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{{Short description|Species of plant}}
{{Speciesbox
|image = Actinidia polygama1SHSU.jpg
|genus = Actinidia
|species = polygama
|authority = (Siebold & Zucc.) Maxim.
}}
[[File:Actinidia polygama 02.JPG|thumb|upright|A silver vine plant with the eponymous silver markings on its leaves]]

'''''Actinidia polygama''''' (also known as '''silver vine''', '''matatabi''' and '''cat powder''') is a species of [[kiwifruit]] in the family [[Actinidiaceae]]. It grows in the mountainous areas of [[Korea]], [[Japan]] and [[China]] at elevations between {{convert|500|and|1900|m|ft}}.

== Name ==
In Korean, ''A. polygama'' is known as 개다래 ''gaedarae'';<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Lee |editor1-first=Sangtae |editor2-last=Chang |editor2-first=Kae Sun |title=English Names for Korean Native Plants |year=2015 |publisher=[[Korea National Arboretum]] |location=Pocheon |isbn=978-89-97450-98-5 |page=338 |url=http://www.forest.go.kr/kna/special/download/English_Names_for_Korean_Native_Plants.pdf |access-date=15 March 2019 |via=[[Korea Forest Service]]}}</ref> in Japanese as マタタビ ''matatabi''; and in Mandarin ([[Shenyang Mandarin|Liaoning dialect]]) as 葛棗子 ''gézǎozi''.

== Characteristics ==
Silver vine can reach up to {{convert|5|–|6|m|ft}} high at maturity. It is a [[deciduous]] climber and tolerates temperatures down to {{convert|-30|°C|°F|}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Actinidia+polygama |title=Actinidia polygama|publisher=Plants For A Future |access-date=11 February 2019}}</ref> The petiole leaves are silver and white in color and {{convert|6|–|13|cm|in}} long and {{convert|4|–|9|cm|in}} wide. These colorful markings make the plant identifiable from afar, until the flowering season when the leaves turn completely green.

=== Flowering ===
The flowering season lasts from late June to early July, in which the plant bears white flowers about {{convert|2.5|cm|in|0}} in diameter. The longevity of an individual flower is 2–3 days, when the plant also starts to develop small, yellow to yellow-red, egg-shaped, fleshy, and multiseeded fruits, which mature from September to October. The fruit is about {{convert|1.5|cm|in}} wide and {{convert|3|–|4|cm|in}} long. The inside of the fruit resembles the common [[kiwifruit]], but it is orange in color rather than green.

=== Cultivation ===
The silver vine plant requires moist, well-drained soil, and partial shade to full sun. This fast-growing vine makes for good cover on a fence or trellis. It is becoming increasingly popular as an edible fruit crop.

== Uses ==
{{More medical citations needed|section|Traditional medicinedate=July 2012|date=November 2024}}

===Traditional medicine===
Silver vine has been used for its medicinal benefits for centuries.<ref name="Konoshima">Konoshima, 1963</ref> In China, silver vine was used as a preventive health aid, and is still commonly used as an alternative therapy for [[hypertension]], [[arthritic pain]],<ref name="anti-inflammation" /> and was investigated for potential to induce [[apoptosis]] in ''[[in vitro]]'' [[acute promyelocytic leukemia|promyelocytic leukemia]].<ref name="leukemia">{{cite journal | last1 = Yoshizawa | first1 = Yuko | last2 = Fukiya | first2 = Yoshihiro | last3 = Izumi | first3 = Yoshikatsu | last4 = Hata | first4 = Keishi | last5 = Iwashita | first5 = Jun | last6 = Murofushi | first6 = Noboru | last7 = Abe | first7 = Tatsuya | year = 2002 | title = Induction of Apoptosis with an Extract of Actinidia polygama Fruit in the Promyelocytic Leukemia Cell Line HL-60 | url=https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jhs/48/4/48_4_303/_pdf/-char/en | format = PDF |journal=Journal of Health Science |volume=48 |issue=4 |pages=303–309 | doi = 10.1248/jhs.48.303 | doi-access = free }}</ref> In [[traditional Chinese Medicine|traditional Chinese]] and Japanese medicine, it has been used for a wide range of health problems, including:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| Heart tonic || [[Rheumatism]]<ref name="anti-inflammation">{{cite journal | pmid = 14723341 | year = 2003 | last1 = Kim | first1 = YK | last2 = Kang | first2 = HJ | last3 = Lee | first3 = KT | last4 = Choi | first4 = JG | last5 = Chung | first5 = SH | title = Anti-inflammation activity of Actinidia polygama | volume = 26 | issue = 12 | pages = 1061–6 | journal = Archives of Pharmacal Research | doi=10.1007/bf02994759| s2cid = 7434195 }}
</ref> || Circulatory stimulant
|-
| [[Cystitis]] || [[Arthritic pain]]<ref name="anti-inflammation" /> || [[Hypertension]]
|-
| Cholesterol reduction || Liver protection<ref name="hepatoprotective">Sakurai, H. (2005b.). Hepatoprotective effects of tea and extract powders from Silver Vine leaves. 26th World Congress and Exhibition of the ISF. Poster presentation, Prague, Czech Republic</ref> || Kidney disease
|-
| Cardiac ailments<ref name="antihyperlipemic">Sakurai, H. (2005). Antihyperlipemic and antitumor effects of components of matatabi leaves. 26th World Congress and Exhibition of the ISF. Poster presentation, Prague, Czech Republic</ref> || [[Stroke]]

|}

In Korean [[Buddhism]], silver vine was soaked in traditional Korean sauces and used for [[polyuria|diuresis]], alleviation of pain, [[hypertension]], genital troubles,{{Citation needed|date=September 2020}} and [[bronchitis]].<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Kim | first1 = H. | last2 = Song | first2 = M-J. | last3 = Potter | first3 = D. | year = 2005 | title = Medicinal efficacy of plants utilized as temple food in traditional Korean Buddhism | journal = Journal of Ethnopharmacology | volume = 104 | issue = 1–2| pages = 32–46 | pmid = 16216457 | doi = 10.1016/j.jep.2005.08.041 }}</ref>

