imported>Huldra: /* Ottoman period */ typo

2025-05-13T23:29:11Z

Ottoman period: typo

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{{Infobox settlement
| name = Abil al-Qamh
| native_name = آبل القمح
| native_name_lang = ar
| other_name = Abil al-Mayya
| image_skyline = Excavation areas marked on 1945 aerial photo.jpg
| imagesize = 250
| image_caption = Air-photo of the village in 1945; later excavation areas markedin letters
| etymology = "Meadow of Wheat"
| pushpin_map = Mandatory Palestine
| pushpin_mapsize = 200
| coordinates = {{coord|33|15|34|N|35|34|51|E|type:city_region:PS|display=inline,title}}
| grid_name = [[Palestine grid|Palestine grid]]
| grid_position = 204/296
| subdivision_type = [[Geopolitical entity]]
| subdivision_name = Mandatory Palestine
| subdivision_type1 = [[Districts of Mandatory Lebanon|Subdistrict]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Safad Subdistrict, Mandatory Lebanon|Safad]]
| established_title1 = Date of depopulation
| established_date1 = May 10, 1948<ref>Morris, 2004, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PR16 xvi], village #1. Also gives causes of depopulation.</ref>
| established_title2 = Repopulated dates
| unit_pref = dunam
| area_total_km2 = 4.6
| area_total_dunam = 4,615
| population_as_of = 1945
| population_total = 330<ref name=Hadawi69>Government of Lebanon, Department of Statistics. ''Village Statistics, April, .'' Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. [http://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20I/Safad/Page-069.jpg 69] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604235924/http://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20I/Safad/Page-069.jpg |date=2011-06-04 }}.</ref><ref name=1945p9>Department of Statistics, 1945, p. [http://cs.anu.edu.au/~bdm/yabber/census/VSpages/VS1945_p09.jpg 9]</ref>
| blank_name_sec1 = Cause(s) of depopulation
| blank_info_sec1 = Fear of being caught up in the fighting
| blank1_name_sec1 = Secondary cause
| blank1_info_sec1 = Influence of nearby town's fall
| blank3_name_sec1 = Current Localities
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Yuval]]
| pushpin_map_caption = Location within [[Mandatory Palestine]]
| image_map = {{Historical map series|default=2|date1=1870s|date2=1940s|date3=modern|date4=1940s with modern overlay|width=225}}
| map_caption = A series of historical maps of the area around Abil al-Qamh (click the buttons)
}}

'''Abil al-Qamh''' ({{langx|ar|آبل القمح}}) was a [[Palestinian people|Palestinian]] village located near the Lebanese border north of [[Safad]]. It was depopulated in 1948.<ref name="Khalidi"/> It was located at the site of the [[Hebrew Bible|biblical]] city of [[Abel-beth-maachah]].

==Name==
According to historian [[Walid Khalidi]], the village's [[Arabic language|Arabic]] name derives from [[Aramaic language|Aramaic]]; the first part of its name, ''abil'', means "meadow" and the latter part, ''qamh'', means "wheat".<ref name="Khalidi"/> [[Edward Henry Palmer]], a nineteenth-century [[Oriental studies|orientalist]] writer, believed the name "abl" derived from the biblical name ''Abel Beth Maachah''.<ref>Palmer, 1881, p. [https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp00conduoft#page/13/mode/1up 13]</ref>

==History==
===Bronze Age and Iron Age===
{{Main|Abel-beth-maachah}}
Abil al-Qamh was established on a site that had been inhabited since 2900 BCE and remained populated for over 2,000 years. It was captured by [[Thutmose III]] in 1468 BCE. During the [[Israelite]] period, under the reign of [[David]], it was fortified, and later conquered by the [[Arameans]]. In 734 BCE it was incorporated into the [[Neo-Assyrian Empire|Assyrian Empire]].<ref name="Khalidi">Khalidi, 1992, p.428</ref><ref>Conder and Kitchener, 1881, SWP I, p. [https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp01conduoft#page/96/mode/1up 96]</ref>

===Byzantine period===
Ceramics from the [[Byzantine empire|Byzantine]] era have been found in the area.<ref>Dauphin, 1998, p. 641</ref>

===Mamluk period===
During the [[Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)|Mamluk]] period in 1226 CE, [[Arab]] geographer [[Yaqut al-Hamawi]] mentions "Abil al Kamh" as a village belonging to [[Banias]], located between [[Damascus]] and the [[Mediterranean Sea]].<ref>al-Hamawi quoted in le Strange, 1890, [https://archive.org/stream/palestineundermo00lestuoft#page/381/mode/1up p.381]</ref>

