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{{short description|Tribe of Sabaean Arabs}}
{{other uses|AZD (disambiguation){{!}}AZD}}

{{Infobox tribe
| name = Al-Azd
| local name = {{lang|ar|ٱلْأَزْد}}
| type = [[Qahtanite|Qahtanite Arab Tribe]]
| ethnicity = Arabian
| nisba = Al-Azdī ({{lang|ar|ٱلْأَزْدي}})
| location = [[South Arabia]], [[Arabian Peninsula]], [[Saudi Arabia]] and the [[Middle East]]
| religion = [[Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia|Paganism]], [[Christianity]],<ref>{{cite book|last=bury|first=john|title=History of the Later Roman Empire from the Death of Theodosius I. to the Death of Justinian, Part 2|date=January 1958|publisher=courier dover publications|isbn=9780486203997|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JxWifqqPtUcC&pg=PP1}}</ref> later [[Islam]]
| image = Azd Flag (11).png
| image_size = 150px
| caption = Banner of the Azd from the [[Battle of Siffin]]
}}

The '''Azd''' ([[Arabic]]: أَزْد), or '''Al-Azd''' ([[Arabic]]: ٱلْأَزْد), is an ancient [[Tribes of Arabia|Arabian tribe]]. The lands of Azd occupied an area west of [[Bisha]] and [[Al Bahah]] in what is today [[Saudi Arabia]].

==Land of Azd==
===Pre-Islamic Arabia===
[[File:وادي الخيطان 6.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Traces of a [[Pre-Islamic Arabia|pre-Islamic]] building built during the [[Basus War]], Wadi Khaytan, [[Al Bahah]] ([[4th century|4]]-[[5th century|5th]] centuries)]]
[[Pre-Islamic Arabia|Pre-Islamic]] inscriptions, specifically [[Sabaic]] inscriptions from '''[[Sha'r Awtar|Sha'r Awtar's]]''' reign ([[210]]-[[230]] CE), indicate that the land of Azd extended west of [[Bisha|Bīsha]], in the south-western heights of [[Saudi Arabia]], stretching between the regions of [[Al Bahah|al-Bāḥa]] and [['Asir Province|ʿAsīr]].<ref name=":0">Jérémie Schiettecatte, Mounir Arbach. [https://shs.hal.science/halshs-01388356/document The political map of Arabia and the Middle East in the 3rd century AD revealed by a Sabaean inscription – a view from the South.] Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy, 2016, 27 (2), pp.176-196. 10.1111/aae.12071 . halshs-01388356</ref>

===Eve of Islam===
[[File:قصر بن رقوش الأثري ببلدة بني سار التابعه لبني عامر.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Qasr Bin Rugoosh of [[Zahran tribe|Zahran]], [[Al Bahah|Al-Bahah]]]]
Al-Azd's land during the eve of [[Islam]] was comparable to that of the contemporary Azd Sarāt, stretching from [[Bisha|Bīsha]] to the [[Tihamah|Tihāma shores]], the southern limit being approximately [[Al-Namas|al-Nimāṣ]] and the northern one the modern town of [[Al Bahah|al-Bāḥa]].<ref>STRENZIOK 1960: 834</ref>

In ancient times, Al Azd inhabited modern day provinces of [['Asir Province]] and [[Al-Bahah Province]] in modern-day [[Saudi Arabia]], bordering [[Sabaeans]] in modern-day [[Yemen]]. the Azd tribe have always inhabited the [[Sarawat Mountains]] in [[Hejaz]]; [[Azd Shanua|Azd Shanū’ah]] ([[Zahran tribe|Zahran]] & [[Ghamd (tribe)|Ghamid]])<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-02-10 |title=تأريخ مكّة دراسات في السياسة والعلم والاجتماع والعمران |url=https://books.rafed.net/m/?type=c_fbook&b_id=2297 |access-date=2023-03-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200210053741/https://books.rafed.net/m/?type=c_fbook&b_id=2297 |archive-date=2020-02-10 }}</ref> [[Bariq]] inhabited [[Tihamah]]; and Azd Mazin ([[Ansar (Islam)|Al Ansar]] & [[Ghassanids]]) inhabited two different regions, where the [[Ansar (Islam)|Ansaris]] settled in [[Medina]], [[Hejaz]], while the [[Ghassanids]] settled in the far north of the [[Arabian Peninsula]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=بيطار |first=أمينة |title=الموسوعة العربية {{!}} |url=http://arab-ency.com.sy/details// |access-date=2023-03-09 |website=الموسوعة العربية |language=en}}</ref>

===Yemeni Folklore===
According to traditional medieval Yemeni folklore, the Azd tribal group originally lived in Yemen, until the collapse of the [[Ma'rib Dam]] when they began emigrating to other parts of the [[Arabian Peninsula]] due to the living conditions becoming unfavourable. This large movement out of Yemen has been dated to the late 3rd century CE.

