imported>Bruce1ee: /* Fictional */ capitalize "Moon"

2025-12-19T23:04:54Z

Fictional: capitalize "Moon"

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imported>Meters: Reverted edit by ~2025-34250-93 (talk) to last version by ClueBot NG

2025-11-17T08:30:30Z

Reverted edit by ~2025-34250-93 (talk) to last version by ClueBot NG

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imported>Citation bot: Altered template type. Add: isbn, date. | Use this bot. Report bugs. | Suggested by Abductive | Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating text from NASA | #UCB_Category 71/566

2025-06-27T13:22:23Z

Altered template type. Add: isbn, date. | Use this bot. Report bugs. | Suggested by Abductive | Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating text from NASA | #UCB_Category 71/566

← Previous revision		Revision as of 13:22, 27 June 2025
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	{{United States space program sidebar}}		{{United States space program sidebar}}

	The '''Apollo program''', also known as '''Project Apollo''', was the United States [[human spaceflight]] program led by [[NASA]], which [[Moon landing\|landed]] the first humans on the [[Moon]] in 1969.<ref name="nasa-onegiantleap">{{Cite web \|date=July 20, 2019 \|title=July 20, 1969: One Giant Leap for Mankind \|url=https://www.nasa.gov/history/july-20-1969-one-giant-leap-for-mankind/ \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250401010503/https://www.nasa.gov/history/july-20-1969-one-giant-leap-for-mankind/ \|archive-date=April 1, 2025 \|publisher=[[NASA]] }}</ref> Apollo ~~followed~~ [[Project Mercury]] ~~that put the first Americans in space~~. It was conceived in 1960 as a three-person spacecraft during President [[Presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower\|Dwight D. Eisenhower's administration]]. Apollo was later dedicated to President [[John F. Kennedy]]'s national goal for the 1960s of "landing a man on the Moon and returning him safely to the Earth" in an address to [[United States Congress\|Congress]] on May 25, 1961~~. It was the third American human spaceflight program to fly, preceded by [[Project Gemini]] conceived in 1961 to extend spaceflight capability in support of Apollo~~.		The '''Apollo program''', also known as '''Project Apollo''', was the United States [[human spaceflight]] program led by [[NASA]], which [[Moon landing\|landed]] the first humans on the [[Moon]] in 1969.<ref name="nasa-onegiantleap">{{Cite web \|date=July 20, 2019 \|title=July 20, 1969: One Giant Leap for Mankind \|url=https://www.nasa.gov/history/july-20-1969-one-giant-leap-for-mankind/ \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250401010503/https://www.nasa.gov/history/july-20-1969-one-giant-leap-for-mankind/ \|archive-date=April 1, 2025 \|publisher=[[NASA]] }}</ref> Apollo was conceived during [[Project Mercury]] and executed after [[Project Gemini]]. It was conceived in 1960 as a three-person spacecraft during President [[Presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower\|Dwight D. Eisenhower's administration]]. Apollo was later dedicated to President [[John F. Kennedy]]'s national goal for the 1960s of "landing a man on the Moon and returning him safely to the Earth" in an address to [[United States Congress\|Congress]] on May 25, 1961.

	Kennedy's goal was accomplished on the [[Apollo 11]] mission when astronauts [[Neil Armstrong]] and [[Buzz Aldrin]] landed their [[Apollo Lunar Module]] (LM) on July 20, 1969, and walked on the lunar surface, while [[Michael Collins (astronaut)\|Michael Collins]] remained in [[lunar orbit]] in the [[Apollo command and service module\|command and service module]] (CSM), and all three landed safely on Earth in the Pacific Ocean on July 24. Five subsequent Apollo missions also landed [[astronaut]]s on the Moon, the last, [[Apollo 17]], in December 1972. In these six spaceflights, [[List of Apollo astronauts#Apollo astronauts who walked on the Moon\|twelve people walked on the Moon]].		Kennedy's goal was accomplished on the [[Apollo 11]] mission when astronauts [[Neil Armstrong]] and [[Buzz Aldrin]] landed their [[Apollo Lunar Module]] (LM) on July 20, 1969, and walked on the lunar surface, while [[Michael Collins (astronaut)\|Michael Collins]] remained in [[lunar orbit]] in the [[Apollo command and service module\|command and service module]] (CSM), and all three landed safely on Earth in the Pacific Ocean on July 24. Five subsequent Apollo missions also landed [[astronaut]]s on the Moon, the last, [[Apollo 17]], in December 1972. In these six spaceflights, [[List of Apollo astronauts#Apollo astronauts who walked on the Moon\|twelve people walked on the Moon]].
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	===Organization===		===Organization===
	Administrator [[James E. Webb\|Webb]] realized that in order to keep Apollo costs under control, he had to develop greater project management skills in his organization, so he recruited [[George Mueller (NASA)\|George E. Mueller]] for a high management job. Mueller accepted, on the condition that he have a say in NASA reorganization necessary to effectively administer Apollo. Webb then worked with Associate Administrator (later Deputy Administrator) Seamans to reorganize the Office of Manned Space Flight (OMSF).<ref name="SecretOfApollo">[[#Johnson\|Johnson 2002]]</ref> On July 23, 1963, Webb announced Mueller's appointment as Deputy Associate Administrator for Manned Space Flight, to replace then Associate Administrator [[D. Brainerd Holmes]] on his retirement effective September 1. Under Webb's reorganization, the directors of the Manned Spacecraft Center ([[Robert R. Gilruth\|Gilruth]]), [[Marshall Space Flight Center]] ([[Wernher von Braun\|von Braun]]), and the Launch Operations Center ([[Kurt H. Debus\|Debus]]) reported to Mueller.<ref>{{Cite ~~web~~ \|title=Stages to Saturn \|url=https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/19970009949 \|page=443 \|access-date=2023-02-12 \|id=SP-4206}}</ref>		Administrator [[James E. Webb\|Webb]] realized that in order to keep Apollo costs under control, he had to develop greater project management skills in his organization, so he recruited [[George Mueller (NASA)\|George E. Mueller]] for a high management job. Mueller accepted, on the condition that he have a say in NASA reorganization necessary to effectively administer Apollo. Webb then worked with Associate Administrator (later Deputy Administrator) Seamans to reorganize the Office of Manned Space Flight (OMSF).<ref name="SecretOfApollo">[[#Johnson\|Johnson 2002]]</ref> On July 23, 1963, Webb announced Mueller's appointment as Deputy Associate Administrator for Manned Space Flight, to replace then Associate Administrator [[D. Brainerd Holmes]] on his retirement effective September 1. Under Webb's reorganization, the directors of the Manned Spacecraft Center ([[Robert R. Gilruth\|Gilruth]]), [[Marshall Space Flight Center]] ([[Wernher von Braun\|von Braun]]), and the Launch Operations Center ([[Kurt H. Debus\|Debus]]) reported to Mueller.<ref>{{Cite book \|title=Stages to Saturn \|date=January 1996 \|url=https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/19970009949 \|page=443 \|isbn=978-0-16-048909-9 \|access-date=2023-02-12 \|id=SP-4206}}</ref>

