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Rescued 1 archive link. Wayback Medic 2.5 per WP:URLREQ#usda.gov

← Previous revision		Revision as of 20:37, 28 June 2025
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	With a minimum temperature of {{convert\|10\|C\|F\|abbr=on}}, ''Asplenium nidus'' is widely cultivated in [[temperateness\|temperate]] regions as a [[houseplant]].<ref name=RHSAZ>{{cite book\|title=RHS A-Z encyclopedia of garden plants\|year=2008\|publisher=Dorling Kindersley\|location=United Kingdom\|isbn=978-1405332965\|pages=1136}}</ref> However, many plants sold as ''A. nidus'' are actually the related ''[[Asplenium australasicum]]''.<ref>{{efloras\|2\|242305949\|Asplenium nidus\|first1=Youxing\|last1=Lin\|first2=Ronald\|last2=Viane\|volume=2-3}}</ref> ''Asplenium nidus'' has gained the [[Royal Horticultural Society]]'s [[Award of Garden Merit]].<ref>{{cite web\|title=RHS Plant Selector - ''Asplenium nidus''\|url=http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=190\|accessdate=5 June 2013}}</ref>		With a minimum temperature of {{convert\|10\|C\|F\|abbr=on}}, ''Asplenium nidus'' is widely cultivated in [[temperateness\|temperate]] regions as a [[houseplant]].<ref name=RHSAZ>{{cite book\|title=RHS A-Z encyclopedia of garden plants\|year=2008\|publisher=Dorling Kindersley\|location=United Kingdom\|isbn=978-1405332965\|pages=1136}}</ref> However, many plants sold as ''A. nidus'' are actually the related ''[[Asplenium australasicum]]''.<ref>{{efloras\|2\|242305949\|Asplenium nidus\|first1=Youxing\|last1=Lin\|first2=Ronald\|last2=Viane\|volume=2-3}}</ref> ''Asplenium nidus'' has gained the [[Royal Horticultural Society]]'s [[Award of Garden Merit]].<ref>{{cite web\|title=RHS Plant Selector - ''Asplenium nidus''\|url=http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=190\|accessdate=5 June 2013}}</ref>

	''Asplenium nidus'' has been used locally in folk medicine for [[asthma]], [[cutaneous conditions\|sore]]s, [[debility (medical)\|weakness]], and [[halitosis]].<ref name=jad>{{cite web\|author=James A. Duke\|author-link=James A. Duke\|title=''Asplenium nidus'' (ASPLENIACEAE) \|publisher=Dr. Duke's Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases \|url=https://phytochem.nal.usda.gov/phytochem/ethnoPlants/show/5597 \|accessdate=December 24, 2017}}</ref>		''Asplenium nidus'' has been used locally in folk medicine for [[asthma]], [[cutaneous conditions\|sore]]s, [[debility (medical)\|weakness]], and [[halitosis]].<ref name=jad>{{cite web\|author=James A. Duke\|author-link=James A. Duke\|title=''Asplenium nidus'' (ASPLENIACEAE) \|publisher=Dr. Duke's Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases \|url=https://phytochem.nal.usda.gov/phytochem/ethnoPlants/show/5597 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171225145028/https://phytochem.nal.usda.gov/phytochem/ethnoPlants/show/5597 \|url-status=dead \|archive-date=December 25, 2017 \|accessdate=December 24, 2017}}</ref>

