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{{Short description|German modular composite armor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
'''Advanced Modular Armor Protection (AMAP)''' is modular [[composite armour]] concept, developed by the German company [[IBD Deisenroth Engineering]], since 2019 part of [[Rheinmetall|Rheinmetall Protection Systems]]. According to IBD AMAP is a 4th generation composite armour, making use of nano-ceramics and modern steel alloy technologies.<ref name="PassivProtection">{{cite journal |last1=Rust |first1=Michael |title=Passive Protection Concepts |journal=Defence Technology Review |volume=6/2009 |pages=32-37 |url=http://www.ibd-deisenroth-engineering.de/press-coverage.html?file=tl_files/resources/content-pdfs/passiv_protection.pdf |accessdate=15 December 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008031621/http://www.ibd-deisenroth-engineering.de/press-coverage.html?file=tl_files%2Fresources%2Fcontent-pdfs%2Fpassiv_protection.pdf |archivedate=8 October 2011}}</ref>
AMAP is the successor of [[MEXAS]].<ref name="Defense-Update">{{cite web | url=http://www.defense-update.com/products/a/amap.htm | title='''AMAP Protection System''' IBD | publisher=Defense-Update.com | accessdate=15 December 2010 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100106002208/http://defense-update.com/products/a/amap.htm | archive-date=6 January 2010 | url-status=dead }}</ref>

Part of the Advanced Modular Armor Protection concept is to combine different parts of the AMAP product family to create a protection solution custom-tailored to the end user's need, such as e.g. all-around protection.

The Polish company Rosomak S.A, part of [[Polska Grupa Zbrojeniowa]], has been producing AMAP armour for use in the turret add-on modules of [[Leopard 2PL]] under license.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Miller |first1=Stephen W. |title=Tanked Up |journal=armada International |volume=April/May 2017 |page=31}}</ref>

== Design ==
The Advanced Modular Armor Protection branding is used for a variety of armour systems designed by IBD Deisenroth, including [[ceramic armour]], [[composite armour|laminated armour]], [[light metal]] armour, [[spaced armour]] and [[reactive armour]].<ref name="PassivProtection" /> Lightweight [[slat armor]] is also part of the AMAP family.
In order to achieve a high protection at a low weight, AMAP is making used of highly specialized [[composite materials]], light metal alloys such as [[aluminium]]-titanium alloys, improved steel alloys and nano-ceramics.<ref name="PassivProtection" />

AMAP is a modular protection concept, including numerous versions that can be combined to reach the desired level of protection.<ref name="armada2013">{{cite journal |title=Passive Armour: The Final Barrier |journal=Compendium Armoured Vehicle Protection by armada |volume=2013 |pages=24-25}}</ref>

In 2009, IBD stated that it had developed a new high-hardened steel requiring 30% less thickness to offer the same protection level as [[SSAB#Brands|ARMOX]] 500Z high hard armour steel.<ref name="PassivProtection" /> ''Mat 7720 new'', a newly developed aluminium-titanium alloy, requires only 38% as much weight as [[rolled homogeneous armour]] (RHA) for reaching the same level of protection compared to older [[titanium]] alloys requiring 58% of the steel's weight.<ref name="PassivProtection" /> Compared to RHA, the ''Mat 7720 new'' alloy provides twice as much protection for a given weight.

In 2013, IBD introduced nano-metric steel, high-strength nitrogen steels developed in cooperation with steel manufacturers.<ref name="armada2013">{{cite journal |title=Passive Armour: The Final Barrier |journal=Compendium Armoured Vehicle Protection by armada |volume=2013 |pages=24-25}}</ref> Nano-metric steel almost matches the protection provided by standard ceramic materials.<ref name="armada2013" /> An improved liner material for the IBD C1 HT spall liner was also presented, offering a 20% gain in performance for a given weight over standard liners and a 10% gain in performance over IBD's previous liner offerings.<ref name="armada2013" /> A combination of the different available protection materials can result in weight savings of over 40%.