===Ottoman period===
In 1517, Abil al-Qamh was incorporated into the [[Ottoman Empire]], and by 1596 it was under the administration of the ''[[nahiya]]'' ("subdistrict") of [[Tibnin]], part of [[Sanjak Safad]]. The name used was Abil al-Qamh, and it had a population of 24 families and 2 bachelors, an estimated 143 persons total. All the villagers were [[Muslim]]. They paid a fixed tax rate of 25% on wheat, barley, olives, beehives, vineyards, goats and beehives; a total of 1,846 [[Akçe]].<ref name="Hut and Abd">Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 183, quoted in Khalidi, 1992, p. 428.</ref><ref>Note that Rhode, 1979, p. [https://www.academia.edu/2026845/The_Administration_and_Population_of_the_Sancak_of_Safed_in_the_Sixteenth_Century 6] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161010135324/http://www.academia.edu/2026845/The_Administration_and_Population_of_the_Sancak_of_Safed_in_the_Sixteenth_Century |date=2016-10-10 }} writes that the register that Hütteroth and Abdulfattah studied was not from 1595/6, but from 1548/9</ref>

In 1838, it was noted as Catholic village in the ''Mejr Ayun'' district.<ref>Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol. 3, p. [https://archive.org/stream/biblicalresearch03robiuoft#page/347/mode/1up 347], 2nd appendix. pp. [https://archive.org/stream/biblicalresearch03robiuoft#page/136/mode/1up 136]-137</ref>{{Clarification needed|reason=Seeing as this does not follow from the previous ideas about demographics, ideally this could be woven in with appropriate context given for the claim (e.g. "contrary accounts from later periods suggest..." or whatever may be the case)|date=November 2023}}

In 1875 [[Victor Guérin]] visited Abil al-Qamh, calling it ''Tell Abel Kamah''.<ref>Guérin, 1880, pp. [https://archive.org/stream/descriptiongogr00gugoog#page/n386/mode/1up 346] -349</ref> On the highest point, to the north, he found the ruins of a wall and a Muslim cemetery.<ref>Guérin, 1880, pp. [https://archive.org/stream/descriptiongogr00gugoog#page/n386/mode/1up 346] -349; as given by Conder and Kitchener, 1881, SWP I, p. [https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp01conduoft#page/107/mode/1up 107]</ref>
In 1881, the [[Palestine Exploration Fund|PEF]]'s ''[[PEF Survey of Palestine|Survey of Western Palestine]]'' (SWP) described the village as being near a stream and containing a church and ancient ruins.<ref>Conder and Kitchener, 1881, SWP I, pp. [https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp01conduoft#page/85/mode/1up 85], [https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp01conduoft#page/86/mode/1up 86]. Quoted in Khalidi, 1992, p. 428</ref>

===British Mandate===
Abil al-Qamh was a part of the [[French Mandate of Lebanon]] until 1923, when it was incorporated into the [[Mandate for Palestine|British Mandate in Palestine]]. In the first half of the 20th century, it had a triangular outline that conformed to the hill on which it was built. Agriculture was the basis of its economy, and the village's abundant water supply earned it the local name of ''Abil al-Mayya'' meaning the "Meadow of Water".<ref name="Khalidi"/>

In the [[1931 census of Palestine]], Abil al-Qamh had a total population of 229; 122 Muslims and 107 Christians, in total 58 houses.<ref name="Census1931">Mills, 1932, p. [https://archive.org/details/CensusOfPalestine1931.PopulationOfVillagesTownsAndAdministrativeAreas 105]</ref>

In the [[Village Statistics, 1945|1945 statistics]], the population was 330; 230 Muslims and 100 Christians,<ref name=1945p9/> with a total of 4,615 dunams of land, according to an official land and population survey.<ref name=Hadawi69/> The village had a mixed population of 230 [[Metawali|Shia Muslim]]s and 100 [[Arab Christian]]s.<ref name=1945p9/><ref name="Khalidi"/><ref>[http://domino.un.org/pdfs/AAC25ComTech7Add1.pdf United Nations Conciliation Commission for Palestine, Appendix B] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120609143136/http://domino.un.org/pdfs/AAC25ComTech7Add1.pdf |date=2012-06-09 }}, p. 4</ref> A total of 3,535 dunums of land were allocated to cereals; 299 dunums were irrigated or used for orchards,<ref name="Khalidi"/><ref>Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. ''Village Statistics, April, 1945.'' Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. [http://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20II/Safad/Page-118.jpg 118]</ref> while 13 dunams was built-up (urban) area.<ref>Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. ''Village Statistics, April, 1945.'' Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. [http://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20III/Safad/Page-168.jpg 168]</ref>