	The sprouts of ''A. nidus'' are eaten in Taiwan, known as 山蘇, pronounced ''shansu''. (山 meaning "mountain", as in [[Sansai\|mountain vegetables]]). They may be stir-fried or boiled and are a traditional [[Taiwanese indigenous peoples\|aboriginal]] vegetable,<ref>{{cite web\|title=山蘇, Taiwan Council of Agriculture\|url=https://kmweb.coa.gov.tw/subject/subject.php?id=39518\|accessdate=14 March 2023}}</ref> now popular enough to appear even on the menus of chain restaurants.<ref>{{cite web\|title=Din Tai Fung menu, 山蘇\|url=https://www.dintaifung.com.tw/food_show.php?id=84\|accessdate=14 March 2023}}</ref>		The sprouts of ''A. nidus'' are eaten in Taiwan, known as 山蘇, pronounced ''shansu''. (山 meaning "mountain", as in [[Sansai\|mountain vegetables]]). They may be stir-fried or boiled and are a traditional [[Taiwanese indigenous peoples\|aboriginal]] vegetable,<ref>{{cite web\|title=山蘇, Taiwan Council of Agriculture\|url=https://kmweb.coa.gov.tw/subject/subject.php?id=39518\|accessdate=14 March 2023}}</ref> now popular enough to appear even on the menus of chain restaurants.<ref>{{cite web\|title=Din Tai Fung menu, 山蘇\|url=https://www.dintaifung.com.tw/food_show.php?id=84\|accessdate=14 March 2023}}</ref>

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2025-06-03T04:47:58Z

Rescued 1 archive link. Wayback Medic 2.5 per WP:URLREQ#nps.gov

New page

{{Short description|Species of fern in the family Aspleniaceae}}
{{hatnote|See [[bird's-nest fern]] for other plants with this common name.}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = Asplenium nidus (Bukidnon, Philippines) 02.jpg
| image_caption = ''Asplenium nidus'' in the [[Philippines]]
| status = G5
| status_system = TNC
| genus = Asplenium
| species = nidus
| authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]<ref name=trop1> ''Asplenium nidus'' was first described and published in ''[[Species Plantarum]]'' 2: 1079. 1753. {{ cite web |url=http://www.tropicos.org/Name/26601011 |title=Name - !''Asplenium nidus'' L. |work=Tropicos |publisher=[[Missouri Botanical Garden]] |location=[[Saint Louis, Missouri]] |accessdate=November 3, 2011}}</ref>
| synonyms =
*''Asplenium antiquum'' [[Tomitaro Makino|Makino]]
*''A. australasicum'' ([[John Smith (botanist)|J.Sm.]]) [[William Jackson Hooker|Hook.]]
*''A. ficifolium'' [[J. G. Goldmann|Goldm.]]
*''Neottopteris mauritiana'' [[Antoine Laurent Apollinaire Fée|Fée]]
*''N. musaefolia'' J.Sm.
*''N. nidus'' (L.) J.Sm.
*''N. rigida'' Fée
*''Thamnopteris nidus'' (L.) [[Carl Borivoj Presl|C.Presl]]
| synonyms_ref = <ref name=trop2>{{ cite web |url=http://www.tropicos.org/Name/26601011?tab=synonyms |title=Name - !''Asplenium nidus'' L. synonyms |work=Tropicos |publisher=Missouri Botanical Garden |location=Saint Louis, Missouri |accessdate=November 3, 2011}}</ref>
}}

'''''Asplenium nidus''''' is an [[epiphytic]] [[species]] of [[fern]] in the [[family (biology)|family]] Aspleniaceae, [[native plant|native]] to tropical southeastern Asia, eastern Australia, Hawaii (''ʻēkaha'' in [[Hawaiian language|Hawaiian]]),<ref>{{Hawaiian Dictionaries|ʻēkaha|id=D98937}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=NPS |author-link=National Park Service |title=Kapahulu Coastal Strand |url=https://www.nps.gov/hale/learn/nature/upload/Kipahulu-Coastal-Strand.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113154113/https://www.nps.gov/hale/learn/nature/upload/Kipahulu-Coastal-Strand.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=January 13, 2017 |work=Haleakalā National Park Plant Communities |accessdate=January 11, 2017}}</ref> Polynesia,<ref name="MacDonald pp.264">MacDonald, Elvin "The World Book of House Plants" pp.264 Popular Books</ref> Christmas Island,<ref>MacDonald, Elvin "The World Book of House Plants" pp.263 Popular Books</ref> India,<ref>{{cite web |author=Chandra, S. |author2=Fraser-Jenkins, C.R. |author3=Kumari, A. |author4=Srivastava, A. |name-list-style=amp|title=A Summary of the Status of Threatened Pteridophytes of India. Taiwania, 53(2): 170-209, 2008 |url=http://www.ces.iisc.ernet.in/biodiversity/sahyadri_enews/newsletter/issue33/rare_and_threatened_pteridophytes_of_india.pdf |accessdate=August 2, 2017}}</ref> and eastern Africa. It is known by the [[common name]]s '''bird's-nest fern'''<ref name=trop1/><ref name=grin>{{GRIN | accessdate=November 3, 2011}}</ref> (a name shared by some other aspleniums) or simply '''nest fern'''.<ref name=grin/>