IBD also developed nano-composite liner materials suited for structural parts such as wheelhouses, fenders and inner decoupled floors of mine protected vehicles.<ref name="armada2013" /> Known as IBD FlexiComp, these materials offer improved ballistic protection and structural strength compared to older liner materials; the elastic properties are twice as high while having a 10% lower density.<ref name="armada2013" />

Some armour arrays sold under the AMAP brand are making use [[nano]]-ceramics, which are harder and lighter than current ceramics, while having better multi-hit capability. Normal ceramic tiles and a liner backing have a mass-efficiency (EM) value of 3 compared to normal steel armour, while it fulfills [[STANAG 4569]]. The new nano-crystalline ceramic materials should increase the hardness compared to current ceramics by 70% and the weight reduction is 30%, therefore the EM value is larger than 4.<ref name="PassivProtection" /> Furthermore, the higher fracture toughness increases the general multi-hit capability.

Some AMAP armour modules might consist of nano-ceramic tiles glued onto a backing liner and overlaid by a cover, a concept which is also used by [[MEXAS]].<ref>A graphical rendering from IBD-Deisenroth-Engineering.de called [http://www.ibd-deisenroth-engineering.de/amap.html?file=tl_files/resources/content-videos/stream_sandwich.wmv stream_sandwich.wmv] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008032503/http://www.ibd-deisenroth-engineering.de/amap.html?file=tl_files%2Fresources%2Fcontent-videos%2Fstream_sandwich.wmv |date=8 October 2011 }}</ref>

In excess new nano-ceramic armour overlaying a vehicle's base armour, which is backed up by a spall-liner, can achieve a weight reduction of more than 40% to meet the Level 3 of [[STANAG 4569]].<ref name="Feb2011">{{cite web|url=http://www.ibd-deisenroth-engineering.de/news/items/Nano-Tech.html?file=tl_files/resources/content-pdfs/Newsletter%20February%202011_002.pdf |title=IBD Live February 2011 |accessdate=18 February 2011|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719043307/http://www.ibd-deisenroth-engineering.de/news/items/Nano-Tech.html?file=tl_files%2Fresources%2Fcontent-pdfs%2FNewsletter%20February%202011_002.pdf |archivedate=19 July 2011}}</ref> Furthermore, AMAP's glue and lining components work efficiently even at high temperatures (like {{convert|80|°C}}).<ref name="Feb2011" />

== History ==
In 2015, IBD was selected to provide light weight protection solutions for [[Kongsberg]]s [[Protector RWS]] family.<ref name="MilitaryTechnology2015">{{cite journal |last1=Kauchak |first1=Marty |title=Protective Armour Review |journal=Military Technology |volume=11/2015 |page=65}}</ref>

At [[Eurosatory]] 2016, IBD Deisenroth showcased a protection solution suited for complex shapes such as wheelhouses and sponsons based on homogenous composite parts.<ref name="MilitaryTechnology2016">{{cite journal |last1=Kindamo |first1=Brian |last2=Kauchak |first2=Marty |title=Combining Lightweight and High Performance Materiel for Starters |journal=Military Technology |volume=11/2016 |page=71}}</ref> Additionally, three-dimensional structural shapes made from ceramic armour were presented, offering protection in accordance with STANAG 4569 Level 5 and 6, and against EFP and IED threats.<ref name="MilitaryTechnology2016" />

== AMAP product family ==

=== AMAP-ADS ===
{{Main|AMAP-ADS}}
The ''Active Defense System'' was originally developed under the name AMAP-ADS by ADS Gesellschaft für aktive Schutzsysteme mbH, a joint venture of IBD Deisenroth and Rheinmetall. After the latter purchased the majority stake in ADS Gesellschaft für aktive Schutzsysteme in 2012, the ''AMAP'' moniker was dropped.

