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Reverted 1 edit by 190.27.44.146 (talk) to last revision by Wbm1058

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{{Short description|Species of flowering plant}}
{{speciesbox
|image = Alocasia macrorrhizos1.jpg
|genus = Alocasia
|species = macrorrhizos
|authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]) [[George Don|G.Don]] (1839)<ref name="WCSP">{{cite web|url=http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/namedetail.do?name_id=6775|title=''Alocasia macrorrhizos''|work= [[World Checklist of Selected Plant Families]]|publisher=[[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]]|access-date=2016-09-30}}</ref>
|synonyms = {{collapsible list
|''Alocasia cordifolia'' (Bory) Cordem. (1895)
|''Alocasia gigas'' {{small|Chantrier ex André (1897)}}
|''Alocasia grandis'' {{small|N.E.Br. (1886), nom. illeg.}}
|''Alocasia harrisii-pulchrum'' {{small|Pynaert (1888)}}
|''Alocasia insignis'' {{small|Pynaert (1888)}}
|''Alocasia marginata'' N.E.Br. (1887)
|''Alocasia pallida'' K.Koch & C.D.Bouché (1855)
|''Alocasia plumbea'' Van Houtte (1875)
|''Alocasia rapiformis'' (Roxb.) Schott (1860)
|''Alocasia uhinkii'' Engl. & K.Krause (1920)
|''Arum cordifolium'' Bory (1804)
|''Arum macrorrhizon'' L. (1753) ([[basionym]])
|''Arum mucronatum'' Lam. (1789)
|''Arum peregrinum'' L. (1753)
|''Arum rapiforme'' Roxb. (1832)
|''Caladium indicum'' {{small|K.Koch (1857), not validly publ.}}
|''Caladium macrorrhizon'' (L.) R.Br. (1810)
|''Caladium metallicum'' Engl. (1879)
|''Caladium odoratum'' Lodd. (1820)
|''Caladium plumbeum'' {{small|K.Koch (1857), not validly publ.}}
|''Calla badian'' Blanco (1837)
|''Calla maxima'' Blanco (1837)
|''Colocasia boryi'' Kunth (1841)
|''Colocasia macrorrhizos'' (L.) Schott (1832)
|''Colocasia mucronata'' (Lam.) Kunth (1841)
|''Colocasia peregrina'' (L.) Raf. (1837)
|''Colocasia rapiformis'' (Roxb.) Kunth (1841)
|''Philodendron peregrinum'' (L.) Kunth (1841)
|''Philodendron punctatum'' Kunth (1841)
}}
|synonyms_ref = <ref name=powo>[https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:60444565-2 ''Alocasia macrorrhizos'' (L.) G.Don]. ''[[Plants of the World Online]]''. Retrieved 9 May 2024.</ref>
}}

'''''Alocasia macrorrhizos''''' is a species of [[flowering plant]] in the [[arum]] family ([[Araceae]]) that it is native to [[Tropical rainforest|rainforests]] of [[Maritime Southeast Asia]], [[New Guinea]], and [[Queensland]]<ref name="WCSP"/> and has long been cultivated in South Asia, the [[Philippines]], many [[Pacific Islands|Pacific islands]], and elsewhere in the tropics. Common names include '''giant taro''',<ref name=PLANTS>{{PLANTS | symbol = ALMA11 | taxon = Alocasia macrorrhizos | access-date = 2016-09-30 }}</ref> '''giant alocasia''', '''{{okina}}ape''', '''biga''',<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sutarno |first1=Hadi |title=''Alocasia macrorrhizos'' (PROSEA) |url=https://uses.plantnet-project.org/en/Alocasia_macrorrhizos_(PROSEA) |website=Pl@ntUse |access-date=13 May 2020}}</ref> and '''pia'''.<ref name=GRIN>{{GRIN | access-date=2010-05-23}}</ref> In Australia it is known as the '''cunjevoi'''<ref name=GRIN/> (a term which also refers to a marine animal).

