imported>Apokrif: /* Greater Barito */

2025-04-02T20:52:58Z

Greater Barito

New page

{{Short description|Language subgroup of Southeast Asia and Madagascar}}
{{Infobox language family
|name=Barito
|altname=Greater Barito
|region= [[Indonesia]] ([[Kalimantan|Borneo]]), [[Madagascar]], [[Southern Philippines]]
|familycolor=Austronesian
|fam2=[[Malayo-Polynesian languages|Malayo-Polynesian]]
|fam3=[[Western Indonesian languages|Western Indonesian]] ?
|child1=[[East Barito languages|East Barito]]
|child2=[[West Barito languages|West Barito]]
|child3=[[Mahakam languages|Mahakam]]
|child4=[[Sama–Bajaw languages|Sama–Bajaw]]
|glotto=grea1283
|glottorefname=Greater Barito linkage
}}

The '''Barito languages''' are around twenty [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]] languages of [[Indonesia]] ([[Borneo]]), plus [[Malagasy language|Malagasy]], the national language of [[Madagascar]], and the [[Sama–Bajaw languages]] around the Sulu Archipelago. They are named after the [[Barito River]] located in [[South Kalimantan]], Indonesia.

The Barito subgroup was first proposed by Hudson (1967),<ref>Hudson, Alfred B. 1967. ''The Barito isolects of Borneo: A classification based on comparative
reconstruction and lexicostatistics. Data Paper no. 68, Southeast Asia Program, Department of Asian Studies, Cornell University. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University,</ref> comprising the three branches ''East Barito'', ''West Barito'', and ''Mahakam (Barito–Mahakam)''. It is thought by some to be a ''[[Sprachbund]]'' rather than a genuine [[clade]]. For example, Adelaar (2005) rejects Barito as a valid group despite accepting less traditional groups such as [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] and [[Malayo-Sumbawan languages|Malayo-Sumbawan]].

The Malagasy language originates from the South East Borneo area (modern-day Indonesia), and it has been linked to [[Ma'anyan language|Ma'anyan]] within the Southeast Barito group,<ref>{{Cite book |first = Robert |last = Blust |title = The Austronesian languages |year = 2013 |isbn = 978-1-922185-07-5 |oclc = 851066712 |location = Canberra |edition = Revised |publisher = Asia-Pacific Linguistics, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, The Australian National University |series = Asia-Pacific Linguistics 008 |hdl = 1885/10191 |page = 743 |language = en }}</ref> with Malagasy incorporating numerous [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]]-[[Malay language|Malay]] and [[Javanese language|Javanese]] loanwords.<ref name="adelaar2006" /><ref>There are also some Sulawesi loanwords, which Adelaar attributes to contact prior to the migration to Madagascar: See K. Alexander Adelaar, “The Indonesian Migrations to Madagascar: Making Sense of the Multidisciplinary Evidence”, in Truman Simanjuntak, Ingrid Harriet Eileen Pojoh and Muhammad Hisyam (eds.), ''Austronesian Diaspora and the Ethnogeneses of People in Indonesian Archipelago'', (Jakarta: Indonesian Institute of Sciences, 2006), pp. 8–9.</ref> It is known that [[Ma'anyan people]] were brought as labourers and slaves by [[Malay Indonesians|Malay]] and [[Javanese people|Javanese]] people in their trading fleets, which reached Madagascar by ca. 50–500 AD.<ref name="Dewar1993">{{cite journal|last1=Dewar|first1=Robert E.|last2=Wright|first2=Henry T.|date=1993|title=The culture history of Madagascar|journal=Journal of World Prehistory|volume=7|issue=4|pages=417–466|doi=10.1007/bf00997802|hdl-access=free|hdl=2027.42/45256}}</ref><ref name="Burney2004">{{cite journal|vauthors=Burney DA, Burney LP, Godfrey LR, Jungers WL, Goodman SM, Wright HT, Jull AJ|date=August 2004|title=A chronology for late prehistoric Madagascar|journal=Journal of Human Evolution|volume=47|issue=1–2|pages=25–63|doi=10.1016/j.jhevol.2004.05.005|pmid=15288523|bibcode=2004JHumE..47...25B }}</ref><ref>Kumar, Ann (2012). 'Dominion Over Palm and Pine: Early Indonesia’s Maritime Reach', in Geoff Wade (ed.), ''Anthony Reid and the Study of the Southeast Asian Past'' (Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies), 101–122.</ref> Based on linguistic evidence, it has been suggested that Malagasy was taken to East Africa between the 7th and 13th centuries.<ref>{{Cite journal |first = K. Alexander |last = Adelaar |title = Asian Roots of the Malagasy: A Linguistic Perspective |journal = Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde / Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences of Southeast Asia |year = 1995 |issn = 0006-2294 |volume = 151 |number = 3 |pages = 325–356 |doi = 10.1163/22134379-90003036 |oclc = 5672481889 |jstor = 27864676 |language = en|doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name=adelaar2006>{{Cite book |first = K. Alexander |last = Adelaar |chapter = Borneo as a Cross-Roads for Comparative Austronesian Linguistics |editor-first = Peter |editor-last = Bellwood |editor-first2 = James J. |editor-last2 = Fox |editor-first3 = Darrell T. |editor-last3 = Tryon |title = The Austronesians: Historical and Comparative Perspectives |year = 2006 |isbn = 1-920942-85-8 |location = Canberra |publisher = ANU E Press |pages = 81–102 |oclc = 225298720 |jstor = j.ctt2jbjx1.7 |doi = 10.22459/A.09.2006.04 |doi-access = free |language = en}}</ref> It is likely that a separate Malagasy speech community had already formed in Borneo before the early Malagasy migrants settled in Madagascar.<ref>{{Cite book |first = K. Alexander |last = Adelaar |chapter = Who Were the First Malagasy, and What Did They Speak? |editor-first = Andrea |editor-last = Acri |editor-first2 = Roger |editor-last2 = Blench |editor-first3 = Alexandra |editor-last3 = Landmann |title = Spirits and Ships: Cultural Transfers in Early Monsoon Asia |year = 2017 |doi = 10.1355/9789814762779-012 |oclc = 1012757769 |isbn = 978-981-4762-75-5 |location = Singapore |publisher = ISEAS-Yusof Ishak Institute |pages = 441–469 |series = Book collections on Project MUSE 28 |language = en }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |first = K. Alexander |last = Adelaar |title = A Linguist's Perspective on the Settlement History of Madagascar |journal = NUSA: Linguistic Studies of Languages in and Around Indonesia |date = 2016 |volume = 61 |pages = 69–88 |doi = 10.15026/89605 |hdl = 10108/89605 |oclc = 1005142867 |issn = 0126-2874 |language = en}}</ref>