== Anthropological and Genetic Background ==

A genetic haplogroup often associated with Azdite tribes, J-BY74, has been indicated to have originated in [[Arabian Peninsula|Northern Arabia]] or the [[Levant]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Urasin |last2=Waas |last3=Nogueiro |last4=Kull |date=April 2019 |title=Haplogroup J-Z640: genetic insight into the Levantine Bronze Age |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/332412562 |journal=ResearchGate |quote=Based on the geographic dispersal, evidenced by the GIS analysis (Figure 3), the most likely area in which J-Z640 originated in is the Levant. This corresponds with other studies researching J-P58, an ancestral SNP to J-Z640 [25].The most likely alternative based on the GIS analysis was the Arabian Peninsula.}}</ref>
[[File:Map of South Arabia.svg|thumb|274x274px|Map of South Arabia]]

== Branches ==
In the 3rd century C.E., the Azd branched into four sub-branches, each led by one of the sons of [[Muzayqiya]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=علي/المسعودي|first=أبي الحسن علي بن الحسين بن|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IoZ0DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT190|title=مروج الذهب ومعادن الجوهر 1-4 ج2|date=2012-01-01|publisher=Dar Al Kotob Al Ilmiyah دار الكتب العلمية|page=204|language=ar}}</ref>

=== Imran Bin Amr ===
[[Imran bin Amr]] and the bulk of the tribe went to Oman, where they established the Azdi presence in [[Eastern Arabia]]. Later they invaded [[Karaman]] and [[Shiraz]] in Southern [[Iran|Persia]], and these came to be known as "Azd Daba". Another branch headed west back to Yemen, and a group went further west all the way to [[Tihamah]] on the [[Red Sea]]. This group was to become known as "[[Azd Uman]]" after the emergence of Islam.{{citation needed|date=February 2019}}

=== Jafna bin Amr ===
[[Jafnah ibn Amr|Jafna bin Amr]] and his family headed for [[Syria (region)|Syria]], where he settled and initiated the kingdom of the [[Ghassanids]]. They were so named after a spring of water where they stopped on their way to Syria. This branch was to produce:
* The [[Ghassanid]] dynasty in Syria
* A Roman Emperor ([[Philip the Arab]], a [[Ghassanid]] Arab from Syria, who ruled 244–249 C.E.){{Citation needed|date=October 2024}}
* A Byzantine dynasty (the Byzantine Emperor [[Leo III the Isaurian]], also known as the "Syrian", ruled from 717 to 741 C.E.)

=== Thalabah bin Amr ===
[[Thalabah bin Amr]] left his tribe for the Hijaz, and dwelt between [[Thalabiyah]] and [[Dhi Qar]]. When he gained strength, he headed for [[Yathrib]], where he stayed. Of his seed are the [[Banu Aws|Aws]] and [[Khazraj]], sons of Haritha bin Thalabah. These were to be the Muslim [[Ansar (Islam)|Ansar]] and were to produce the last Arab dynasty in Spain (the [[Nasrid dynasty|Nasrids]]).

=== Haritha bin Amr ===
Haritha bin Amr led a branch of the Azd Qahtani tribes. He wandered with his tribe in the Hijaz until they came to the Tihamah. He had three sons Adi, Afsa and Lahi. Adiy was the father of [[Bariq]], Lahi the father of [[Banu Khuza'a|Khuza'a]] and Afsa, the father of Aslam.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2yROvV2N0QMC&dq=Bariq+Khuza'a+azd&pg=PA92 |title=Constructing Al-Azd: Tribal Identity and Society in the Early Islamic Centuries |page=92 |isbn=978-0-549-63443-0 |accessdate=2013-12-26 }}{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0wxuAAAAMAAJ&q=azd+khuzaa |title=The Role of the Arab Tribes in the East During the Period of the Umayyads (40/660-132/749)|pages=35, 34 |publisher=Al-Jamea's Press |date=1978 |accessdate=2013-12-26}}</ref>