==History==
[[Image:Taiwan 2009 JinGuaShi Historic Gold Mine Abandoned Trail Giant Taro Elephant Ear Taro FRD 8760.jpg|thumb|left|Giant taro in Jinguashi, Taiwan]]
The giant taro was originally domesticated in the [[Philippines]], but are known from wild specimens to early [[Austronesian peoples|Austronesians]] in [[Taiwan]]. From the Philippines, they spread outwards to the rest of [[Maritime Southeast Asia]] and eastward to [[Oceania]] where it became one of the staple crops of [[Pacific Islanders]].<ref name="Osmond1998"/><ref name="Nauheimer2011">{{cite journal |last1=Nauheimer |first1=Lars |last2=Boyce |first2=Peter C. |last3=Renner |first3=Susanne S. |title=Giant taro and its relatives: A phylogeny of the large genus Alocasia (Araceae) sheds light on Miocene floristic exchange in the Malesian region |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |date=April 2012 |volume=63 |issue=1 |pages=43–51 |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2011.12.011|url=https://zenodo.org/record/895590 |pmid=22209857|bibcode=2012MolPE..63...43N }}</ref> They are one of the four main species of [[aroids]] (taros) cultivated by Austronesians primarily as a source of [[starch]], the others being ''[[Amorphophallus paeoniifolius]]'', ''[[Colocasia esculenta]]'', and ''[[Cyrtosperma merkusii]]'', each with multiple cultivated varieties. Their leaves and stems are also edible if cooked thoroughly, though this is rarely done for giant taro as it contains higher amounts of [[raphide]]s which cause itching.<ref name="MannerGiantTaro">{{cite book|first1=Harley I.|last1=Manner|editor1-first=Craig R.|editor1-last=Elevitch|title =Specialty Crops for Pacific Island Agroforestry|chapter =Farm and Forestry Production Marketing Profile for Giant Tao (''Alocasia macrorrhiza'')|publisher =Permanent Agricultural Resource (PAR)|year =2006|chapter-url =http://www.agroforestry.net/images/pdfs/Giant_taro_specialty_crop.pdf}}</ref><ref name="Matthews1995">{{cite journal |last1=Matthews |first1=Peter J. |title=Aroids and the Austronesians|journal=Tropics |date=1995 |volume=4 |issue=2/3 |pages=105–126 |doi=10.3759/tropics.4.105 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/240821492|doi-access=free }}</ref>

The reconstructed word for giant taro in [[Proto-Austronesian]] is ''{{lang|mis|*biRaq}}'', which became [[Proto-Oceanic]] ''{{lang|mis|*piRaq}}''. Modern [[cognate]]s in Maritime Southeast Asia and Micronesia include [[Rukai language|Rukai]] ''vi'a'' or ''bi'a''; [[Ifugao language|Ifugao]] ''bila''; [[Ilocano language|Ilocano]], [[Cebuano language|Cebuano]], and [[Bikol language|Bikol]] ''biga''; [[Tiruray language|Tiruray]] ''bira''; [[Ngaju language|Ngaju]] ''biha''; [[Malagasy language|Malagasy]] ''via''; [[Malay language|Malay]] and [[Acehnese language|Acehnese]] ''birah''; [[Mongondow language|Mongondow]] ''biga''; [[Palauan language|Palauan]] ''bísə''; [[Chamorro language|Chamorro]] ''piga''; [[Bimanese language|Bima]] ''wia''; [[Timoric languages|Roti]] and [[Tetun language|Tetun]] ''fia''; [[Asilulu language|Asilulu]] ''hila''; and [[Kowiai language|Kowiai]] ''fira''. In Oceania, [[cognate]]s for it include [[Wuvulu language|Wuvulu]] and [[Aua language|Aua]] ''pia''; [[Motu language|Motu]] and [[ꞋAreꞌare language|ꞋAreꞌare]] ''hira''; [[Kilivila language|Kilivila]] and [[Fijian language|Fijian]] ''via''; and [[Hawaiian language|Hawaiian]] ''pia''. Note that in some cases, the cognates have shifted to mean other types of taro.<ref name="blusttrusell">{{cite journal |last1=Blust |first1=Robert |last2=Trussel |first2=Stephen |title=The Austronesian Comparative Dictionary: A Work in Progress |journal=Oceanic Linguistics |date=2013 |volume=52 |issue=2 |pages=493–523 |doi=10.1353/ol.2013.0016 |s2cid=146739541 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265931196}}</ref><ref name="Osmond1998">{{cite book|first1=Meredith|last1=Osmond|editor1-first=Malcolm|editor1-last=Ross|editor2-first=Andrew|editor2-last=Pawley|editor3-first=Meredith|editor3-last=Osmond|title =The lexicon of Proto Oceanic : The culture and environment of ancestral Oceanic society|volume=1: Material Culture|chapter =Horticultural practices|publisher =Pacific Linguistics|year =1998|doi=10.15144/PL-C152.115|pages=115–142|chapter-url =https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/146170/1/PL-C152.pdf}}</ref>

