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{{Use American English|date=January 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox military unit
|unit_name= Air Armament Center
| image= AMRAAM slide.jpg
| image_size = 300
|caption= AIM-120 AMRAAM air-air missile<br>developed at the Air Armament Center
|dates=16 October 1943 – 18 July 2012
|country= [[United States]]
|allegiance=
|branch= [[United States Air Force]]
|type=
|role= Weapons Sustainment
|size=
|command_structure= [[Air Force Materiel Command]]
|notable_commanders= Major General Kenneth D. Merchant<br>(final commander)
|garrison= [[Eglin Air Force Base]]
|garrison_label=Base
|equipment=
|equipment_label=
|anniversaries=
|decorations=

|identification_symbol=[[File:Air Armament Center.png|125px]]
|identification_symbol_label=Air Armament Center emblem
}}

The '''Air Armament Center''' ('''AAC''') was an [[Air Force Materiel Command]] (AFMC) center at [[Eglin Air Force Base]], Florida, responsible for development, acquisition, testing, and deployment of all air-delivered weapons for the [[U.S. Air Force]]. Weapon systems maintained by the center included the [[Advanced Medium Range Air-to-Air Missile]], [[High-speed anti-radiation missile]], [[HARM Targeting System]], [[Joint Air-to-Surface Standoff Missile]], [[Joint Direct Attack Munition]], [[Miniature Air-Launched Decoy]], [[Sensor Fuzed Weapon]], and the [[Small Diameter Bomb]].<ref>[http://www.eglin.af.mil/library/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=6476 Eglin Air Force Base Air Armament Center Fact Sheet] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090113120229/http://www.eglin.af.mil/library/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=6476 |date=13 January 2009 }}</ref>
The Air Armament Center was inactivated as an AFMC center on 18 July 2012, and its functions merged into the former [[96th Air Base Wing]] at Eglin AFB. The new organization was renamed as the [[96th Test Wing]] (96 TW) the same day as a subordinate command of the [[Air Force Test Center]] at [[Edwards Air Force Base]], California.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://jeffmiller.house.gov/news/documentsingle.aspx?DocumentID=299521 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2012-12-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121212014846/http://jeffmiller.house.gov/news/documentsingle.aspx?DocumentID=299521 |archive-date=2012-12-12 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==History==
On 15 May 1940, the [[Air Corps Specialized Flying School]] at [[Eglin Field]] was redesignated the [[Air Corps Proving Ground]].<ref>The 1944 AAF handbook, p. 357</ref> It was redesignated Proving Ground Command on 1 April 1942.<ref name=Arnold />{{rp|15}}

In 1989, Mueller said the AAF Tactical Center was designated earlier on 16 October and that it and the subsequent AAF Center were different commands. For example, he cites ''AAF School of Applied Tactics, c. Mar 1942 (redesignated AAF Tactical Center, 16 Oct 1942)'' then ''AAF Center, 1 June 1945''.<ref name=Mueller>{{Cite report |last=Mueller |first=Robert |year=1989 |title=Air Force Bases: Eglin Air Force Auxiliary Field #9 (Hurlburt Field) |url=https://media.defense.gov/2010/Sep/21/2001330255/-1/-1/0/AFD-100921-026.pdf |volume=I: Active Air Force Bases Within the United States of America on 17 September 1982 |publisher=Office of Air Force History |isbn=0-912799-53-6 |page=129 |access-date=2013-08-15}}</ref>

On 27 October 1942 the [[United States Army Air Forces]] established the [[Army Air Forces School of Applied Tactics]] at [[Orlando Army Air Base]], Florida. The next year, it was redesignated as the Army Air Forces Tactical Center, on 16 October 1943. In the last days of the war, it was redesignated the Army Air Forces Center, and documentation of the period appears to indicate that the AAF Proving Ground Command at [[Eglin Field]], Florida and the Army Air Forces Center at Orlando AAB were merged as Army Air Forces Center on 1 June 1945.