The ADS is a hardkill [[active protection system]], designed to prevent a vehicle from being hit by a ballistic threat by destroying it mid-air. The system was also marketed under the name ''AAC'' in Sweden and under the name ''Shark'' in France. It is one of the fastest active protection systems; in contrast to millisecond systems like [[Raytheon|Raytheon's]] [[Quick Kill active protection system|Quick Kill]] or [[Israel Military Industries|IMI's]] [[Iron Fist Active Protection System|Iron Fist]] it is a microsecond system, needing only [[microsecond]]s to react. This reduces the minimum defeat distance and enables protection against more different threats like [[Rocket-propelled grenade|RPGs]] or [[Explosively formed penetrator|EFPs]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibd-deisenroth-engineering.de/press-coverage.html?file=tl_files/resources/content-pdfs/S%26T%20Int%20Ed.%20II_09_netz%20Active%20Hardkill%20Protection%20Systems.pdf |title=Strategie u. Technik, int. Edition, Autumn, 2009 |accessdate=15 December 2010 |author=Dieter Haug & Hans Joachim Wagner|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008031733/http://www.ibd-deisenroth-engineering.de/press-coverage.html?file=tl_files%2Fresources%2Fcontent-pdfs%2FS&T%20Int%20Ed.%20II_09_netz%20Active%20Hardkill%20Protection%20Systems.pdf |archivedate=8 October 2011}}</ref>
Sensors for target detection and [[countermeasure]]s are installed all around the vehicle. The system weight is {{convert|140|kg}} for light vehicles and up to {{convert|500|kg}} for heavy vehicles.

=== AMAP-AIR ===
AMAP-AIR is a lightweight armour solution designed to protect aircraft and helicopters. It is fitted to the German [[Eurocopter Tiger]], providing protection from below and along the flanks.<ref name="StrategieTechnik2011">{{cite journal |last1=Heiming |first1=Gerhard |last2=Horst |first2=Michael |title=Schutz gegen aktuelle Bedrohungen |journal=Strategie & Technik |volume=March 2011 |pages=21-23 |language=German}}</ref> While IBD didn't release any informations regarding the achieved protection level, OCCAR revealed that the Tiger is designed with protection against 23 mm ammunition.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tiger Concept|url= http://www.occar.int/240 |publisher=Organisation for Joint Armament Co-operation|access-date=7 January 2018|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180107203639/http://www.occar.int/240 |archive-date= 7 January 2018}}</ref>

=== AMAP-B ===
AMAP-B ('''b'''allistic) provides protection against [[kinetic energy penetrator]]s such as [[bullet]]s, autocannon calibers such as [[20 mm]] to [[30 mm]], and against [[APFSDS]] of [[tank gun]]s like modern 120 mm or 125 mm rounds. Like [[MEXAS]] AMAP-B exists in three versions. Light offers protection against small arms for light armoured or soft-skinned vehicles, helicopters, aircraft and boats.<ref name="BBro">[http://www.ibd-deisenroth-engineering.de/amap-b.html?file=tl_files/resources/content-pdfs/brochures_uk/AMAP-B.pdf Brochure of AMAP-B] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100802235601/http://www.ibd-deisenroth-engineering.de/amap-b.html?file=tl_files%2Fresources%2Fcontent-pdfs%2Fbrochures_uk%2FAMAP-B.pdf |date=2 August 2010 }}</ref> The medium version of AMAP-B is normally used on medium armoured vehicles such as the [[infantry fighting vehicle|IFVs]] and [[armoured personnel carrier|APCs]]. These vehicles normally need protection against autocannons up to 30 mm caliber. The heavy AMAP-B version is for use on [[tank]]s.<ref name="BBro" />

=== AMAP-EL ===
AMAP-EL is a type of [[electric armour|electric reactive armour]] developed by Rheinmetall and IBD.<ref name="armada2018">{{cite journal |last1=Miller |first1=Stephen W. |title=Future Trends to Watch |journal=Armada 2018 Armoured Combat Vehicles Compendium |volume=2018/06}}</ref> It was in development by 2018. It uses capacitors to store energy; when the outer layer of the armour is penetrated, the capacitors release the energy, pushing the outer armour layer(s) away.<ref name="armada2018" /> This causes the projectile to deflect. AMAP-EL is claimed to have an extremely quick reaction time.<ref name="armada2018" /> Due to not featuring explosive materials, the possibility of [[collateral damage]] is reduced compared to conventional ERA.<ref name="armada2018" />

