pola in modern Croatia.<ref name=LAN/> There he was led into a trap by an attacking Genoese fleet in which he was outnumbered and saw most of his fleet destroyed.<ref name=LAN/>

The Genoese pressed their advantage and sent their force towards Venice, burning towns and capturing ships as they went along the Lido.<ref name=LAN/> In August 1379, they, along with an allied force from Padua, moved into the Venetian Lagoon and captured the small port of Chioggia, right at the doorstep of Venice itself.<ref name=LAN/>

==Battle==
After the loss of Chioggia, Venice asked the Genoese to negotiate, but they replied that they would only do so after they had “bridled the horses of San Marco”.<ref name=LAN/> Apparently they intended to attack Venice, but decided to secure themselves at Chioggia for fear of navigating the lagoon.<ref name="Hattendorf, John B 2003"/> Venice responded by mobilizing every resource it could muster, using forced loans and mass conscription to assemble and arm a force of galleys 34 strong.<ref name=LAN/>

Pisani, who had been imprisoned for his crushing defeat at Pola, was released after crowds took to the streets demanding that he be put back in command.<ref name="Hattendorf, John B 2003"/> He served as executive officer under the Doge himself, who took command as Captain General.<ref name=LAN/> After training the new conscripts, who were mostly craftsmen, the new fleet executed Pisani's plan to turn the besieging Genoese into the besieged.<ref name=LAN/>

On the night of December 22, the Venetian force sunk barges laden with stones in the canals and channels leading to the lagoon, blocking the supply lines and escape of the Genoese occupying Chioggia.<ref name=LAN/> The Venetian ships could more readily navigate the smaller canals, and so they blocked the larger ones, using a small land force at Chioggia as a distraction while they worked.<ref name="Hattendorf, John B 2003"/> The Venetians spent the next five months struggling to defend the barriers from Genoese attacks, while the Genoese's supplies dwindled.<ref name=LAN/> Carlo Zeno, who had been using his force of 14 well-equipped galleys to capture undefended Genoese ships in the east, arrived in January, greatly bolstering the Venetians’ efforts.<ref name=LAN/> Gradually they secured every entrance to the lagoon.<ref name=LAN/>

The Genoese sent reinforcements to aid their force in Chioggia, but the Venetians would not let them past their barriers, preventing them from entering the battle and dividing the Genoese force.<ref name=LAN/> After the starving Genoese in Chioggia unsuccessfully attempted to bribe the Venetian mercenaries into their service, they surrendered on June 24, 1380.<ref name=LAN/> Despite the victory at Chioggia, the Venetians then had to battle the rest of the Genoese forces until the Peace of Turin in 1381.<ref name=LAN/>

==Technology==
The primary mode of naval warfare during this time in the Mediterranean was the [[galley]] ship, although its variants were also increasingly used as trade ships.<ref name="Dotson, John E 1981">Dotson, John E. "Merchant and Naval Influences on Galley Design." Ed. Craig L. Symonds. New Aspects of Naval History : Selected Papers Presented At the Fourth Naval History Symposium, United States Naval Academy, 25–26 October 1979 (1981): 20-31. Print.</ref> Its design effectively balanced carrying capacity and speed to create a ship well suited to many purposes.<ref name="Dotson, John E 1981"/> These were the main ships of war used during the battle, with the exception of the barges sunk by Venice to blockade their lagoon.

This battle is of additional note because it was the first recorded use of ship-mounted gunpowder weapons being used in combat in Europe.<ref name="Guilmartin, John Francis 2007"/> The Venetians, who were already using powder siege weapons on land, mounted small bombards to many of their galleys during the fight to keep the Genoese force cordoned off in Chioggia.<ref name="Guilmartin, John Francis 2007"/> Although there is little known about these weapons, it is known that they were not used for ship-to-ship combat.<ref name="Guilmartin, John Francis 2007"/> The weapons were far too inaccurate to be used against other ships, and instead were used to bombard enemy walls and fortifications.<ref name="Guilmartin, John Francis 2007"/> The Genoese commander, Pietro Doria, was killed by a collapsing fortification that was hit by a ball fired from a Venetian galley.<ref name=LAN/>

==Aftermath==
At the [[Peace of Turin]], Venice made several concessions to the Genoese, including [[Tenedos]], the original source of contention in the war.<ref name="Hattendorf, John B 2003"/><ref name=LAN/> Nevertheless, the Genoese stopped their military and trade forays into most of the Mediterranean, perhaps as a result of their defeat combined with debts and domestic civil unrest.<ref name="Reynolds, Clark G 1998">Reynolds, Clark G. Navies In History. Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, 1998.</ref> Venice too was left with a great deal of debt, but crawled slowly out of it over the next few decades.<ref name=LAN/>

Fernand Braudel sets the end of sporadic warfare between the two early centers of aquatic empire as a result of the economic retrenchment of the 14th century: "Perhaps the answer is that only prolonged prosperity and a rising tide of trade had made it possible to indulge for so long in battles which were fierce but not in the end mortal... Both major and minor wars had become too expensive a luxury. Peaceful coexistence would have to be the rule."<ref>Braudel, The Perspective of the World (1984), p. 118</ref>

Left with no major enemies, Venice expanded its power along both Adriatic coasts, posting a fleet at Corfu to guard the sea's entrance.<ref name="Reynolds, Clark G 1998"/> They increased their trade influence on the Greek [[Peloponnesus]] and greatly extended inland at home.<ref name="Reynolds, Clark G 1998"/> By 1400, Venice had 3000 ships, and in a population of 200,000 had 38,000 seamen.<ref>Potter, E. B, Roger Fredland, and Henry Hitch Adams. Sea Power : a Naval History. 2nd ed. Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, 1981.</ref> Venice's system of aquatic economic domination is one that continued to surface even after its decline, with an example being Portugal's later domination of the seas around Africa and Asia.<ref>Brockey, Liam Matthew. Portuguese Colonial Cities In the Early Modern World. Farnham, Surrey, England: Ashgate, 2008, p. XV</ref>

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Conflicts in 1380|Chioggia]]
[[Category:Naval battles of the Venetian–Genoese wars|Chioggia 1380]]
[[Category:Military history of Veneto]]
[[Category:1380 in Europe]]
[[Category:War of Chioggia]]