The Air Force Center was the planned USAF unit for the development of tactical policy and procedures. The Air Force Center was to be the succeeding unit to the USAAF Army Air Forces Tactical Center, established on October 28, 1943,<ref name=Arnold />{{rp|335}} and which had become the Army Air Forces Center on 1 June 1945.<ref name=Arnold>{{Cite book|last=Arnold |first=Henry H.|author-link=Hap Arnold |date=June 1944|type=Special Edition for AAF Organizations |orig-year=May 1944 |title=AAF: The Official Guide to the Army Air Forces |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9ae4AAAAIAAJ |location=New York |publisher=Pocket Books|page=16 |quote=Oct. 28. AAF Tactical Center established at Orlando, Fla.}}</ref> Instead, the AAF Center merged into [[Proving Ground Command]] (PGC) to form a new Army Air Forces Proving Ground Command on 8 March 1946.<ref name=APGCfacts /> The AAF PGC was redesignated the [[Air Proving Ground Command]] on 10 July 1946, and raised to major command status. The APGC was moved to the now renamed [[Eglin Air Force Base]], Florida, on 1 July 1948.

===Testing of weapons===
{{no footnotes|section|date=April 2015}}
APGC conducted realistic testing of new weapons as an independent organization, reporting directly to the Chief of Staff of the Air Force and advocating a "fly-before-buy" approach to acquiring new systems. Such a shift, however, remained a challenge, for the Air Force continued the "buy-fly-fix" process that had grown from the demands of the [[Second World War]] and undervalued the importance of timely independent operational test and evaluation.

APGC attempted to simulate combat conditions during its tests. It also grew in size as it acquired the systems it tested. By 1956, Air Force regulations outlined an eight-phase test and evaluation process that did not include the APGC until phase seven. By that point in the acquisition cycle, the Air Force had often already fielded units with new systems that APGC had not yet tested. Not surprisingly, operators often experienced serious problems with these new, untested systems. This led to a misperception about the value of operational test and evaluation (OT&E) and APGC. Had OT&E taken place before production decisions and fielding new systems, there likely would not have been any question about the added value of independent OT&E.

As a result of the doubts about the value of APGC and cuts to the defense budget, in 1957 the Air Force stripped APGC of its major command status, reduced its budget and authorized personnel, and redesignated the Command the Air Proving Ground Center, and assigned it to the Air Research and Development Command. This action meant the Air Force no longer had an independent organization that specialized in impartial operational test and evaluation.

Decentralized operational testing at the major commands occurred from 1958 to 1973. Major command emphasis was often on quick deployment rather than thorough testing and impartial evaluations. Although the Air Force streamlined OT&E from eight to three phases during this period, OT&E still came at the end of the acquisition process. In addition, as systems became more complex, and the Air Force moved to acquire systems quickly, the "fly-before-buy" approach fell by the wayside. The consequences became clear when a Department of Defense study found that 21 of 22 major weapons systems used in the Vietnam War from 1965 to 1970 suffered severe operational deficiencies. These results strongly stated the case for independent OT&E in the Air Force.

The AAC was a focal point for the acquisition of advanced weapons systems. The center carried out scientific research, system management, production, operational performance, business management, requirements definition, customer and engineering support, technology planning, materiel identification, and field support activities.

While "fly-before-buy" has repeatedly proven its worth in thorough testing of systems and avoidance of later problems, the Air Force even in the twenty-first century remains severely hampered by a "buy-fly-fix" approach. Literally billions of dollars have been spent in making weapons systems operational after they have entered squadron service. For example, the [[Rockwell B-1B Lancer]] suffered repeated such problems. When declared operational, apart from nuclear weapons, the only conventional weapon the B-1 could use were free-fall bombs.

===Structure through 2010===
{{Unreferenced section|date=May 2014}}
To accomplish its mission the Air Armament Center commanded three wings through 2010.

