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taxobox cleanup

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{{short description|Species of fern in the family Aspleniaceae}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = Asplenium trichomanes subsp quadrivalens.jpg
| image_caption = ''Asplenium trichomanes'' subsp. ''quadrivalens''
| status = {{TNCStatus}}
| status_system = TNC
| status_ref = <ref>{{cite NatureServe |id=2.129841 |title=''Asplenium trichomanes'' |date=November 1, 2024 |access-date=November 16, 2024}}</ref>
| genus = Asplenium
| species = trichomanes
| authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]
| subdivision_ranks = Infraspecific taxa
| subdivision = See text
}}

'''''Asplenium trichomanes''''', the '''maidenhair spleenwort''' (not to be confused with the similar-looking [[Adiantum|maidenhair fern]]),<ref name=BSBI07>{{BSBI 2007 |accessdate=2014-10-17 }}</ref> is a small [[fern]] in the spleenwort [[genus]] ''[[Asplenium]]''. It is a widespread and common species, occurring almost worldwide in a variety of rocky [[habitat]]s. It is a variable fern with several [[subspecies]].

The [[binomial nomenclature|specific epithet]] ''trichomanes'' refers to a Greek word for fern.<ref name=RHSLG>{{cite book |last=Harrison |first=Lorraine |title=RHS Latin for Gardeners |year=2012 |publisher=Mitchell Beazley |location=United Kingdom |isbn=978-1845337315 }}</ref>

==Description==
''Asplenium trichomanes'' is a small plant forming tufts between {{cvt|10|and|30|cm}} tall, arising from a short, scaly [[rhizome]]. The scales are dark and the evergreen [[frond]]s are long and narrow, gradually tapering towards the tip. They are simply divided into small, yellow-green to dark-green, roundish leaflets or pinnae. The [[stipe (botany)|stipe]] and [[rachis]] of the frond are dark all along their length. The fronds can reach {{cvt|40|cm}} in length but are more commonly between {{cvt|8|and|20|cm}}. The [[Sorus|indusia]] are linear to oval, straight, and attached to the upper-side of the fertile vein. There are usually 4 to 8 sori per pinna and each may be up to {{cvt|3.5|mm|2}} long. Diploid (2n) chromosome count is 72.<ref name="CoffinPfannmuller1988">{{cite book|author1=Barbara Coffin|author2=Lee Pfannmuller|title=Minnesota's Endangered Flora and Fauna|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wfWNq91AjeoC|year=1988|publisher=U of Minnesota Press|isbn=978-0-8166-1689-3|page=56}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Asplenium trichomanes L.|url=http://www.worldfloraonline.org/taxon/wfo-0001109364|access-date=2020-12-05|website=www.worldfloraonline.org}}</ref>

==Distribution and habitat==
It is widespread in [[temperate]] and [[subarctic]] areas and also occurs in mountainous regions in the [[tropics]]. Its range includes most of Europe and much of Asia south to [[Turkey]], [[Iran]] and the [[Himalayas]] with a population in [[Yemen]]. It occurs in northern, southern and parts of eastern Africa and also in eastern [[Indonesia]], south-east Australia, [[Tasmania]], New Zealand and [[Hawaii]]. It is found in [[North America]] and [[Central America]] and [[Cuba]], and the northern and western regions of [[South America]] such as [[Chile]]. Even though its range is wide spread, it is often rare, and populations are widely spread out from each other based on the availability of suitable habitat.<ref name="CoffinPfannmuller1988"/>

It grows in rocky habitats such as cliffs, [[scree]] slopes, walls and mine waste, the type of rock used as a substrate depending on the subspecies. It grows from sea-level up to 3000 metres in North America while in the British Isles it reaches 870 metres.

