imported>Rrobotto: /* Distribution */

2025-02-27T14:30:58Z

Distribution

New page

{{Short description|Species of fern}}
{{Speciesbox
| name = Rustyback Fern
| image = Dauradella per la Mallada Verda, Benissa.jpg
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name=iucn>{{cite iucn |author=Christenhusz, M. |author2=Bento Elias, R. |author3=Dyer, R. |author4=Ivanenko, Y. |author5=Rouhan, G. |author6=Rumsey, F. |author7=Väre, H. |year=2017 |title=''Asplenium ceterach'' (Europe assessment) |page=e.T83470465A83470575 |doi= |access-date=18 August 2024}}</ref>
| genus = Asplenium
| species = ceterach
| authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]<ref name=GRIN>{{GRIN | accessdate=2010-12-14}}</ref>
| synonyms = {{Collapsible list | title={{Clear}} |
{{Species list
| ''Asplenium sinuatum'' | Salisb.
| ''Ceterach ceterach'' | (L.) Newman
| ''Ceterach officinarum'' | [[Willd.]]
| ''Hemidictyum ceterach'' | (L.) Bedd.
| ''Notolepeum ceterach'' | (L.) Newman
| ''Scolopendrium ceterach'' | (L.) Symons
| ''Grammitis ceterach'' | (L.) Sw.
| ''Gymnopteris ceterach'' | (L.) Bernh.
| ''Gymnogramma ceterach'' | (L.) Spreng.
| ''Vittaria ceterach'' | (L.) Bernh.
}}
}}
}}

[[File:Asplenium ceterach from Antalya in Turkey 06.jpg|thumb|Sori and scales, Asplenium ceterach from Antalya in Turkey]]
[[File:Asplenium ceterach from Antalya in Turkey 05.jpg|thumb|Sori and scales, Asplenium ceterach from Antalya in Turkey]]
[[File:Asplenium ceterach from Antalya in Turkey 02.jpg|thumb|Young Asplenium ceterach from Antalya in Turkey]]
[[File:Asplenium ceterach 030208b.jpg|thumb|Close up of sori and scales]]
[[File:Почтовая марка СССР № 5847. 1987. Флора СССР. Папортники.jpg|thumb|Attractive stamp from the USSR]]

'''''Asplenium ceterach''''', also known as the '''rustyback fern''', is a [[fern]] species in the spleenwort family [[Aspleniaceae]].<ref name=BSBI07>{{BSBI 2007 |access-date=2014-10-17 }}</ref>

==Description==
''Asplenium ceterach'' is a perennial and evergreen fern species characterized by its compact size and robust, intricately divided fronds, measuring up to {{cvt|20|cm}} in length.<ref name="Pinter 2002">{{cite journal |last1=Pinter |first1=Istvan |last2=Bakker |first2=Freek |last3=Barrett |first3=John |last4=Cox |first4=Cymon |last5=Gibby |first5=Mary |last6=Henderson |first6=Sally |last7=Morgan-Richards |first7=Mary |last8=Rumsey |first8=Fred |last9=Russell |first9=Stephen |last10=Trewick |first10=Steven |last11=Schneider |first11=Harald |last12=Vogel |first12=Johannes |display-authors=4 |year=2002 |title=Phylogenetic and biosystematic relationships in four highly disjunct polyploid complexes in the subgenera Ceterach and Phyllitis in ''Asplenium'' (Aspleniaceae) |journal=Organisms Diversity & Evolution |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=299–311 |doi=10.1078/1439-6092-00050|bibcode=2002ODivE...2..299P }}</ref> The undersides of these fronds are covered in a dense layer of pale reddish-brown scales, from which the common name originates.<ref name="Pinter 2002" /> The leaves roll up in the summer, showing just the scaly undersides.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Berger |first=Alwin |author-link=Alwin Berger |title=Florula Mortolensis. An Enumeration of the Plants Growing Wild at La Mortola |year=1905 |pages=2}}</ref>

==Distribution==
''Asplenium ceterach'' has a large Western and Central European distribution, where it is located in the countries of: Albania, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Crimea, Croatia, Cyprus, France, Germany, Great Britain, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Kazakhstan, Malta, Netherlands, Portugal, Romania, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland. The species is also native to the European island territories of: Baleares, Corsica, Crete, Sardinia and Scilly. It can also be found within the North Caucasus region and European Turkey. ''A. ceterach'' is believed to be [[Local extinction|locally extinct]] in Poland.<ref name="POWO_17040860-1">{{cite taxon |powo| title=''Asplenium ceterach'' L. |id=17040860-1 |access-date=2021-06-01}}</ref>

