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← Previous revision		Revision as of 22:08, 19 June 2025
Line 135:		Line 135:
	{{Main\|Myelination\|Saltatory conduction}}		{{Main\|Myelination\|Saltatory conduction}}
	[[Image:Neuron1.jpg\|thumb\|In [[saltatory conduction]], an action potential at one [[node of Ranvier]] causes inwards currents that depolarize the membrane at the next node, provoking a new action potential there; the action potential appears to "hop" from node to node.\|alt=Axons of neurons are wrapped by several myelin sheaths, which shield the axon from extracellular fluid. There are short gaps between the myelin sheaths known as ''nodes of Ranvier'' where the axon is directly exposed to the surrounding extracellular fluid.]]		[[Image:Neuron1.jpg\|thumb\|In [[saltatory conduction]], an action potential at one [[node of Ranvier]] causes inwards currents that depolarize the membrane at the next node, provoking a new action potential there; the action potential appears to "hop" from node to node.\|alt=Axons of neurons are wrapped by several myelin sheaths, which shield the axon from extracellular fluid. There are short gaps between the myelin sheaths known as ''nodes of Ranvier'' where the axon is directly exposed to the surrounding extracellular fluid.]]
	To enable fast and efficient transduction of electrical signals in the nervous system, certain neuronal axons are covered with [[myelin]] sheaths. Myelin is a multilamellar membrane that enwraps the axon in segments separated by intervals known as [[nodes of Ranvier]]. It is produced by specialized cells: [[Schwann cell]]s exclusively in the [[peripheral nervous system]], and [[oligodendrocyte]]s exclusively in the [[central nervous system]]. Myelin sheath reduces membrane capacitance and increases membrane resistance in the inter-node intervals, thus allowing a fast, saltatory movement of action potentials from node to node.<ref name=Zalc group=lower-alpha>{{cite book \| vauthors = Zalc B \| title = Purinergic Signalling in Neuron–Glia Interactions \| chapter = The Acquisition of Myelin: A Success Story \| journal = Novartis Foundation Symposium \| volume = 276 \| pages = 15–21; discussion 21–5, 54–7, 275–81 \| year = 2006 \| pmid = 16805421 \| doi = 10.1002/9780470032244.ch3 \| isbn = 978-0-470-03224-4 \| series = Novartis Foundation Symposia }}</ref><ref name="S. Poliak & E. Peles" group=lower-alpha>{{cite journal \| vauthors = Poliak S, Peles E \| title = The local differentiation of myelinated axons at nodes of Ranvier \| journal = Nature Reviews. Neuroscience \| volume = 4 \| issue = 12 \| pages = 968–80 \| date = December 2003 \| pmid = 14682359 \| doi = 10.1038/nrn1253 \| s2cid = 14720760 }}</ref><ref group=lower-alpha>{{cite journal \| vauthors = Simons M, Trotter J \| title = Wrapping it up: the cell biology of myelination \| journal = Current Opinion in Neurobiology \| volume = 17 \| issue = 5 \| pages = 533–40 \| date = October 2007 \| pmid = 17923405 \| doi = 10.1016/j.conb.2007.08.003 \| s2cid = 45470194 }}</ref> Myelination is found mainly in [[vertebrate]]s, but an analogous system has been discovered in a few invertebrates, such as some species of [[shrimp]].<ref group=lower-alpha>{{cite journal \| vauthors = Xu K, Terakawa S \| title = Fenestration nodes and the wide submyelinic space form the basis for the unusually fast impulse conduction of shrimp myelinated axons \| journal = The Journal of Experimental Biology \| volume = 202 \| issue = Pt 15 \| pages = 1979–89 \| date = August 1999 \| doi = 10.1242/jeb.202.15.1979 \| pmid = 10395528 \| bibcode = 1999JExpB.202.1979X \| url = http://jeb.biologists.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=10395528 }}</ref> Not all neurons in vertebrates are myelinated; for example, axons of the neurons comprising the autonomous nervous system are not, in general, myelinated.		To enable fast and efficient transduction of electrical signals in the nervous system, certain neuronal axons are covered with [[myelin]] sheaths. Myelin is a multilamellar membrane that enwraps the axon in segments separated by intervals known as [[nodes of Ranvier]]. It is produced by specialized cells: [[Schwann cell]]s exclusively in the [[peripheral nervous system]], and [[oligodendrocyte]]s exclusively in the [[central nervous system]]. Myelin sheath reduces membrane capacitance and increases membrane resistance in the inter-node intervals, thus allowing a fast, saltatory movement of action potentials from node to node.