==Description==
''Asplenium nidus'' forms large simple [[frond]]s visually similar to [[banana]] leaves, with the fronds growing to {{convert|50|–|150|cm}} long and {{convert|10|–|20|cm}} broad, with occasional individuals up to 6.6 feet (two meters) in length by up to two feet (61 centimeters) width <ref>{{cite book | last= Copeland | first= Edwin B. | date= 1960 | title= Fern Flora of the Philippines - Volume 3 | location= Manila | publisher= Bureau of Printing | page= 450}}</ref> They are light green, often crinkled, with a black midrib, and exhibit [[circinate vernation]]. [[Spore]]s develop in [[sorus|sori]] on the underside of the fronds. These sori form long rows extending out from the midrib on the back of the outer part of the [[Lamina (leaf)|lamina]] (frond). The fronds roll back as they brown and create a massive leaf nest in the branches and trunks of trees. The subspecies or variety A.n. taeniophyllum of the [[Philippines]] has fronds up to 4ft 5 in (135 centimeters) in length while only 1.5 inches (3.7 centimeters) wide.<ref>{{ cite book | last= Copeland |first= Edwin B. |date= 1960 | title= Fern Flora of the Philippines | location= Manila | publisher= Bureau of Printing | pages= 450 - 451}}</ref>

==Taxonomy==
[[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]] was the first to [[species description|describe]] bird's-nest fern with the [[binomial nomenclature|binomial]] ''Asplenium nidus'' in his ''[[Species Plantarum]]'' of 1753.<ref>{{cite book | title=Species Plantarum | edition=1st | volume=II | last=Linnaeus | first=C. | authorlink=Carl Linnaeus | year=1753 | publisher=Laurentii Salvii | location=Stockholm | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/359100|page=1079}}</ref>

A global phylogeny of ''Asplenium'' published in 2020 divided the genus into eleven clades,{{sfn|Xu|Zhang|Rothfels|Smith|2020|p=27}} which were given informal names pending further taxonomic study. ''A. nidus'' belongs to the "''Neottopteris'' clade",{{sfn|Xu|Zhang|Rothfels|Smith|2020|p=31}} members of which generally have somewhat leathery leaf tissue. While the subclades of this group are poorly resolved, several of them share a characteristic "bird's-nest fern" morphology with entire leaves and fused veins near the margin.{{sfn|Xu|Zhang|Rothfels|Smith|2020|p=41}} Both the 2020 study{{sfn|Xu|Zhang|Rothfels|Smith|2020|p=41}} and a 2015 molecular study found that ''A. nidus'' is polyphyletic, meaning that some populations were not closely related to others—''A. nidus'' from Madagascar, Vanuatu and New Guinea were more closely related to other species than each other. Hence a revision with sampling of the species across its range was required to delineate the taxon and identify cryptic species.<ref name=Ohlsen2015>{{cite journal|vauthors=Ohlsen DJ, Perrie LR, Shepherd LD, Brownsey PJ, Bayly MJ |date=2015|title=Phylogeny of the fern family Aspleniaceae in Australasia and the south-western Pacific|journal=Australian Systematic Botany|volume=27|issue=6|pages=355–71 | doi=10.1071/sb14043|doi-access=free}}</ref> ''A. nidus'' ''[[sensu lato]]'' forms a clade with the morphologically similar ''[[Asplenium australasicum|A. australasicum]]'', but other bird's-nest ferns such as ''[[Asplenium antiquum|A. antiquum]]'' and ''[[Asplenium phyllitidis|A. phyllitidis]]'' form a separate subclade which is not particularly closely related.{{sfn|Xu|Zhang|Rothfels|Smith|2020|p=31}}