Within Asia ''Asplenium ceterach'' can be found within the countries of: Afghanistan, China, Iran, Iraq, Lebanon, Syria, Pakistan, Israel, Tadzhikistan, Turkey, Uzbekistan. The species has a range extending throughout the Transcaucasus region which extends along the West Himalayas where the species can also be found in Tibet.<ref name="POWO_17040860-1" />

The African range of ''Asplenium ceterach'' includes several countries within [[North Africa]]. These countries include Algeria, Djibouti, Libya, Morocco and Tunisia.<ref name="POWO_17040860-1" /> Just off the coast of Africa the species can also be found living on the Canary Islands.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Van der heede |first1=Caroline |last2=Pajarón |first2=Santiago |last3=Pangua |first3=Emilia |last4=Viane |first4=Ronald |year=2009 |title=''Asplenium ceterach'' and ''A. octoploideum'' on the Canary Islands (Aspleniaceae, Pteridophyta) |journal=American Fern Journal |volume=94 |issue=2 |pages=81–111 |doi=10.1640/0002-8444(2004)094[0081:ACAAOO]2.0.CO;2|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/230820 }}</ref>

== Habitat ==
''Asplenium ceterach'' is associated with fissure habitat in [[carbonate rocks]] and also grows on the mortar of stone and brick walls. The species can be found growing up to {{cvt|2700|m}} above the sea level, although it prefers mountainous locations, where it is usually found growing on rocky walls and slopes in full sun.

Unlike many others, this fern likes growing in full sun, and requires little, if any, humidity.<ref>{{cite web |title=''Ceterach Officinarum'', Doradilla; Flora and Fauna of Cantabria (Spanish) |url=http://www.asturnatura.com/especie/ceterach-officinarum.html}}</ref>

== Subspecies ==
''Asplenium ceterach'' exhibits [[polyploidy]] within the species with populations in different regions possessing various levels of diploid, tetraploid and hexapoloid forms.<ref name="Pinter 2002" /> Many of these forms are treated as respective subspecies.<ref name="Pinter 2002" /> The following subspecies are recognised:<ref name="POWO_17040860-1" />
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Subspecies
!Polyploidy
!Range
|-
|''A. ceterach ssp. ceterach''
|tetraploid
|Occurring throughout the species range from Europe to Tibet. Also present in North Africa.
|-
|''A. ceterach ssp. bivalens''
|diploid
|Central and Eastern Europe: Croatia, Bulgaria, Hungary, Romania, Italy, Greece, Turkey.
|-
|''A. ceterach ssp. cyprium''
|
|Native to Mediterranean Europe and North Africa: Cyprus, Greece, Italy, Sardinia, Sicilia, Spain, Tunisia.
|-
|''A. ceterach'' subsp. ''mediterraneum''
|
|Native to Greece.
|}

=== Hybrid nothospecies ===
The species also possesses naturally occurring [[Hybrid (biology)|hybrid]] [[nothospecies]]:<ref name="POWO_17040860-1" />
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Nothospecies
!Polyploidy
!Range
!Hybrid Formula
|-
|''A. ceterach'' nothosubsp. ''mantoniae''
|
|Eastern Central and Southern Europe to South Turkey.
|''A. ceterach subsp. bivalens'' × ''A. ceterach subsp. ceterach''
|-
|''A. ceterach nothosubsp. troodeum''
|
|Native to Mediterranean Europe: Cyprus, Italy, Scilly.
|''A. ceterach subsp. ceterach'' × ''A. ceterach subsp. cyprium''
|}

==Taxonomy==
[[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]] was the first to [[species description|describe]] rustyback with the [[binomial nomenclature|binomial]] ''Asplenium ceterach'' in his ''[[Species Plantarum]]'' of 1753.<ref>{{cite book |last=Linnaeus |first=C. |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/359101 |title=Species Plantarum |publisher=Laurentii Salvii |year=1753 |edition=1st |volume=II |location=Stockholm |page=1080 |authorlink=Carl Linnaeus}}</ref>

A global phylogeny of ''Asplenium'' published in 2020 divided the genus into eleven clades,{{sfn|Xu|Zhang|Rothfels|Smith|2020|p=27}} which were given informal names pending further taxonomic study. ''A. scolopendrium'' belongs to the "''Ceterach'' subclade" of the "''Phyllitis'' clade".{{sfn|Xu|Zhang|Rothfels|Smith|2020|p=30}} Members of the ''Phyllitis'' clade have undivided or pinnatifid leaf blades with a thick, leathery texture, persistent scales on their stalk, and often possess [[anastomosis|anastomosing]] veins. Members of the ''Ceterach'' subclade have pinnatifid leaves, usually with a thick covering of hairs and/or scales and irregularly [[anastomosis|anastomosing veins]].{{sfn|Xu|Zhang|Rothfels|Smith|2020|p=41}}