<ref name=Zalc group=lower-alpha>{{cite book \| vauthors = Zalc B \| title = Purinergic Signalling in Neuron–Glia Interactions \| chapter = The Acquisition of Myelin: A Success Story \| journal = Novartis Foundation Symposium \| volume = 276 \| pages = 15–21; discussion 21–5, 54–7, 275–81 \| year = 2006 \| pmid = 16805421 \| doi = 10.1002/9780470032244.ch3 \| isbn = 978-0-470-03224-4 \| series = Novartis Foundation Symposia }}</ref><ref name="S. Poliak & E. Peles" group=lower-alpha>{{cite journal \| vauthors = Poliak S, Peles E \| title = The local differentiation of myelinated axons at nodes of Ranvier \| journal = Nature Reviews. Neuroscience \| volume = 4 \| issue = 12 \| pages = 968–80 \| date = December 2003 \| pmid = 14682359 \| doi = 10.1038/nrn1253 \| s2cid = 14720760 }}</ref><ref group=lower-alpha>{{cite journal \| vauthors = Simons M, Trotter J \| title = Wrapping it up: the cell biology of myelination \| journal = Current Opinion in Neurobiology \| volume = 17 \| issue = 5 \| pages = 533–40 \| date = October 2007 \| pmid = 17923405 \| doi = 10.1016/j.conb.2007.08.003 \| s2cid = 45470194 }}</ref> Myelination is found mainly in [[vertebrate]]s, but an analogous system has been discovered in a few invertebrates, such as some species of [[shrimp]].<ref group=lower-alpha>{{cite journal \| vauthors = Xu K, Terakawa S \| title = Fenestration nodes and the wide submyelinic space form the basis for the unusually fast impulse conduction of shrimp myelinated axons \| journal = The Journal of Experimental Biology \| volume = 202 \| issue = Pt 15 \| pages = 1979–89 \| date = August 1999 \| doi = 10.1242/jeb.202.15.1979 \| pmid = 10395528 \| bibcode = 1999JExpB.202.1979X \| url = http://jeb.biologists.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=10395528 \| url-access = subscription }}</ref> Not all neurons in vertebrates are myelinated; for example, axons of the neurons comprising the autonomous nervous system are not, in general, myelinated.

	Myelin prevents ions from entering or leaving the axon along myelinated segments. As a general rule, myelination increases the [[conduction velocity]] of action potentials and makes them more energy-efficient. Whether saltatory or not, the mean conduction velocity of an action potential ranges from 1 [[Metre per second\|meter per second]] (m/s) to over 100 m/s, and, in general, increases with axonal diameter.<ref name="hursh_1939" group=lower-alpha>{{cite journal \| vauthors = Hursh JB \| year = 1939 \| title = Conduction velocity and diameter of nerve fibers \| journal = American Journal of Physiology \| volume = 127 \| pages = 131–39\| doi = 10.1152/ajplegacy.1939.127.1.131 }}</ref>		Myelin prevents ions from entering or leaving the axon along myelinated segments. As a general rule, myelination increases the [[conduction velocity]] of action potentials and makes them more energy-efficient. Whether saltatory or not, the mean conduction velocity of an action potential ranges from 1 [[Metre per second\|meter per second]] (m/s) to over 100 m/s, and, in general, increases with axonal diameter.<ref name="hursh_1939" group=lower-alpha>{{cite journal \| vauthors = Hursh JB \| year = 1939 \| title = Conduction velocity and diameter of nerve fibers \| journal = American Journal of Physiology \| volume = 127 \| pages = 131–39\| doi = 10.1152/ajplegacy.1939.127.1.131 }}</ref>

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← Previous revision		Revision as of 22:08, 19 June 2025
Line 135:		Line 135:
	{{Main\|Myelination\|Saltatory conduction}}		{{Main\|Myelination\|Saltatory conduction}}
	[[Image:Neuron1.jpg\|thumb\|In [[saltatory conduction]], an action potential at one [[node of Ranvier]] causes inwards currents that depolarize the membrane at the next node, provoking a new action potential there; the action potential appears to "hop" from node to node.\|alt=Axons of neurons are wrapped by several myelin sheaths, which shield the axon from extracellular fluid. There are short gaps between the myelin sheaths known as ''nodes of Ranvier'' where the axon is directly exposed to the surrounding extracellular fluid.]]		[[Image:Neuron1.jpg\|thumb\|In [[saltatory conduction]], an action potential at one [[node of Ranvier]] causes inwards currents that depolarize the membrane at the next node, provoking a new action potential there; the action potential appears to "hop" from node to node.\|alt=Axons of neurons are wrapped by several myelin sheaths, which shield the axon from extracellular fluid. There are short gaps between the myelin sheaths known as ''nodes of Ranvier'' where the axon is directly exposed to the surrounding extracellular fluid.]]