==Native distribution==
[[File:Birds nest ferns in tropical montane forest on Mt Manucoco, Atauro, 30 Dec 2003.jpg|thumb|right|Bird's nest ferns in tropical montane forest on Mount [[Manucoco]], [[Atauro Island]], [[East Timor]]]]
''Asplenium nidus'' is native to east tropical Africa (in Tanzania, inclusive of the [[Zanzibar Archipelago]]); temperate and tropical Asia (in Indonesia; East Timor; the island of [[Kyushu]], and the [[Ryukyu Islands]] of Japan; Malaysia; the Philippines; Taiwan; and Thailand); and in northern Australia and the Pacific Islands.<ref name=grin/>

==Habitat==
''Asplenium nidus'' can survive either as an [[epiphyte]] or [[terrestrial plant]], but typically grows on organic matter. This fern often lives in [[Arecaceae|palm]] trees, where it collects water and [[humus]] in its [[rosette (botany)|leaf-rosette]].<ref name="MacDonald pp.264"/> It thrives in warm, humid areas in partial to full shade. It dislikes direct sunlight and likes to be in full shade on a south facing garden wall when in the southern hemisphere and the north facing in the northern hemisphere.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ourhouseplants.com/plants/bird-nest-fern|title=Bird's Nest Fern|website=Our House Plants}}</ref>

==Uses==
[[File:Asplenium nidus Malaysia.jpg|thumb|''Asplenium nidus'' in [[Malaysia]]]]
[[File:Asplenium nidus seedling.jpg|thumb|A small ''Asplenium nidus'' growing on a tree trunk]]

With a minimum temperature of {{convert|10|C|F|abbr=on}}, ''Asplenium nidus'' is widely cultivated in [[temperateness|temperate]] regions as a [[houseplant]].<ref name=RHSAZ>{{cite book|title=RHS A-Z encyclopedia of garden plants|year=2008|publisher=Dorling Kindersley|location=United Kingdom|isbn=978-1405332965|pages=1136}}</ref> However, many plants sold as ''A. nidus'' are actually the related ''[[Asplenium australasicum]]''.<ref>{{efloras|2|242305949|Asplenium nidus|first1=Youxing|last1=Lin|first2=Ronald|last2=Viane|volume=2-3}}</ref> ''Asplenium nidus'' has gained the [[Royal Horticultural Society]]'s [[Award of Garden Merit]].<ref>{{cite web|title=RHS Plant Selector - ''Asplenium nidus''|url=http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=190|accessdate=5 June 2013}}</ref>

''Asplenium nidus'' has been used locally in folk medicine for [[asthma]], [[cutaneous conditions|sore]]s, [[debility (medical)|weakness]], and [[halitosis]].<ref name=jad>{{cite web|author=James A. Duke|author-link=James A. Duke|title=''Asplenium nidus'' (ASPLENIACEAE) |publisher=Dr. Duke's Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases |url=https://phytochem.nal.usda.gov/phytochem/ethnoPlants/show/5597 |accessdate=December 24, 2017}}</ref>

The sprouts of ''A. nidus'' are eaten in Taiwan, known as 山蘇, pronounced ''shansu''. (山 meaning "mountain", as in [[Sansai|mountain vegetables]]). They may be stir-fried or boiled and are a traditional [[Taiwanese indigenous peoples|aboriginal]] vegetable,<ref>{{cite web|title=山蘇, Taiwan Council of Agriculture|url=https://kmweb.coa.gov.tw/subject/subject.php?id=39518|accessdate=14 March 2023}}</ref> now popular enough to appear even on the menus of chain restaurants.<ref>{{cite web|title=Din Tai Fung menu, 山蘇|url=https://www.dintaifung.com.tw/food_show.php?id=84|accessdate=14 March 2023}}</ref>