<pre>
Azd
|
.--------------+------------.
| |
Mazin Shahnvah
| |
.----------+----------. .--------+-----------.
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
| | | Samala (Banu) Daws Haddan
Thalabah Haritha Jafna
| | (Ghassanids/The Ghassinids)
.--+----. |
| | |_________________
(Banu) Aws (Banu) Khuza'a/Khazraj |
|
.-----+---+----------.
| | |
Adi Afsa Lohay
| | |
Bariq Aslam (Banu) Khuza'a
| |
Salaman Mustalik
</pre>

=== Zahran ===
{{main|Zahran tribe}}

The Zahran tribe is an [[pre-Islamic Arabia|ancient Arabian]] offshoot of the Azdi tribe.

== Azd 'Uman ==
The Azd 'Uman were the dominant Arab tribe in the eastern realms of the [[Caliphate]] and were the driving force in the conquest of [[Fars province|Fars]], [[Makran]] and [[Sindh]]. They were the chief merchant group of [[Oman]] and [[Al-Ubulla]], who organized a [[trading diaspora]] with settlements of Persianized Arabians on the coasts of Kirman and Makran, extending into Sindh since the days of [[Ardashir I|Ardashir]].<ref name="Wink1"/> They were strongly involved in the western trade with India, and with the expansion of the [[Early Muslim conquests|Muslim conquests]], they began to consolidate their commercial and political authority on the eastern frontier. During the early years of the [[Early Muslim conquests|Muslim conquests]], the Azdi ports of [[Bahrain]] and [[Oman]] were staging grounds for Muslim naval fleets headed to Fars (Persia) and Hind (India). From 637 C.E., the conquests of Fars and Makran were dominated by the Azdi and allied tribes from Oman. Between 665 and 683 C.E., the Azdi 'Uman became especially prominent due in Basra on account of favors from [[Ziyad ibn Abihi]], the Governor of [[Mu'awiya I]], and his son Ubaidullah. When a member of their tribe Abu Said [[Mohalib|Al- Muhallab ibn Abi Sufra]] became governor their influence and wealth increased as he extended Muslim conquests to [[Makran]] and [[Sindh]], where so many other Azdi were settled. After his death in 702, though, they lost their grip on power with the rise of [[Al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf]] as governor of [[Iraq]]. Al-Hajjaj pursued a systematic policy of breaking [[Umayyad]] power, as a result of which the Azd also suffered. With the death of Hajjaj and under [[Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik]] as [[Caliph]], their fortunes reversed once again, with the appointment of [[Yazid ibn al-Muhallab]].<ref name="Wink1">Wink pg 51-52;"''It is not accident that, among the Arabs, the Tribe of the Azd 'Uman were instrumental in the conquest of Fars, Makran and Sind, and that for some time they became the dominant Arab tribe in the eastern caliphate.''"</ref>