In the US state of [[Minnesota]] ''A. trichomanes'' is listed as a threatened species. It occurs on ledges and in crevices on moist, east-facing cliffs and occasionally on talus with similar conditions. The Minnesota populations are ''Asplenium trichomanes'' subsp. ''trichomanes''.<ref name="CoffinPfannmuller1988"/>

==Cultivation==
''Asplenium trichomanes'' is valued in cultivation for its hardiness (down to {{convert|-20|C|F}}), its evergreen foliage and its ability to colonise crevices in stone walls. It prefers a fully or partially shaded aspect. It has gained the [[Royal Horticultural Society]]'s [[Award of Garden Merit]].<ref name = RHSPF>{{cite web
| url= https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/1731/i-Asplenium-trichomanes-i/Details
|title = RHS Plantfinder - ''Asplenium trichomanes''
| publisher = Royal Horticultural Society | accessdate=12 January 2018}}</ref>

==Taxonomy==
[[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]] was the first to [[species description|describe]] maidenhair spleenwort with the [[binomial nomenclature|binomial]] ''Asplenium trichomanes'' in his ''[[Species Plantarum]]'' of 1753.<ref>{{cite book | title=Species Plantarum | edition=1st | volume=II | last=Linnaeus | first=C. | authorlink=Carl Linnaeus | year=1753 | publisher=Laurentii Salvii | location=Stockholm | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/359101|page=1080}}</ref>

''Asplenium trichomanes'' has diploid, tetraploid and hexaploid [[cytotype]]s, which it has been argued should be recognised as distinct species. A triploid cytotype (a sterile hybrid between the diploid and tetraploid cytotype) is also known. Within these cytotypes several subspecies are recognised. ''[[Plants of the World Online]]'' accepts 20 infraspecific subdivisions {{As of|2025|2|lc=y}}.<ref name = powo>{{cite web |title=''Asplenium trichomanes'' L. |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:310197-2 |website=[[Plants of the World Online]] |publisher=[[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]] |access-date=3 February 2025}}</ref> These include:

*''Asplenium trichomanes'' subsp. ''trichomanes'' prefers [[acid]]ic rocks such as [[sandstone]], [[basalt]] and [[granite]]. In Europe and North America it is most often found in mountainous areas and is commonest in the north. It is a delicate plant with a slender stipe and rachis and relatively few pinnae. Diploid.
*''Asplenium trichomanes'' subsp. ''quadrivalens'' {{small|D.E.Mey.}} prefers [[calcareous]] rocks such as [[limestone]] and [[Dolomite (rock)|dolomite]] and often grows on the [[Mortar (masonry)|mortar]] in walls. It is commoner than ''A. t.'' subsp. ''trichomanes'' in much of Europe but is less widespread in North America, although it is present in southern North America where ssp. ''trichomanes'' is absent. Compared to the nominate subspecies it is stouter and has more pinnae which are more square in shape and have less of a stalk. The fronds tend to grow close to the rock while those of ''A. t.'' subsp. ''trichomanes'' tend to arch away. Tetraploid.
*''Asplenium trichomanes'' subsp. ''pachyrachis'' {{small|(Christ) Lovis & Reichst.}} (syn. ''Asplenium csikii'') is mainly found on limestone rocks and walls. It is small and delicate, grows close to the rock and has a rigid, fragile stipe and rachis. Tetraploid.
*[[Asplenium trichomanes subsp. coriaceifolium|''Asplenium trichomanes'' subsp. ''coriaceifolium'']] {{small|Rasbach, K.Rasbach, Reichst. & Bennert}} (syn. ''Asplenium azomanes''): [[Majorca]], Spain, Morocco. Tetraploid.[[File:Asplenium trichomanes2.JPG|right|thumb|Sori on the underside of the frond]]
*''Asplenium trichomanes'' subsp. ''densum'' {{small|(Brack.) W.H.Wagner}} – Hawaiian Islands
*''Asplenium trichomanes'' subsp. ''hastatum'' {{small|(Christ) S.Jess.}}. Tetraploid.
*''Asplenium trichomanes'' subsp. ''humistratum'' {{small|(Ching) Fraser-Jenk.}}
*''Asplenium trichomanes'' subsp. ''inexpectans'' {{small|Lovis}}. Diploid.
*''Asplenium trichomanes'' subsp. ''kulumyssiense'' {{small|Stepanov}}
*''Asplenium trichomanes'' subsp. ''maderense'' {{small|Gibby & Lovis}}. Madeira, Azores. Hexaploid. Hexaploids also occur in Australia and New Zealand.
*''Asplenium trichomanes'' nothosubsp. ''barraraense'' {{small|Rasbach, K.Rasbach, Reichst. & Bennert}}. Tetraploid (''coraceifolium'' × ''quadrivalens'') – [[Balearic Islands]]
*''Asplenium trichomanes'' nothosubsp. ''lovisianum''. Tetraploid (''hastatum'' × ''quadrivalens'').
*''Asplenium trichomanes'' nothosubsp. ''lucanum'' {{small|Cubas, Rosselló & Pangua}} – Balearic Islands
*''Asplenium trichomanes'' nothosubsp. ''lusaticum'' {{small|(D.E.Mey.) Lawalrée}}. Triploid (''trichomanes'' × ''quadrivalens'').
*''Asplenium trichomanes'' nothosubsp. ''malacitense'' {{small|Rasbach, K.Rasbach, Reichst. & Bennert}}. Triploid (''coraceifolium'' × ''inexpectans'').
*''Asplenium trichomanes'' nothosubsp. ''melzeri'' {{small|Lovis, Rasbach & Reichst.}}. Triploid (''quadrivalens'' × ''inexpectans'').
*''Asplenium trichomanes'' nothosubsp. ''melzerianum'' {{small|S.Jess.}}. Triploid (''hastatum'' × ''inexpectans'').
*''Asplenium trichomanes'' nothosubsp. ''moravicum'' {{small|S.Jess.}}. Tetraploid (''hastatum'' × ''pachyrachis'').
*''Asplenium trichomanes'' nothosubsp. ''staufferi'' {{small|Lovis & Reichst.}}. Tetraploid (''pachyrachis'' × ''quadrivalens'').
*''Asplenium trichomanes'' nothosubsp. ''tadei-reichsteinii'' {{small|S.Jess.}}. Triploid (''pachyrachis'' × ''inexpectans'').