	To enable fast and efficient transduction of electrical signals in the nervous system, certain neuronal axons are covered with [[myelin]] sheaths. Myelin is a multilamellar membrane that enwraps the axon in segments separated by intervals known as [[nodes of Ranvier]]. It is produced by specialized cells: [[Schwann cell]]s exclusively in the [[peripheral nervous system]], and [[oligodendrocyte]]s exclusively in the [[central nervous system]]. Myelin sheath reduces membrane capacitance and increases membrane resistance in the inter-node intervals, thus allowing a fast, saltatory movement of action potentials from node to node.<ref name=Zalc group=lower-alpha>{{cite book \| vauthors = Zalc B \| title = Purinergic Signalling in Neuron–Glia Interactions \| chapter = The Acquisition of Myelin: A Success Story \| journal = Novartis Foundation Symposium \| volume = 276 \| pages = 15–21; discussion 21–5, 54–7, 275–81 \| year = 2006 \| pmid = 16805421 \| doi = 10.1002/9780470032244.ch3 \| isbn = 978-0-470-03224-4 \| series = Novartis Foundation Symposia }}</ref><ref name="S. Poliak & E. Peles" group=lower-alpha>{{cite journal \| vauthors = Poliak S, Peles E \| title = The local differentiation of myelinated axons at nodes of Ranvier \| journal = Nature Reviews. Neuroscience \| volume = 4 \| issue = 12 \| pages = 968–80 \| date = December 2003 \| pmid = 14682359 \| doi = 10.1038/nrn1253 \| s2cid = 14720760 }}</ref><ref group=lower-alpha>{{cite journal \| vauthors = Simons M, Trotter J \| title = Wrapping it up: the cell biology of myelination \| journal = Current Opinion in Neurobiology \| volume = 17 \| issue = 5 \| pages = 533–40 \| date = October 2007 \| pmid = 17923405 \| doi = 10.1016/j.conb.2007.08.003 \| s2cid = 45470194 }}</ref> Myelination is found mainly in [[vertebrate]]s, but an analogous system has been discovered in a few invertebrates, such as some species of [[shrimp]].<ref group=lower-alpha>{{cite journal \| vauthors = Xu K, Terakawa S \| title = Fenestration nodes and the wide submyelinic space form the basis for the unusually fast impulse conduction of shrimp myelinated axons \| journal = The Journal of Experimental Biology \| volume = 202 \| issue = Pt 15 \| pages = 1979–89 \| date = August 1999 \| doi = 10.1242/jeb.202.15.1979 \| pmid = 10395528 \| bibcode = 1999JExpB.202.1979X \| url = http://jeb.biologists.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=10395528 }}</ref> Not all neurons in vertebrates are myelinated; for example, axons of the neurons comprising the autonomous nervous system are not, in general, myelinated.		To enable fast and efficient transduction of electrical signals in the nervous system, certain neuronal axons are covered with [[myelin]] sheaths. Myelin is a multilamellar membrane that enwraps the axon in segments separated by intervals known as [[nodes of Ranvier]]. It is produced by specialized cells: [[Schwann cell]]s exclusively in the [[peripheral nervous system]], and [[oligodendrocyte]]s exclusively in the [[central nervous system]]. Myelin sheath reduces membrane capacitance and increases membrane resistance in the inter-node intervals, thus allowing a fast, saltatory movement of action potentials from node to node.