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{{Infobox settlement
| name = Awlam
| native_name = عولم
| native_name_lang = ar
| other_name = 'Ulam
| settlement_type =

| imagesize = 250
| etymology = possibly from the Arabic form of “a full well”<ref>Palmer, 1881, p. [https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp00conduoft#page/159/mode/1up 159]</ref>

| pushpin_map = Mandatory Palestine | pushpin_map_caption = Location within [[Mandatory Palestine]] | image_map = {{Historical map series|default=2|date1=1870s|date2=1940s|date3=modern|date4=1940s with modern overlay|width=225}} | map_caption = A series of historical maps of the area around Awlam (click the buttons)
| pushpin_mapsize = 200
| coordinates = {{coord|32|39|59|N|35|29|57|E|type:city_region:PS|display=inline,title}}
| grid_name = [[Palestine grid|Palestine grid]]
| grid_position = 197/230

| subdivision_type = [[Geopolitical entity]]
| subdivision_name = [[Mandatory Palestine]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[Districts of Mandatory Palestine|Subdistrict]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tiberias Subdistrict, Mandatory Palestine|Tiberias]]

| established_title1 = Date of depopulation
| established_date1 = April 6, 1948<ref>Morris, 2004, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&l&pg=PR17 xvii], village #107. Also gives cause of depopulation</ref>
| established_title2 = Repopulated dates

| unit_pref = dunam
| area_total_km2 = 18.5
| area_total_dunam = 18,546

| population_as_of = 1945
| population_total = 720<ref name=1945p12>Department of Statistics, 1945, p. [http://cs.anu.edu.au/~bdm/yabber/census/VSpages/VS1945_p12.jpg 12]</ref><ref name=Hadawi73>Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. ''Village Statistics, April, 1945.'' Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. [http://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20I/Tiberias/Page-073.jpg 73]</ref>

| blank_name_sec1 = Cause(s) of depopulation
| blank_info_sec1 = Abandonment on Arab orders
}}
'''Awlam''' ({{langx|ar|عولم}}) was a [[Palestinian people|Palestinian]] village {{convert|15|km|mi}} south of [[Tiberias]] situated on the slopes of the westward Wadi Awlam.<ref name="Khalidi"/>

In the late [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] period it was a ruin, resettled by Algerian migrants under the auspices of the Ottomans.<ref name=":32">{{Cite journal |last=Ahmad Abbasi |first=Mustafa |date=2007 |title=הקהילה האלג'יראית בגליל משלהי השלטון העות'מני עד שנת 1948 |journal=אופקים בגיאוגרפיה |volume=68/9 |pages=61}}</ref>

==History==
Awlam is identified as ''Oulamma'', an important town that existed during the [[Roman Empire|Roman]] era of rule in [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]].<ref name="Khalidi">Khalidi, 1992, p. 514</ref>

Ceramics from the [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] era have been found here.<ref>Dauphin, 1998, p. 732</ref>

The [[Crusades|Crusader]]s referred to it as ''Heulem''. In 1144 the [[tithe]]s of the village was given to the [[bishop of Tiberias]]. In 1174, the Bishop conceded its tithes to the church of [[Mount Tabor]].<ref name="Khalidi"/><ref>Röhricht, 1893, RRH, p. [https://archive.org/stream/regestaregnihie00rhgoog#page/n142/mode/1up 136], No 515; cited in Pringle, 1998, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=2Y0tA0xLzwEC&pg=PA372 372]</ref>

===Ottoman era===
Awlam was incorporated into the [[Ottoman Empire]] in 1517, and by 1596 it was a village under the administration of the ''[[nahiya]]'' ("subdistrict") of Tiberias, part of the ''[[sanjak]]'' of [[Safad]]. The village had a population of 12 households and 3 bachelors, an estimated 83 persons, all [[Muslim]]s. They paid a fixed tax-rate of 25% on wheat, barley, goats, and beehives, in addition to occasional revenues; a total of 3,409 [[Akçe]].<ref>Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 189. Quoted in Khalidi, 1992, p. 514</ref><ref>Note that Rhode, 1979, p. [https://www.academia.edu/2026845/The_Administration_and_Population_of_the_Sancak_of_Safed_in_the_Sixteenth_Century 6] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190420031504/https://www.academia.edu/2026845/The_Administration_and_Population_of_the_Sancak_of_Safed_in_the_Sixteenth_Century |date=2019-04-20 }} writes that the register that Hütteroth and Abdulfattah studied was not from 1595/6, but from 1548/9</ref>