=== AMAP-IED ===
AMAP-[[Improvised explosive device|IED]] is designed for the protection of the underbelly and lower hull sides against improvised explosive devices.<ref name="MilitaryTechnology2020">{{cite journal |last1=Annati |first1=Massimo |title=Wheels of Fortune: Armoured Vehicle Evolution |journal=Military Technology |volume=6/2020 |pages=7-8}}</ref> IED strirkes have caused high losses to troops in Afghanistan and Iraq.
Like other AMAP protection solutions. AMAP-IED is offerred in multi level concept: the baseline configuration (level 1) is designed to provide protection against explosive blasts, warhead fragmentation and spall from artillery shells, roadside bombs and KE threats. It consists of ceramic armour tiles and spall liners.<ref name="MilitaryTechnology2010-2">{{cite journal |last1=Alexander |first1=David |title=Structural Armour Systems |journal=Military Technology |volume=2/2010 |pages=104-105}}</ref> The baseline armour can be supplemented by a futher armour module (level 2) for horizontal protection against EFPs and rocket-propelled grenades like the [[RPG-7]].<ref>[http://www.ibd-deisenroth-engineering.de/amap-ied.html?file=tl_files/resources/content-pdfs/brochures_uk/AMAP-IED.pdf AMAP-IED brochure] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101015234556/http://www.ibd-deisenroth-engineering.de/amap-ied.html?file=tl_files%2Fresources%2Fcontent-pdfs%2Fbrochures_uk%2FAMAP-IED.pdf |date=15 October 2010 }}</ref>

===AMAP-L===
[[File:Aluminium plate spalling.gif|thumb|[[Spalling]] of an aluminium plate]]
AMAP-L ('''l'''iner) is the spall liner of AMAP. AMAP-L can be attached to soft-skinned or armoured vehicles. The [[spall]] cone which is normally 87° can be reduced to only 17°.<ref>[http://www.ibd-deisenroth-engineering.de/amap-l.html?file=tl_files/resources/content-pdfs/brochures_uk/AMAP-L.pdf AMAP-L brochure] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101015234223/http://www.ibd-deisenroth-engineering.de/amap-l.html?file=tl_files%2Fresources%2Fcontent-pdfs%2Fbrochures_uk%2FAMAP-L.pdf |date=15 October 2010 }}</ref> Over 30,000 vehicles have been fitted with spall lining systems of IBD.

=== AMAP-M ===
[[File:Gepanzertes Transportkraftfahrzeug (GTK) Boxer in Zeithain.jpg|thumb|The Boxer is fitted with the AMAP-M mine protection system]]
Under the brand AMAP-M ('''m'''ine), IBD has been offering mine protection solutions<ref name="armada2013" /> in accordance with different levels of [[STANAG 4569]]. The range of offered mine protection kits includes systems for light trucks and the heaviest main battle tanks. Depending on the configuration, the AMAP-M can protect against blast mines, fragmentation and projectile-generating mines, or a combination of these.
The vehicle's structure is used as an integral part of the AMAP-M kit, to which an add-on module can be attached.

===AMAP-MPS===
AMAP-MPS ('''m'''ulti '''p'''urpose '''s'''eat) is a special blast-protected seat. Contrary to normal seats, it is not attached to the vehicle floor or roof, so shock-energy can be absorbed by the seats.

=== AMAP-P ===
AMAP-P consists of lightweight panels mounted with a distance from the vehicle's base armour, similar to side skirts or slat armour.<ref>[http://www.ibd-deisenroth-engineering.de/amap-p.html AMAP-P on IBD's website] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110204085532/http://www.ibd-deisenroth-engineering.de/amap-p.html |date=4 February 2011 }}</ref> The panels can be folded flush against the base armour when not in use.<ref name="armada2010">{{cite journal |last1=Valpolini |first1=Paolo |last2=Biass |first2=Eric H. |title=Urban Warfare |journal=armada Compendium Urban Warfare |volume=2010 |page=23}}</ref> The panels are able to destroy or short-circuit the fuze of the warhead of [[rocket propelled grenade]]s, preventing the formation of the shaped charge jet.<ref name="armada2010" /> AMAP-P offers multi-hit capability and an areal density lower than {{convert|15|kg/m2}}.<ref name="armada2010" />