Indigenous Australian names included ''pitchu'' in the Burnett River (Queensland); ''cunjevoi'' (South Queensland); ''hakkin'' Rockhampton (Queensland); ''bargadga'' or ''nargan'' of the Cleveland Bay.<ref>{{cite book|author=Maiden|first=Joseph H.|url=https://primo-slnsw.hosted.exlibrisgroup.com/primo-explore/fulldisplay?docid=SLNSW_ALMA21105097830002626&context=L&vid=SLNSW&search_scope=EEA&tab=default_tab&lang=en_US|title=The useful native plants of Australia : Including Tasmania|publisher=Turner and Henderson, Sydney|year=1889|pages=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/45057#page/36/mode/1up 18]–19|author-link=Joseph Maiden}}</ref>
The [[Yugarabul language|Yugarabul]] word for the plant, ''bundal'',<ref>{{Cite book|title=Vocabularies of four representative tribes of South Eastern Queensland : with grammatical notes thereof and some notes on manners and customs : Also, a list of aboriginal place names and their derivations|author=Watson, F. J.|publisher=[Royal Geographical Society of Australia [Brisbane, Queensland]|oclc=930955155}}</ref> is also where the name of the suburb [[Boondall, Queensland|Boondall]] is derived from.

==Uses==
[[File:09979jfChurch Foods Tungkong Mangga San Jose del Monte City Bulacanfvf 03.JPG|thumb|''[[Binagol]]'', a [[Filipino cuisine|Filipino]] sweet delicacy made from mashed giant taro [[corm]]s and [[coconut milk]]]]

It is edible if cooked for a long time but its sap irritates the skin due to calcium oxalate crystals, or [[raphides]] which are needle like.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Susan Scott |author2=Craig Thomas | year = 2009 | title = Poisonous Plants of Paradise: First Aid and Medical Treatment of Injuries from Hawaii's Plants | publisher = University of Hawaii Press}}</ref> Plants harvested later will have more raphides.<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Prance |editor1-first=Ghillean |editor2-last=Nesbitt |editor2-first=Mark |last1=Sanderson |first1=Helen|date=2005 |title=The Cultural History of Plants |publisher=Routledge |page=69 |isbn=0415927463}}</ref> ''Alocasia'' species are commonly found in marketplaces in [[Samoa]] and [[Tonga]] and other parts of Polynesia. The varieties recognized in [[Tahiti]] are the ''Ape oa, haparu, maota'', and ''uahea''. The Hawaiian saying: ''{{okina}}Ai no i ka {{okina}}ape he mane{{okina}}o no ka nuku'' (The eater of {{okina}}ape will have an itchy mouth) means "there will be consequences for partaking of something bad".<ref>{{cite book | author = Pukui, Mary Kawena | year = 1986 | title = 'Ōlelo No'eau, Hawaiian Proverbs and Sayings | publisher = Bishop Museum Press | place = Honolulu}}</ref>

The giant heart-shaped leaves make impromptu umbrellas in tropical downpours.

[[Anthelme Thozet]] in 1866 documented the method of preparation: "The young bulbs, of a light rose colour inside, found growing on large old rhizomes, are scraped, divided into two parts, and put under hot ashes for about half an hour. When sufficiently baked, they are then pounded by hard strokes between two stones – a large one, ''Wallarie'', and a small one, ''Kondola''. All the pieces which do not look farinaceous, but watery when broken, are thrown away; the others, by strokes of the ''Kondola'', are united by twos or threes, and put into the fire again ; they are then taken out and pounded together in the form of a cake, which is again returned to the fire and carefully turned occasionally. This operation is repeated eight or ten times, and when the ''hakkin'', which is now of a green-greyish colour, begins to harden, it is fit for use."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Thozet |first=Anthelme |url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/version/50549005 |title=Notes on some of the roots, tubers, bulbs, and fruits, used as vegetable food by the Aboriginals of Northern Queensland, Australia |date=1866 |publisher=Rockhampton [Qld.] : Printed by W.H. Buzacott, "Bulletin" Office |language=en}} [https://issuu.com/permapoesis/docs/thozet][https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-701626071/]</ref>{{Rp|14}}

==See also==
*[[Domesticated plants and animals of Austronesia]]

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20141216191004/http://alocasia-macrorrhiza.com/ More Information On Alocasia Macrorrhiza]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20140812024608/http://www.alocasia-macrorrhiza.com/GTips.html Alocasia Macrorrhiza Growing Tips]
*http://www.canoeplants.com/ape.html

{{Taxonbar|from=Q1484310}}

[[Category:Alocasia|macrorrhizos]]
[[Category:Flora of Malesia]]
[[Category:Flora of Papuasia]]
[[Category:Flora of Queensland]]
[[Category:Plants described in 1753]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]
[[Category:Taros| ]]
[[Category:Austronesian agriculture]]

Alocasia macrorrhizos - Revision history

imported>Jonesey95: Reverted 1 edit by 190.27.44.146 (talk) to last revision by Wbm1058