==References==
{{Reflist}}
*Flora of North America. [http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=200004180 ''Asplenium trichomanes'']. Accessed 13 August 2008.
*Hutchinson, G. (1996) ''Welsh Ferns'', National Museums and Galleries of Wales.
*Page C. N. (1982) ''The Ferns of Britain and Ireland'', Cambridge University Press.
*Preston, C. D. & Pearman, D. A. (2002) ''New Atlas of the British and Irish Flora'', Oxford University Press.
*[[Stace, Clive A.]] (1997) ''New Flora of the British Isles'', Cambridge University Press.
*Tutin, T. G. ''et al.'' (1964) ''[[Flora Europaea]]'', Volume 1. Cambridge University Press.

==External links==
{{Commons}}
*[http://bsbi.org/maps?taxonid=2cd4p9h.aq BSBI Maps: Distribution in Britain and Ireland]
*[http://www.pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Asplenium+trichomanes Plants for a Future database]
*[https://www.paenflowered.org/apgii/polypodiales/aspleniaceae/asplenium/asplenium-trichomanes Flora of Pennsylvania]

{{Taxonbar|from=Q902211}}

[[Category:Asplenium|trichomanes]]
[[Category:Ferns of the Americas]]
[[Category:Ferns of Asia]]
[[Category:Ferns of Europe]]
[[Category:Ferns of Australasia]]
[[Category:Ferns of the United States]]
[[Category:Alpine flora]]
[[Category:Tropical flora]]
[[Category:Flora of Central America]]
[[Category:Flora of Southern America]]
[[Category:Flora of Australasia]]
[[Category:Flora of Asia]]
[[Category:Flora of Australia]]
[[Category:Plants described in 1753]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]
[[Category:Flora of Hawaii]]

Asplenium trichomanes - Revision history

imported>Plantdrew: taxobox cleanup