== Influential people or branches ==
* The [[Ghassanids]]
* The [[Tanukhids|Banu Tanukh]]
* The [[Tayy|Banu Tayy]]
** The [[Bani Sakher]]
* Banu [[Ma'an]] (part of the Tanukhi tribal Confederation)
* The [[Nasrid dynasty|Nasrid]] dynasty of [[Al-Andalus]]
* [[Al Said]] dynasty of [[Oman]]
* [[Bani Yas]]
** [[Al Nahyan family|Al Nahyan]] dynasty of [[Emirate of Abu Dhabi|Abu Dhabi]] in what is now the [[United Arab Emirates|U.A.E.]]{{citation needed|date=February 2014}}
** [[Al Maktoum]] dynasty of [[Emirate of Dubai|Dubai]]{{citation needed|date=February 2014}}
* [[Abu Dawood]], collector of ''a[[hadith]]''
* [[Ibn Duraid]]
* [[Kuthayyir]],<ref>[[Ibn Khallikan]] ''wafayat alayan'' p. 524. [http://www.alwaraq.net alwarraq edition].</ref> Arab poet
* [[Jābir ibn Zayd]], the co-founder of the [[Ibadi]] sect of [[Islam]]
* [[Ghamid]]
* [[Bani Shehr]]
* [[Zahran tribe|Zahran]]
* The [[Rawadid dynasty|Rawadids]]
* Tribe of [[Bariq]]
* [[Jabir ibn Hayyan]] (historicity uncertain; may also have been a non-Arab {{transliteration|ar|[[mawali|mawla]]}} or 'client' of the Azd)<ref>{{harvnb|Forster|2018}}. {{harvnb|Ruska|1923|p=57}} still thought the attribution to Jabir of the name al-Azdi to be false, but later sources (from {{harvnb|Holmyard|1927}} on) assume its authenticity.</ref>
* [[Hudhayfah al-Bariqi]]
* [[Khalil ibn Ahmad]]
* [[Urwah al-Bariqi]]
* [[Arfaja al-Bariqi]]
* [[Humaydah al-Bariqi]]
* [[Ibn Al-Thahabi]]
* [[Ibn al-Banna]]
* [[Jamilah bint Adwan]]
* [[Asma bint Adiy al-Bariqiyyah]]
* [[Al Muhallab ibn Abi Suffrah]]
* [[Mu'aqqir]]
* [[Fatimah bint Sa'd]]
* [[Suraqah al-Bariqi]]
* [[Ibn Al-Thahabi]]
* [[Banu Khazraj]]
* [['Asir Region|Billasmar]] (Al-Asmari)
* [[Jamilah bint Adwan]]
* [[Bani Amr]] (Al-Amri)
* [[Amr ibn Khalid]]
* [[Umm al-Khair]]
* Al-[[Dawasir]]
* Al-[[Al-Balushi|Balush]]
* [[Al-Tahawi]]
* [[Al-Fadl ibn Shadhan]] of [[Nishapur]], [[Iran]]
* [[Attar (caste)]], India

== See also ==
* [[Adnanites|Adnanite]] [[Ishmaelites|Ishamelite Arabs]]
* [[Tribes of Arabia]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

=== Sources used ===
* {{cite encyclopedia|last1=Forster|first1=Regula|year=2018|title=Jābir b. Ḥayyān|editor1-last=Fleet|editor1-first=Kate|editor2-last=Krämer|editor2-first=Gudrun|editor2-link=Gudrun Krämer|editor3-last=Matringe|editor3-first=Denis|editor4-last=Nawas|editor4-first=John|editor5-last=Rowson|editor5-first=Everett|editor5-link=Everett K. Rowson|encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three|doi=10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_32665}}
* {{cite book|last1=Holmyard|first1=Eric J.|author-link=Eric John Holmyard|year=1927|chapter=An Essay on Jābir ibn Ḥayyān|editor1-last=Ruska|editor1-first=Julius|editor1-link=Julius Ruska|title=Studien zur Geschichte der Chemie: Festgabe [[Edmund Oscar von Lippmann|Edmund O. v. Lippmann]]|location=Berlin|publisher=Springer|pages=28–37|doi=10.1007/978-3-642-51355-8_5|isbn=978-3-642-51236-0 }}
* {{cite journal|last1=Ruska|first1=Julius|author1-link=Julius Ruska|year=1923|title=Über das Schriftenverzeichnis des Ǧābir ibn Ḥajjān und die Unechtheit einiger ihm zugeschriebenen Abhandlungen|journal=Archiv für Geschichte der Medizin|volume=15|pages=53–67|jstor=20773292|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20773292}}

=== Further reading ===
* {{EI2 |volume=1 |title=Azd |pages=811–813 |first=G. |last=Strenziok |url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/azd-SIM_0946}}
* {{cite book |last=Wink |first=Andre |title=Al-Hind, the Making of the Indo-Islamic World |publisher=Brill Academic Publishers |date=2002|isbn=0-391-04173-8}}

{{Historical Arab tribes}}

[[Category:Azd| ]]
[[Category:Tribes of Arabia]]
[[Category:Yemeni tribes]]
[[Category:Tribes of Saudi Arabia]]
[[Category:Tribes of Oman]]

Azd - Revision history

imported>Citation bot: Altered url. URLs might have been anonymized. Added authors 1-1. Removed parameters. Some additions/deletions were parameter name changes. | Use this bot. Report bugs. | Suggested by AlexBobCharles | Category:Tribes of Saudi Arabia | #UCB_Category 5/66