=== AMAP-R ===
AMAP-R ('''r'''oof) is designed to protect the roof of a vehicle against artillery [[bomblet]]s and [[explosively formed penetrator|EFPs]]. AMAP-R consists of up two armour layers, called AMAP-R Level 1 and AMAP-R Level 2 that can be installed ontop of the existing roof armour. Level 1 provides protection against bomblets, while Level 2 protects against EFPs.<ref>[http://www.ibd-deisenroth-engineering.de/amap-r.html?file=tl_files/resources/content-pdfs/brochures_uk/AMAP-R.pdf AMAP-R brochure] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110204085538/http://www.ibd-deisenroth-engineering.de/amap-r.html?file=tl_files%2Fresources%2Fcontent-pdfs%2Fbrochures_uk%2FAMAP-R.pdf |date=4 February 2011 }}</ref> It can also protect against the [[RKG-3 anti-tank grenade]].<ref name="MilitaryTechnology2010">{{cite journal |last1=Kahl |first1=Dieter |title=Modern Protection for Combat Vehicles |journal=Military Technology |volume=10/2010 |pages=33-34}}</ref>

Compared to conventional roof protection, which can have an aerial [[density]] of up to {{convert|450|kg/m2}}, AMAP-R is supposedly significantly lighter with Level 1 having an aerial density of only about {{convert|25|kg/m2}}, which increases to {{convert|120|kg/m2}} according to the manufacturer when both AMAP-R Level 1 and Level 2 are used together.

===AMAP-S===
AMAP-S ('''s'''tealth) is IBD's solution of reducing vehicle signature. AMAP-S can be fitted to naval vessels, like ships, ground vehicles and aircraft.<ref name="SBro">[http://www.ibd-deisenroth-engineering.de/amap-s.html?file=tl_files/resources/content-pdfs/brochures_uk/AMAP-S.pdf Brochure of AMAP-S] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008031827/http://www.ibd-deisenroth-engineering.de/amap-s.html?file=tl_files%2Fresources%2Fcontent-pdfs%2Fbrochures_uk%2FAMAP-S.pdf |date=8 October 2011 }} on IBD's Website</ref> The facility of IBD has own instruments to measure the signatures of a vehicle.<ref name="SBro" />

=== AMAP-SC ===
[[File:Leopard2tni-ad.jpg|thumb|alt=A Leopard 2RI on the field|The Leopard 2RI's add-on armour contains AMAP-SC elements]]
AMAP-SC ('''s'''haped '''c'''harge) is a passive<ref name="armada2010" /> armour system designed to defeat weapons with a [[shaped charge]] warheads such as ATGMs, RPGs and [[High explosive anti-tank|HEAT]] rounds. It is offers a very high mass-efficiency, according to the manufacturer the EM is between 8 and 10,<ref name="SCBro">[http://www.ibd-deisenroth-engineering.de/amap-sc.html?file=tl_files/resources/content-pdfs/brochures_uk/AMAP-SC.pdf AMAP-SC brochure] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008032242/http://www.ibd-deisenroth-engineering.de/amap-sc.html?file=tl_files%2Fresources%2Fcontent-pdfs%2Fbrochures_uk%2FAMAP-SC.pdf |date=8 October 2011 }}</ref> meaning that per weight AMAP-SC offers 8 to 10 times as much protection as steel armour.<ref name="armada2010" /> While being optimized for use against shaped charge weapons, it also provides some protection against other threats including IEDs.<ref name="SCBro" /> In contrast to explosive reactive armour, AMAP-SC reduces the potential for [[collateral damage]] due to utilizing explosive materials.