In ancient times, travelers in Japan used the fruit of silver vine to regain energy.<ref name="lovenature">[http://www.love-nature.jp/wataraseherb/herbs_html/matatabi.html www.love-nature.jp] 昔、疲れきった旅人が、マタタビの実を食べて生気を取り戻し、意気洋々とまた旅を続けたという名の由来が次に続く。</ref>

Silver vine leaves also have a high content of [[flavonoids]], [[terpenoids]], [[saponins]],<ref name="antihyperlipemic" /> [[beta-carotene]],<ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1021/jf010677l | pmid = 11754554 | last1 = McGhie | first1 = T. K. | last2 = Ainge | first2 = G. D. | year = 2002 | title = Color in fruit of the genus Actinidia: Carotenoid and chlorophyll compositions | journal = Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry | volume = 50 | issue = 1| pages = 117–121 | bibcode = 2002JAFC...50..117M }}</ref> [[vitamin C]] and [[vitamin E]].

===Culinary===
The fruit in the "acorn" shape can be salted and eaten raw, fried in oil, added to rice, or mixed with sesame seeds and mayonnaise to top salads.{{citation needed|date=July 2018}} The fruit may also be fermented to make ''Matatabi [[sake]]'' and [[miso]], fermented into a fruit wine, or extracted for juice.{{citation needed|date=July 2018}} The leaves, buds, and stems can also be ground into a powder or cut, steamed, and steeped to make tea.{{citation needed|date=July 2018}} Adding mint or sugar can give variations in the tea.{{citation needed|date=July 2018}}

===Products===
Grinding the leaves and stems into a coarser grind than needed for the tea makes ''Matatabi'' grass, which is used as [[bath salt]]s. The vine is used as material for folk crafts, and the sap is collected to make lotions.

====Pets ====
[[File:20170407一只因木天蓼兴奋的猫.gif|thumb|A cat under the influence of ''Actinidia polygama'']]

Silver vine has long been known to elicit euphoric response in cats.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Actinidia+polygama|title = Actinidia polygama|date = 2012|access-date = 2015-01-09|website = PFAF Database|publisher = PFAF}}</ref> The reaction to silver vine is similar to the response to [[catnip]], but appears to be more intense.<ref name="bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com">{{cite journal|last1=Bol|first1=Sebastiaan|title=Responsiveness of cats (Felidae) to silver vine (Actinidia polygama), Tatarian honeysuckle (Lonicera tatarica), valerian (Valeriana officinalis) and catnip (Nepeta cataria)|journal=BMC Veterinary Research|date=16 March 2017|doi=10.1186/s12917-017-0987-6|pmid=28302120|volume=13|issue=1|pmc=5356310|page=70 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Silver vine is an alternative to catnip, and many cats that do not react to catnip will respond positively to silver vine powder made from dried fruit galls.<ref name="bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com"/> Typical behaviors include rolling, chin and cheek rubbing, drooling, and licking. The effect usually lasts between 5 and 30 minutes, but afterwards cats exhibit a [[Refractory period (physiology)|refractory period]] lasting roughly an hour during which they are unresponsive to further dosage.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1126/sciadv.abd9135 |pmc=7817105 |title=The characteristic response of domestic cats to plant iridoids allows them to gain chemical defense against mosquitoes |year=2021 |last1=Uenoyama |first1=Reiko |last2=Miyazaki |first2=Tamako |last3=Hurst |first3=Jane L. |last4=Beynon |first4=Robert J. |last5=Adachi |first5=Masaatsu |last6=Murooka |first6=Takanobu |last7=Onoda |first7=Ibuki |last8=Miyazawa |first8=Yu |last9=Katayama |first9=Rieko |last10=Yamashita |first10=Tetsuro |last11=Kaneko |first11=Shuji |last12=Nishikawa |first12=Toshio |last13=Miyazaki |first13=Masao |journal=Science Advances |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=eabd9135 |pmid=33523929 |bibcode=2021SciA....7.9135U |s2cid=231681044 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

A study published in January 2021 suggests that felines are specifically attracted to the [[iridoids]] [[nepetalactol]] and [[nepetalactone]], present in silver vine and [[catnip]], respectively.<ref name=sciencemag>{{Cite news |last=Moutinho |first=Sofia |date=2021-01-20 |title=Why cats are crazy for catnip |language=en |work=Science |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/why-cats-are-crazy-catnip |access-date=2021-01-28}}</ref> The compounds were found to repel mosquitos, and it is hypothesized that rubbing against the plants provides the cats with a chemical coat that protects them against mosquito bites.<ref name=sciencemag /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Wu |first=Katherine J. |date=2021-01-20 |title=Your Cat Isn't Just Getting High Off Catnip |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/20/science/catnip-mosquito-repellent.html |access-date=2021-01-28 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
{{Clear}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Commons category-inline}}

{{Actinidia species and kiwifruit}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q1357333}}

[[Category:Actinidia|polygama]]
[[Category:Cat attractants]]
[[Category:Flora of China]]
[[Category:Flora of Japan]]
[[Category:Flora of Korea]]
[[Category:Flora of Primorsky Krai]]
[[Category:Fruits originating in East Asia]]
[[Category:Japanese fruit]]
[[Category:Plants used in traditional Chinese medicine]]

Actinidia polygama - Revision history

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