<ref name=Zalc group=lower-alpha>{{cite book \| vauthors = Zalc B \| title = Purinergic Signalling in Neuron–Glia Interactions \| chapter = The Acquisition of Myelin: A Success Story \| journal = Novartis Foundation Symposium \| volume = 276 \| pages = 15–21; discussion 21–5, 54–7, 275–81 \| year = 2006 \| pmid = 16805421 \| doi = 10.1002/9780470032244.ch3 \| isbn = 978-0-470-03224-4 \| series = Novartis Foundation Symposia }}</ref><ref name="S. Poliak & E. Peles" group=lower-alpha>{{cite journal \| vauthors = Poliak S, Peles E \| title = The local differentiation of myelinated axons at nodes of Ranvier \| journal = Nature Reviews. Neuroscience \| volume = 4 \| issue = 12 \| pages = 968–80 \| date = December 2003 \| pmid = 14682359 \| doi = 10.1038/nrn1253 \| s2cid = 14720760 }}</ref><ref group=lower-alpha>{{cite journal \| vauthors = Simons M, Trotter J \| title = Wrapping it up: the cell biology of myelination \| journal = Current Opinion in Neurobiology \| volume = 17 \| issue = 5 \| pages = 533–40 \| date = October 2007 \| pmid = 17923405 \| doi = 10.1016/j.conb.2007.08.003 \| s2cid = 45470194 }}</ref> Myelination is found mainly in [[vertebrate]]s, but an analogous system has been discovered in a few invertebrates, such as some species of [[shrimp]].<ref group=lower-alpha>{{cite journal \| vauthors = Xu K, Terakawa S \| title = Fenestration nodes and the wide submyelinic space form the basis for the unusually fast impulse conduction of shrimp myelinated axons \| journal = The Journal of Experimental Biology \| volume = 202 \| issue = Pt 15 \| pages = 1979–89 \| date = August 1999 \| doi = 10.1242/jeb.202.15.1979 \| pmid = 10395528 \| bibcode = 1999JExpB.202.1979X \| url = http://jeb.biologists.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=10395528 \| url-access = subscription }}</ref> Not all neurons in vertebrates are myelinated; for example, axons of the neurons comprising the autonomous nervous system are not, in general, myelinated.

	Myelin prevents ions from entering or leaving the axon along myelinated segments. As a general rule, myelination increases the [[conduction velocity]] of action potentials and makes them more energy-efficient. Whether saltatory or not, the mean conduction velocity of an action potential ranges from 1 [[Metre per second\|meter per second]] (m/s) to over 100 m/s, and, in general, increases with axonal diameter.<ref name="hursh_1939" group=lower-alpha>{{cite journal \| vauthors = Hursh JB \| year = 1939 \| title = Conduction velocity and diameter of nerve fibers \| journal = American Journal of Physiology \| volume = 127 \| pages = 131–39\| doi = 10.1152/ajplegacy.1939.127.1.131 }}</ref>		Myelin prevents ions from entering or leaving the axon along myelinated segments. As a general rule, myelination increases the [[conduction velocity]] of action potentials and makes them more energy-efficient. Whether saltatory or not, the mean conduction velocity of an action potential ranges from 1 [[Metre per second\|meter per second]] (m/s) to over 100 m/s, and, in general, increases with axonal diameter.<ref name="hursh_1939" group=lower-alpha>{{cite journal \| vauthors = Hursh JB \| year = 1939 \| title = Conduction velocity and diameter of nerve fibers \| journal = American Journal of Physiology \| volume = 127 \| pages = 131–39\| doi = 10.1152/ajplegacy.1939.127.1.131 }}</ref>

Action potential - Revision history

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