== Traditional uses ==
Asplenium ceterach has been traditionally used as a [[Medicinal plants|medicinal herb]]. The plant has been historically utilized to treat a large variety of health problems in humans. ''A. ceterach'' extract has been used as a [[mucoactive agent]], [[diuretic]] and [[laxative]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Živković |first1=Suzana |last2=Skorić |first2=Marijana |last3=Šiler |first3=Branislav |last4=Dmitrović |first4=Slavica |last5=Filipović |first5=Biljana |last6=Nikolić |first6=Tijana |last7=Mišić |first7=Danijela |display-authors=4 |year=2017 |title=Phytochemical characterization and antioxidant potential of rustyback fern (''Asplenium ceterach'' L.) |journal=Lekovite Sirovine |volume=37 |issue=37 |pages=15–20 |doi=10.5937/leksir1737015Z|doi-access=free }}</ref> ''A. ceterach'' was also used to treat kidney stones, spleen issues, haemorrhoids and intestinal disorders.<ref name="Petkov 2021">{{cite journal |last1=Petkov |first1=V |last2=Batsalova |first2=T |last3=Stoyanov |first3=P |last4=Mladenova |first4=T |last5=Kolchakova |first5=D |last6=Argirova |first6=M |last7=Raycheva |first7=T |last8=Dzhambazov |first8=B |display-authors=4 |title=Selective Anticancer Properties, Proapoptotic and Antibacterial Potential of Three ''Asplenium'' Species |journal=Plants |year=2021 |volume=10 |issue=6 |pages=1053 |doi=10.3390/plants10061053 |doi-access=free |pmid=34070269 |pmc=8225096}}</ref> The plant has even been used to treat respiratory disorders and hypertension.<ref name="Petkov 2021" />

Extracts created from ''A. ceterach'' display anticancer properties.<ref name="Petkov 2021" /> Extracts possess a selective inhibitory effect against cervical cancer cells and a low cytotoxicity towards healthy non-cancerous cells in humans.<ref name="Petkov 2021" />

== Desiccation tolerance ==
This fern is well known as a resurrection plant due to its ability to withstand desiccation and subsequently recover on rewetting. It has been shown that this is in part due to its high concentrations of phenolic compounds such as [[chlorogenic acid]] and [[caffeic acid]] which allow it to negate the destructive capacity of the [[reactive oxygen species]] generated by the drying process; the concentrations of these phenols decrease during the dehydration process. Enzymes such as [[peroxidase]] and [[polyphenol oxidase]] have also been shown to be important in allowing this fern to cope with desiccation; the concentrations of these enzymes increase when the fern is subjected to water shortages.<ref name=ziv>{{Cite journal | title = Dehydration-related changes of peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase activity in fronds of the resurrection fern Asplenium Ceterach l. | year = 2010 | author = Suzana Živković | journal = Arch. Biol. Sci. | pages = 1071–1081 | volume = 62 | issue = 4 | doi = 10.2298/ABS1004071Z | doi-access = free}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

=== Sources cited ===
*{{cite journal |last1=Xu |first1=Ke-Wang |last2=Zhang |first2=Liang |last3=Rothfels |first3=Carl J. |last4=Smith |first4=Alan R. |last5=Viane |first5=Ronald |last6=Lorence |first6=David |last7=Wood |first7=Kenneth R. |last8=Cheng |first8=Cheng-Wei |last9=Knapp |first9=Ralf |last10=Zhou |first10=Lin |last11=Lu |first11=Ngan Thi |last12=Zhou |first12=Xin-Mao |last13=Wei |first13=Hong-Jin |last14=Fan |first14=Qiang |last15=Chen |first15=Su-Fang |last16=Cicuzza |first16=Daniele |last17=Gao |first17=Xin-Fen |last18=Li |first18=Wen-Bo |last19=Zhang |first19=Li-Bing |display-authors=4 |title=A global plastid phylogeny of the fern genus Asplenium (Aspleniaceae) |year=2020 |journal=Cladistics |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=22–71 |doi=10.1111/cla.12384|pmid=34618950 |s2cid=201197385 |doi-access=free }}

== Further reading ==
*{{cite book |last= Carrión Vilches|first=Miguel Ángel |title= Helechos de la Región de Murcia|year=2000 |publisher=Universidad de Murcia, Departamento de Biología Vegetal ; Caja de Ahorros del Mediterráneo |isbn= 84-699-3093-1}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q1754958}}

[[Category:Asplenium|ceterach]]
[[Category:Ferns of Europe]]
[[Category:Flora of the Arabian Peninsula]]
[[Category:Flora of temperate Asia]]
[[Category:Near threatened plants]]
[[Category:Plants described in 1753]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]

Asplenium ceterach - Revision history

imported>Rrobotto: /* Distribution */