A map by [[Pierre Jacotin]] from [[French campaign in Egypt and Syria|Napoleon's invasion of 1799]] showed the place, named as ''El Awalem.''<ref>Karmon, 1960, p. [http://www.jchp.ucla.edu/Bibliography/Karmon,_Y_1960_Jacotin_Map_(IEJ_10).pdf 167] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191222063351/http://www.jchp.ucla.edu/Bibliography/Karmon,_Y_1960_Jacotin_Map_(IEJ_10).pdf |date=2019-12-22 }}.</ref>

In 1838 it was noted as a village, '''Aulam'', in the Tiberias District.<ref>Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol. 3, Appendix 2, p. [https://archive.org/stream/biblicalresearch03robiuoft#page/131/mode/1up 131]</ref><ref>Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol. 3, p.[https://archive.org/stream/biblicalresearch03robiuoft#page/n236/mode/1up 219]</ref>

In 1859 there were 120 souls in the village, and the cultivation was 14 [[feddans]], according to the British consul Rogers.<ref name=SWP82>Conder and Kitchener, 1882, SWP II, p. [https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp02conduoft#page/82/mode/1up 82]</ref> However, when [[Victor Guérin]] visited in 1875, he described the village as “abandoned”. He further noted;

“Ancient materials are plentiful there. I noticed in particular a number of [[column]] stumps and various fragments of sculptures coming from some building now destroyed. A church, converted later into a mosque, then into a stable, is quite well preserved. It had been built with alternately white and black stones, the former [[limestone]], the latter [[basalt]]. On the [[lintel]] of the main entrance door one may observe, in the centre, a small circle, which formerly enclosed a cross, today completely effaced. Inside, some column shafts are lying on the ground, with their [[Capital (architecture)|capital]]s broken.<ref>Guérin, 1880, pp. [https://archive.org/stream/descriptiongogr01unkngoog#page/n149/mode/1up 136]- 137; as translated in Pringle, 1998, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=2Y0tA0xLzwEC&pg=PA372 372]</ref>

In the late 19th century, Awlam was one of several villages settled by Algerian migrants under the auspices of the [[Ottoman Empire]]. The settlers in Awlam originated in [[Aïn Bessem|Ein Bessem]], [[Bouïra]].<ref name=":32" />

In 1882, it was described as an agricultural village of 120, built of adobe bricks.<ref name="SWP82" /> The Ottomans built an elementary school in this time period.<ref name="Khalidi" />

A population list from about 1887 showed ''Aulam'' to have about 575 inhabitants; all Muslims.<ref>Schumacher, 1888, p. [https://archive.org/stream/quarterlystateme19pale#page/n211/mode/1up 186]</ref>

===British Mandate era===
The 'Arab al-Muwaylhat [[Bedouin]] tribe settled in the village by the time Awlam was a part of the [[Mandatory Palestine|British Mandate of Palestine]]. The village had a [[mosque]], but its school was closed down.<ref name="Khalidi"/>

In the [[1922 census of Palestine]], ''Ulam'' had a population of 496; 487 Muslims, 8 Jews and 1 Christian,<ref name="Census1922">Barron, 1923, Table xi, Sub-district of Tiberias, p. [https://archive.org/stream/PalestineCensus1922/Palestine%20Census%20%281922%29#page/n41/mode/1up 39]</ref> where the one Christian was of the Orthodox faith.<ref>Barron, 1923, Table xvi, p. [https://archive.org/stream/PalestineCensus1922/Palestine%20Census%20%281922%29#page/n53/mode/1up 51]</ref> The population had increased to 555 in the [[1931 census of Palestine|1931 census]], all Muslims, in a total of 139 houses.<ref name="Census1931">Mills, 1932, p. [https://archive.org/details/CensusOfPalestine1931.PopulationOfVillagesTownsAndAdministrativeAreas 85]</ref> The villagers cultivated grain, figs, grapes, and pomegranates. They drew their drinking and domestic water from six different springs.<ref name="Khalidi"/>