AMAP-SC is used on the Puma IFV and some Leopard 2 upgrades. The Leopard 2 Evolution with AMAP-SC is protected even against heavy handheld anti-tank weapons such as the [[RPG-27]], [[RPG-29]]<ref name="MilitaryTechnology2011">{{cite journal |last1=Kahl |first1=Dieter |title=New Armour Technology |journal=Military Technology |volume=Special Supplement 2011 |page=11}}</ref>and [[RPG-30]]<ref name="MilitaryTechnology2010" />

=== AMAP-T ===
AMAP-T ('''t'''ransparency) is the [[bulletproof glass|armour glass]] component of AMAP. The use of modern ceramic armour reduces the weight by up to 50% compared to normal bulletproof glass of the same protection level. It is offered with protection levels ranging from [[STANAG 4569]] 1 to 4.

In 2019, IBD Deisenroth presented an improved transparent ceramic solution based on IBD's ''NANOTech'' ceramics, offering comparable protection to opque ceramic armour.<ref name="MilitaryTechnology2019">{{cite journal |last1=Kindamo |first1=Brian |title=Ceramics Research and Development |journal=Military Technology |volume=7-8/2019 |page=31}}</ref> Compared to armour glass, the transparent ceramic armour can reduce the weight by about 70%.<ref name="MilitaryTechnology2019" /> The mosaic ceramic tiles are backed with natural nano-fibre laminates with high energy absorption.

==Applications==
[[File:GTK Boxer side.jpg|thumb|right|The MRAV Boxer is armoured with AMAP composite armour.]]
Some of the known applications for AMAP include following armoured vehicles:<ref>[http://www.ibd-deisenroth-engineering.de/products-in-use.html User List on IBD's website] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100612162104/http://www.ibd-deisenroth-engineering.de/products-in-use.html |date=12 June 2010 }}</ref>

===Light and medium vehicles===
* [[Armoured Multi-Purpose Vehicle]]<ref name="armada2013" />
* [[Combat Vehicle 90]]:<ref name="Defense-Update" /> ''AMAP-M'', only some variants. Norwegian CV90s have been upgraded with a new protection suite developed by IBD and [[Rheinmetall]] Chempro.<ref name="Feb2011" />
* [[Freccia IFV]]
* [[Iveco LMV]]: ''AMAP-B'', ''AMAP-L'', ''AMAP-M'', ''AMAP-IED'' and ''AMAP-T''
* [[GFF4|Iveco/KMW MPV]]<ref name="armada2013" />
* [[Patria AMV]]:<ref name="Defense-Update" /> ''AMAP-B''
* [[Puma (IFV)|Puma]]: ''AMAP-B'' and ''AMAP-SC''
* [[Boxer (armoured fighting vehicle)|MRAV Boxer]]: ''AMAP-B'', ''AMAP-L'', ''AMAP-M'' and ''AMAP-IED''
* [[Véhicule de l'Avant Blindé|VAB]] IBD has received an order to equip this vehicle type with a new mine-protection<ref name="Feb2011" />

===Heavy vehicles===
In 2007, IBD introduced the MBT Evolution concept, which is an extensive add-on armour kit for the Leopard 2A4 tank.<ref name="MilitaryTechnology2014">{{cite journal |title=MBT ESPACE - The Advanced Protection Solutions against Actual and Upcoming Heavy Threats |journal=Military Technology |volume=8/2014 |page=22}}</ref> It features AMAP-B, AMAP-IED, AMAP-L, AMAP-M and AMAP-R solutions to provide all-around protection against handheld anti-tank weapons, EFP-IEDs and mines, while the frontal armour is up-armoured to defend against anti-tank guided missiles and large caliber APFSDS ammunition.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.ibd-deisenroth-engineering.de/news.html?file=tl_files/resources/content-pdfs/brochures_uk/Leopard%202%20A4%20Evolution.pdf | title='''Leopard 2 A4 Evolution''' Legacy Platform – Future Generation Survivability | publisher=IBD Deisenroth Engineering| accessdate=15 December 2010 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718152704/http://www.ibd-deisenroth-engineering.de/news.html?file=tl_files%2Fresources%2Fcontent-pdfs%2Fbrochures_uk%2FLeopard%202%20A4%20Evolution.pdf | archive-date=18 July 2011 | url-status=dead }}</ref> The AMAP-ADS was advertised as optional part of the MBT Evolution concept, shown on infographics but not fitted to the sole prototype. Parts of the modular MBT Evolution concept were adopted on the Leopard 2SG of the [[Singapore Army]], the Leopard 2RI of the [[Indonesian Army]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=VIVA|first=PT VIVA MEDIA BARU-|date=2020-09-13|title=Gagah, Tank Leopard 2RI Milik Kostrad Buatan Jerman Unjuk Kebolehan|url=https://www.viva.co.id/militer/militer-indonesia/1301757-gagah-tank-leopard-2ri-milik-kostrad-buatan-jerman-unjuk-kebolehan|access-date=2020-09-13|website=viva.co.id|language=id}}</ref> and the [[Leopard 2PL]] of the [[Polish Army]].