The young fronds are eaten in the Polynesian islands, known as ''{{lang|niu|Luku}}'' in [[Niue]], ''{{lang|tvl|Laukatafa}}'' in [[Tuvalu]] and ''{{lang|tkl|Laumea}}'' in [[Tokelau]] where it is often cooked together and eaten with coconut cream. The large fronds are also used in the wrapping and cooking of food.<ref>R. R. Thaman (2016). [https://pacific-data.sprep.org/system/files/Thaman%25202016.pdf "The Flora of Tuvalu - Pacific Environment Portal."] Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press Retrieved October 2023.</ref>

==Protection==
In Hong Kong, this species is under protection based on [[Forestry Regulations Cap. 96A]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Xu |first1=Ke-Wang |last2=Zhang |first2=Liang |last3=Rothfels |first3=Carl J. |last4=Smith |first4=Alan R. |last5=Viane |first5=Ronald |last6=Lorence |first6=David |last7=Wood |first7=Kenneth R. |last8=Cheng |first8=Cheng-Wei |last9=Knapp |first9=Ralf |last10=Zhou |first10=Lin |last11=Lu |first11=Ngan Thi |last12=Zhou |first12=Xin-Mao |last13=Wei |first13=Hong-Jin |last14=Fan |first14=Qiang |last15=Chen |first15=Su-Fang |last16=Cicuzza |first16=Daniele |last17=Gao |first17=Xin-Fen |last18=Li |first18=Wen-Bo |last19=Zhang |first19=Li-Bing |title=A global plastid phylogeny of the fern genus Asplenium (Aspleniaceae) |year=2020 |journal=Cladistics |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=22–71 |doi=10.1111/cla.12384|pmid=34618950 |s2cid=201197385 |doi-access=free }}

==Further reading==
* {{in lang|pt}} LORENZI, H.; SOUZA, M.S. (2001) ''Plantas Ornamentais no Brasil: arbustivas, herbáceas e trepadeiras.'' [https://web.archive.org/web/20190101225909/http://www.plantarum.com.br/ Plantarum] {{ISBN|85-86714-12-7}}

==External links==
* {{Commons category-inline|Asplenium nidus|''Asplenium nidus''}}
* {{Wikispecies-inline|Asplenium nidus|''Asplenium nidus''}}
* [http://www.anbg.gov.au/fm/fms5/fms5_fern_abstracts.html#johns2 ''Asplenium'' section - Flora Malesiana Symposium Abstracts]

{{Taxonbar|from=Q1736890}}

[[Category:Asplenium|nidus]]
[[Category:Ferns of Africa]]
[[Category:Ferns of Asia]]
[[Category:Ferns of Oceania]]
[[Category:Ferns of Australia]]
[[Category:Native ferns of Hawaii]]
[[Category:Flora of Christmas Island]]
[[Category:Flora of Malesia]]
[[Category:Flora of Japan]]
[[Category:Flora of the Ryukyu Islands]]
[[Category:Flora of Taiwan]]
[[Category:Flora of Tanzania]]
[[Category:Flora of the Tubuai Islands]]
[[Category:Flora of the Zanzibar Archipelago]]
[[Category:Flora of Thailand]]
[[Category:Flora of Queensland]]
[[Category:Plants described in 1753]]
[[Category:Epiphytes]]
[[Category:Polynesian cuisine]]
[[Category:Niuean cuisine]]
[[Category:Tuvaluan cuisine]]
[[Category:Tokelauan cuisine]]
[[Category:Garden plants of Asia]]
[[Category:Garden plants of Australia]]
[[Category:House plants]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]

Asplenium nidus - Revision history

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