*The '''[[46th Test Wing]]''' conducted test and evaluation of all air-delivered weapons, navigation and guidance systems, Command and Control (C2) systems, and [[Air Force Special Operations Command]] systems. The 46th Test Wing was inactivated 18 July 2012. Effectively merged to become [[96th Test Wing]].
*The '''[[96th Air Base Wing]]''' provided installation support for all [[Eglin Air Force Base]] tenant units. The 96th Air Base Wing was redesignated 18 July 2012. Effectively merged to become [[96th Test Wing]].
*The '''[[308th Armament Systems Wing]]''' was responsible for the development, procurement, deployment, and sustainment of air-based weaponry including the [[Joint Direct Attack Munition]] (JDAM), [[Joint Air-to-Surface Standoff Missile]] (JASSM), [[Small Diameter Bomb]] (SDB), [[Sensor Fuzed Weapon]] (SFW), [[Wind Corrected Munitions Dispenser]] (WCMD), [[Advanced Medium Range Air-to-Air Missile]] (AMRAAM), [[Miniature Air-Launched Decoy]] (MALD). The 308th Armament Systems Wing was inactivated in 2010 and became the Armament Systems Directorate.

==Lineage==
* Established as '''[[Army Air Forces School of Applied Tactics]]''' on 27 October 1942, with major command status<ref name=APGCfacts>{{cite web |url=https://www.dafhistory.af.mil/About-Us/Fact-Sheets/Display/Article/433909/air-proving-ground-command/ |title=Factsheet Air Proving Ground Command |date=10 January 2008 |publisher=[[Air Force Historical Research Agency]] |access-date=25 December 2016 }}</ref>
: Redesignated: '''Army Air Forces Tactical Center''' on 16 October 1943
: Redesignated: '''Army Air Forces Center''' on 1 June 1945
: Redesignated: '''Army Air Forces Proving Ground Command''' on 8 March 1946<ref>Replaced another AAF Proving Ground Command that was disbanded</ref>
: Redesignated: '''Air Proving Ground Command''' on 10 July 1946
: Redesignated: '''Air Proving Ground''', 20 January 1948, losing major command status
: Regained major command status, 1 June 1948
: Redesignated: '''Air Proving Ground Command''' on 29 December 1951
: Redesignated: '''Air Proving Ground Center''' on 1 December 1957, losing major command status
: Redesignated: '''Armament Development and Test Center''' on 1 August 1968
: Redesignated: '''Armament Division''' on 1 October 1979
: Redesignated: '''Munitions Systems Division''' on 15 March 1989
: Redesignated: '''Air Force Development Test Center''' on 11 July 1990
: Redesignated: '''Air Armament Center''' on 1 October 1998<ref name=APGCfacts/>
: Inactivated on 1 October 2012

===Assignments===
* [[United States Army Air Forces]], 27 October 1942
* [[Air Materiel Command]], 20 January 1948
* [[United States Air Force]], 1 June 1948
* [[Air Research and Development Command]] (later Air Force Systems Command), 1 December 1957
* [[Air Force Materiel Command]], 1 July 1992 – 1 October 2012 (attached to Air Force Life Cycle Management Center after 18 July 2012)

===Components===
*[[3200th Proof Test Group]], 1948-1950s
*[[3206th Proof Test Group]]
*Others

===Stations===
* [[Orlando Army Air Base]], Florida, 27 October 1952
* [[Eglin Air Force Base|Eglin Field (later Air Force Base)]], Florida, 8 March 1946 – 1 October 2012

==Notes==

{{Air Force Historical Research Agency}}
{{Reflist}}

==External links==

{{USAF Air Force Materiel Command}}
{{US Air Force navbox}}
{{United States research agencies}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Military units and formations in Florida]]
[[Category:Centers of the United States Air Force]]
[[Category:Test and evaluation units and formations of the United States Air Force]]

Air Armament Center - Revision history

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