==Greater Barito==
Blust (2006) proposes that the [[Sama-Bajaw languages]] also derive from the Barito lexical region, though not from any established group,<ref>Blust, Robert. 2006. 'The linguistic macrohistory of the Philippines'. In Liao & Rubino, eds, ''Current Issues in Philippine Linguistics and Anthropology''. pp 31–68.</ref> and ''[[Ethnologue]]'' has followed, calling the resulting group 'Greater Barito'.

Smith (2017, 2018)<ref name="Smith2017">Smith, Alexander. 2017. ''[http://ling.hawaii.edu/wp-content/uploads/SMITH_Alexander_Final_Dissertation.pdf The Languages of Borneo: A Comprehensive Classification]''. PhD Dissertation: University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa.</ref><ref>Smith, Alexander D. 2018. [http://hdl.handle.net/10524/52418 The Barito Linkage Hypothesis, with a Note on the Position of Basap]. ''JSEALS'' Volume 11.1 (2018).</ref> proposes a Greater Barito linkage with the following branches, and considers [[Basap language|Basap]] to be a sister of the Greater Barito linkage, forming a ''Basap–Greater Barito'' group.

{{tree list}}
*Basap–Greater Barito
**[[Basap language|Basap]]
**Greater Barito
***Northwest Barito (Kadorih, [[Siang language|Siang]], Murung)
***Southwest Barito ([[Ngaju language|Ngaju]], Kapuas, [[Bakumpai language|Bakumpai]])
***[[Sama–Bajaw languages|Sama–Bajaw]] ([[Yakan language|Yakan]], etc.)
***Southeast Barito ([[Ma'anyan language|Ma'anyan]], [[Dusun Witu language|Dusun Witu]], [[Dusun Balangan language|Dusun Balangan]], [[Malagasy language|Malagasy]])
***Central-East Barito ([[Dusun Malang language|Dusun Malang]], Dusun Bayang, [[Paku language (Indonesia)|Paku]], Semihim)
***[[Northeast Barito languages|Northeast Barito]] ([[Tawoyan language|Taboyan]], [[Lawangan language|Lawangan]], Bentian, Pasir, Benuaq)
***[[Tunjung language|Tunjung]]
{{tree list/end}}

The earlier groupings [[East Barito language|East Barito]] (comprising Smith's Southeast Barito, Central-East Barito and Northeast Barito) and [[West Barito languages|West Barito]] (comprising Southwest Barito and Northwest Barito) are rejected by Smith.

==West Kalimantan groups==
{{Main|List of Dayak groups of West Kalimantan}}
Some Barito-speaking Dayak ethnic subgroups and their respective languages in [[West Kalimantan]] province, Indonesia:<ref name="Bamba-2008">Bamba, John (ed.) (2008). ''Mozaik Dayak keberagaman subsuku dan bahasa Dayak di Kalimantan Barat''. [[Pontianak]]: [[:id:Institut Dayakologi|Institut Dayakologi]]. {{ISBN|978-979-97788-5-7}}.</ref><ref name="Istiyani-2008">Istiyani, Chatarina Pancer (2008). ''Memahami peta keberagaman subsuku dan bahasa Dayak di Kalimantan Barat''. [[:id:Institut Dayakologi|Institut Dayakologi]].</ref>

:{| class="wikitable"
! Group !! Subgroup !! Language !! Regency
|-
| [[Oruung Da'an language|Oruung Da'an]] || || [[Oruung Da'an language|Oruung Da'an]] || [[Kapuas Hulu Regency|Kapuas Hulu]]
|-
| [[Pangin language|Pangin]] || || [[Pangin language|Pangin]] || [[Melawi Regency|Melawi]]
|-
| [[Uud Danum language|Uud Danum]] || Cihie || [[Cihie language|Cihie]] || [[Sintang Regency|Sintang]]
|-
| [[Uud Danum language|Uud Danum]] || Dohoi || [[Dohoi language|Dohoi]] || [[Sintang Regency|Sintang]]
|}

==See also==
{{Portal|Language|Indonesia}}
* [[Languages of Indonesia]]
* [[Overseas Indonesians]]
* [[Native Indonesians]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Bornean languages}}
{{Austronesian languages}}
{{Languages of Indonesia}}
{{Borneo}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Barito languages| ]]
[[Category:Basap–Barito languages]]
[[Category:Languages of Madagascar]]
[[Category:Languages of Indonesia]]

Barito languages - Revision history

imported>Apokrif: /* Greater Barito */