By the [[Village Statistics, 1945|1945 statistics]], the village population was 720 Muslims,<ref name=1945p12/> and the total land area was 18,546 [[Dunam|dunums]] of land.<ref name=Hadawi73/> 360 dunams were irrigated or used for orchards, 11,139 used for [[cereal]]s,<ref>Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. ''Village Statistics, April, 1945.'' Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. [http://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20II/Tiberias/Page-123.jpg 123]</ref> while 28 dunams were classified as built-up (urban) land.<ref>Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. ''Village Statistics, April, 1945.'' Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. [http://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20III/Tiberias/Page-173.jpg 173]</ref>

===1948, and aftermath===
During the [[1948 Arab-Israeli War]], Awlam's villagers were ordered to leave on April 6, 1948, by the [[Arab Higher Committee]] who feared they might aid "[[Zionist]] forces". But the [[Haganah]] states that its [[Golani Brigade]] entered the village on May 12, and the inhabitants fled upon their arrival. Awlam became the final village in the eastern [[Lower Galilee]] emptied of its [[Arab]] inhabitants. According to [[Walid Khalidi]], "nothing remains of the village buildings except stone rubble; only a spring that was used by the villagers has been left unchanged".<ref name="Khalidi"/>

==References==
{{reflist|25em}}

==Bibliography==
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book
| editor =Barron, J. B.
| title =Palestine: Report and General Abstracts of the Census of 1922
| url =https://archive.org/details/PalestineCensus1922
| publisher =Government of Palestine | year =1923 }}
*{{cite book
|last1=Conder|first1=C.R.|author-link1=Claude Reignier Conder
|last2=Kitchener|first2=H. H.|author-link2=Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener
|year=1882|url=https://archive.org/details/surveyofwesternp02conduoft|title=The Survey of Western Palestine: Memoirs of the Topography, Orography, Hydrography, and Archaeology|location=London|publisher=[[Palestine Exploration Fund|Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund]]
|volume=2}}
*{{cite book
| last = Dauphin | first = C. | author-link = Claudine Dauphin
| title = La Palestine byzantine, Peuplement et Populations
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=FC1mAAAAMAAJ
| volume = III : Catalogue | series = BAR International Series 726 | year = 1998
| publisher = Archeopress | location = Oxford | language = fr | isbn = 0-860549-05-4 }}
*{{cite book
|title=Village Statistics, April, 1945
|url=http://web.nli.org.il/sites/nli/Hebrew/library/Pages/BookReader.aspx?pid=856390|author=Department of Statistics|year=1945
|publisher=Government of Palestine}}
*{{cite book
|last=Guérin|first=V.|author-link=Victor Guérin
|title=Description Géographique Historique et Archéologique de la Palestine
|url=https://archive.org/details/descriptiongogr01unkngoog
|volume=3: Galilee, pt. 1|year=1880|publisher=L'Imprimerie Nationale
|location=Paris|language=fr}}
*{{cite book
|title=Village Statistics of 1945: A Classification of Land and Area ownership in Palestine
|url=http://www.palestineremembered.com/Articles/General-2/Story3150.html
|first=S.|last=Hadawi|author-link=Sami Hadawi
|year=1970
|publisher=Palestine Liberation Organization Research Center}}
*{{cite book
|last1=Hütteroth |first1=W.-D.|author-link1=Wolf-Dieter Hütteroth
|last2=Abdulfattah|first2=K. |author-link2=Kamal Abdulfattah
|title=Historical Geography of Palestine, Transjordan and Southern Syria in the Late 16th Century |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wqULAAAAIAAJ |year=1977
|publisher=Erlanger Geographische Arbeiten, Sonderband 5. Erlangen, Germany: Vorstand der Fränkischen Geographischen Gesellschaft
|isbn=3-920405-41-2 }}