In 2012, the MBT Evolution II concept was developed by IBD, which offers improved protection in tank versus tank combat compared to its predecessor.<ref name="MilitaryTechnology2014" /> While the earlier MBT Evolution concept was only compatible with the Leopard 2A4 model, the MBT Evolution II concept can also be applied to the Leopard 2A5 and newer models.<ref name="MilitaryTechnology2014" /> It was showcased on a modified Stridsvagn 122 tank, which received the inofficial designation Strv 122B+ Evolution. By replacing the existing add-on armour with AMAP and by utilizing a newly developed type of [[slat armour]] for the turrret bustle, the Strv 122B+ Evolution provides significantly higher all-around and mine protection than a [[Stridsvagn 122]] while being only {{convert|350|kg}} heavier.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lindström |first1=Rickard O. |title=Stridsvagn 122B+ Evolution |journal=Pansar |volume=nummer 1 2011 |pages=4-5}}</ref>

The MBT Evolution II concept was succeeded by the MBT ESPACE concept using newer IBD PROTech armour rather than AMAP.<ref name="MilitaryTechnology2014" />

<gallery>
File:Upgraded Leopard 2A4 SG NDP 2010.JPG|The Leopard 2SG is fitted with AMAP for greater all-around protection, but doesn't feature the full frontal armour kit
File:Exercise Dragon in Poland (8270936).jpg|Only the turret of the Leopard 2PL is protected by AMAP armour
File:Indonesian Army Leopard 2RI cadets line up.jpg|The Leopard 2RI features the full turret armour and hull armour, but lacks the AMAP-M mine protection and AMAP-R roof protection
</gallery>

===Aircraft===
* [[Eurocopter Tiger]]: ''AMAP-AIR'' only

The active protection system [[AMAP-ADS]] have already been tested on several vehicles including the [[Marder (IFV)|SPz Marder]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibd-deisenroth-engineering.de/news.html?file=tl_files/resources/content-pdfs/Newletter%20St%20Barbara%20Technology%20Day%202008.pdf |title=St. Barbara Symposium 2008 |publisher=IBD Deisenroth Engineering|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718152650/http://www.ibd-deisenroth-engineering.de/news.html?file=tl_files%2Fresources%2Fcontent-pdfs%2FNewletter%20St%20Barbara%20Technology%20Day%202008.pdf |archivedate=18 July 2011}}</ref> [[Splitterskyddad EnhetsPlattform|SEP]], [[CV90120]], [[AMV 8x8]] and [[Iveco LMV|LMV]].

==External links==
*[http://www.rheinmetall-chempro.com/en/rhc/systeme_und_produkte/produktuebersicht/index.php Webpage of the manufacturer]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080513070802/http://www.defense-update.com/products/a/ads-ibd.htm Active Defence System (ADS)]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080718220942/http://compositesworld.com/hpc/issues/2007/January/1572 The Art of Armor Development]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Vehicle armour]]
[[Category:Armoured fighting vehicle equipment]]
[[Category:Land active protection systems]]
[[Category:Weapons countermeasures]]

Advanced Modular Armor Protection - Revision history

imported>EndlessUnknown: Rewrote section