	Based on his industry experience on Air Force missile projects, Mueller realized some skilled managers could be found among high-ranking officers in the [[U.S. Air Force]], so he got Webb's permission to recruit General [[Samuel C. Phillips]], who gained a reputation for his effective management of the [[LGM-30 Minuteman\|Minuteman]] program, as OMSF program controller. Phillips's superior officer [[Bernard Adolph Schriever\|Bernard A. Schriever]] agreed to loan Phillips to NASA, along with a staff of officers under him, on the condition that Phillips be made Apollo Program Director. Mueller agreed, and Phillips managed Apollo from January 1964, until it achieved the first human landing in July 1969, after which he returned to Air Force duty.<ref>{{Cite news \|title=Samuel C. Phillips, Who Directed Apollo Lunar Landing, Dies at 68 \|first=Alfonso A. \|last=Narvaez \|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/02/01/obituaries/samuel-c-phillips-who-directed-apollo-lunar-landing-dies-at-68.html?pagewanted=1 \|newspaper=[[The New York Times]] \|date=February 1, 1990 \|access-date=April 14, 2010}}</ref>		Based on his industry experience on Air Force missile projects, Mueller realized some skilled managers could be found among high-ranking officers in the [[U.S. Air Force]], so he got Webb's permission to recruit General [[Samuel C. Phillips]], who gained a reputation for his effective management of the [[LGM-30 Minuteman\|Minuteman]] program, as OMSF program controller. Phillips's superior officer [[Bernard Adolph Schriever\|Bernard A. Schriever]] agreed to loan Phillips to NASA, along with a staff of officers under him, on the condition that Phillips be made Apollo Program Director. Mueller agreed, and Phillips managed Apollo from January 1964, until it achieved the first human landing in July 1969, after which he returned to Air Force duty.<ref>{{Cite news \|title=Samuel C. Phillips, Who Directed Apollo Lunar Landing, Dies at 68 \|first=Alfonso A. \|last=Narvaez \|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/02/01/obituaries/samuel-c-phillips-who-directed-apollo-lunar-landing-dies-at-68.html?pagewanted=1 \|newspaper=[[The New York Times]] \|date=February 1, 1990 \|access-date=April 14, 2010}}</ref>

imported>Randy Kryn: needed another 'Moon', and uppercase and link

2025-06-13T04:01:44Z

needed another 'Moon', and uppercase and link

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imported>Stepho-wrs: /* Manned Spacecraft Center */ Removed author link to Dethloff - apparently his article was removed for reasons I don't know.

2025-05-30T04:59:23Z

Manned Spacecraft Center: Removed author link to Dethloff - apparently his article was removed for reasons I don't know.

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Apollo program - Revision history

imported>Bruce1ee: /* Fictional */ capitalize "Moon"

imported>Meters: Reverted edit by ~2025-34250-93 (talk) to last version by ClueBot NG

imported>Citation bot: Altered template type. Add: isbn, date. | Use this bot. Report bugs. | Suggested by Abductive | Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating text from NASA | #UCB_Category 71/566

imported>Randy Kryn: needed another 'Moon', and uppercase and link

imported>Stepho-wrs: /* Manned Spacecraft Center */ Removed author link to Dethloff - apparently his article was removed for reasons I don't know.