*{{cite journal|author = Karmon, Y.|title = An Analysis of Jacotin's Map of Palestine|url = http://www.jchp.ucla.edu/Bibliography/Karmon,_Y_1960_Jacotin_Map_(IEJ_10).pdf|journal = [[Israel Exploration Journal]]|volume = 10|issue = 3,4|year = 1960|pages = 155–173; 244–253|access-date = 2015-04-23|archive-date = 2019-12-22|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191222063351/http://www.jchp.ucla.edu/Bibliography/Karmon,_Y_1960_Jacotin_Map_(IEJ_10).pdf|url-status = dead}}
*{{cite book
|title=All That Remains: The Palestinian Villages Occupied and Depopulated by Israel in 1948
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_By7AAAAIAAJ
|first=W.|last=Khalidi|author-link=Walid Khalidi
|year=1992|location=[[Washington D.C.]]
|publisher=[[Institute for Palestine Studies]]
|isbn=0-88728-224-5}}
*{{cite book
| editor = Mills, E.
| title = Census of Palestine 1931. Population of Villages, Towns and Administrative Areas
|url=https://archive.org/details/CensusOfPalestine1931.PopulationOfVillagesTownsAndAdministrativeAreas | publisher = Government of Palestine
| location = Jerusalem | year = 1932 }}
*{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C
|first=B. |last=Morris |author-link=Benny Morris
|year=2004
|title=The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited |isbn=978-0-521-00967-6 |publisher=Cambridge University Press }}
*{{cite book
|last=Palmer|first=E. H.|author-link=Edward Henry Palmer
|year=1881
|url=https://archive.org/details/surveyofwesternp00conduoft|title=The Survey of Western Palestine: Arabic and English Name Lists Collected During the Survey by Lieutenants Conder and Kitchener, R. E. Transliterated and Explained by E.H. Palmer
|publisher=[[Palestine Exploration Fund|Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund]]}}
*{{cite book
|title=The Churches of the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem: L-Z (excluding Tyre)
|volume=II
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2Y0tA0xLzwEC
|last=Pringle|first=D.|author-link=Denys Pringle
|year=1998
|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]
|isbn=0-521-39037-0}}
*{{cite book
|last=Rhode|first=H.|author-link=Harold Rhode
|date=1979
|url=https://www.academia.edu/2026845
|title=Administration and Population of the Sancak of Safed in the Sixteenth Century
|publisher=[[Columbia University]]
|access-date=2017-11-03
|archive-date=2020-03-01
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200301141739/https://www.academia.edu/2026845/The_Administration_and_Population_of_the_Sancak_of_Safed_in_the_Sixteenth_Century|url-status=dead}}
*{{cite book
|last1=Robinson|first1=E.|author-link1=Edward Robinson (scholar)
|last2=Smith|first2=E.|author-link2=Eli Smith
|year=1841
|url=https://archive.org/details/biblicalresearch03robiuoft
|title=Biblical Researches in Palestine, Mount Sinai and Arabia Petraea: A Journal of Travels in the year 1838
|location=Boston|publisher=[[Crocker & Brewster]]
|volume=3}}
*{{cite book
|last=Röhricht|first=R.|author-link=Reinhold Röhricht
|title=(RRH) Regesta regni Hierosolymitani (MXCVII-MCCXCI)
|url=https://archive.org/details/regestaregnihie00rhgoog|year=1893
|publisher=Libraria Academica Wageriana
|location=Berlin|language=la}}
*{{cite journal
| last = Schumacher | first = G. | author-link = Gottlieb Schumacher
| title = Population list of the Liwa of Akka | journal = Quarterly Statement - Palestine Exploration Fund | volume = 20
| pages = [https://archive.org/details/quarterlystateme19pale/page/169 169]–191
| url = https://archive.org/details/quarterlystateme19pale
| year = 1888 }}
{{refend}}

==External links==
*[http://www.palestineremembered.com/Tiberias/Awlam/index.html Welcome To 'Awlam]
*[http://www.zochrot.org/en/village/49395 'Awlam], [[Zochrot]]
*Survey of Western Palestine, Map 9: [http://www.iaa-archives.org.il/zoom/zoom.aspx?folder_id=93&type_id=6&id=8371 IAA], [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Survey_of_Western_Palestine_1880.09.jpg Wikimedia commons]

{{Palestinian Arab villages depopulated during the 1948 Palestine War}}

[[Category:Arab villages depopulated prior to the 1948 Arab–Israeli War]]
[[Category:District of Tiberias]]

Awlam - Revision history

imported>Dr vulpes: Adding {{pp-extended}}