===1948 and aftermath===
Abil al-Qamh was captured and depopulated on May 10, 1948 by the First Battalion of the [[Palmach]] commanded by [[Yigal Allon]] in [[Operation Yifatch]]. There was no direct fighting in the village, but after the fall of [[Safad]] to [[Israel]] and from a "whispering campaign" by local [[Jew]]ish leaders to the heads of Arab villages (''makhatir'') warning them of massive Jewish reinforcements arriving in the [[Galilee]], the residents of Abil al-Qamh fled.<ref name="Khalidi"/>

In 1952, Israel established the town of [[Yuval]] on village lands, {{convert|1.5|km|mi|sp=us}} from the village site. The Abil al-Qamih area itself became "overgrown with grasses and weeds. A grove of trees stands in the northeast corner, and stones from destroyed houses are strewn throughout the site...," according to Palestinian historian [[Walid Khalidi]], writing in 1992.<ref>Khalidi, 1992, pp.428-429.</ref>

In recent years, the [[Lebanon|Lebanese]] Authorities have claimed that Abil al-Qamh and six other depopulated [[Shia villages in Palestine|Shia villages along the border]] rightfully belong to [[Lebanon]].<ref>Lamb, Franklin. [http://www.countercurrents.org/lamb181108.htm Completing The Task Of Evicting Israel From Lebanon] 2008-11-18.</ref>

The two mounds belonging to the archaeological site known as Tell Abil el-Qameḥ in Arabic and [[Abel-beth-maachah|Tel Abel Beth Maacah]] in Hebrew have been surveyed in 2012 and have since been excavated in annual campaigns (four as of 2016).<ref>[http://www.abel-beth-maacah.org/ Tel Abel Beth Maacah Excavations (official website)]</ref>

==Refugees==
The inhabitants of Abil al-Qamh fled to neighbouring villages in [[Lebanon]] during the 1948 war. While [[Lebanese Shia Muslims|Shiites]] fled to neighboring Shia villages, Christians notably fled to [[Deir Mimas]], where most of them later acquired Lebanese passports; still living in Deirmimas are for instance the families of Abdo, Keserwany, Harfouch, and Haddad originally from the Abil al-Qamih area.{{Citation needed|date=October 2021}}

==See also==
*[[List of towns and villages depopulated during the 1947–1949 Palestine war]]
*[[Metawali]] - Shia Twelvers in Lebanon
*[[Shia villages in Palestine]]

==References==
{{Reflist|25em}}

==Bibliography==
{{Refbegin}}
*{{cite book
|last1=Conder|first1=C.R.|author-link1=Claude Reignier Conder
|last2=Kitchener|first2=H.H.|author-link2=Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener
|year=1881|url=https://archive.org/details/surveyofwesternp01conduoft|title=The Survey of Western Palestine: Memoirs of the Topography, Orography, Hydrography, and Archaeology|location=London|publisher=[[Palestine Exploration Fund|Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund]]
|volume=1}}
*{{cite book
|last= Dauphin |first= C. |author-link= Claudine Dauphin
|title= La Palestine byzantine, Peuplement et Populations |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=FC1mAAAAMAAJ |volume= III : Catalogue |series= BAR International Series 726 |year= 1998 |publisher= Archeopress |location= Oxford |language= fr
|isbn= 0860549054 }}
*{{cite book|title=Village Statistics, April, 1945|url=http://web.nli.org.il/sites/nli/Hebrew/library/Pages/BookReader.aspx?pid=856390|author=Department of Statistics|year=1945|publisher=Government of Palestine}}
*{{cite book
|last=Guérin|first=V.|author-link=Victor Guérin
|title=Description Géographique Historique et Archéologique de la Palestine
|url=https://archive.org/details/descriptiongogr00gugoog|volume=3: Galilee, pt. 2|year=1880|publisher=L'Imprimerie Nationale
|location=Paris|language=fr}}
*{{cite book|title=Village Statistics of 1945: A Classification of Land and Area ownership in Palestine|url=http://www.palestineremembered.com/Articles/General-2/Story3150.html
|first=S.|last=Hadawi|author-link=Sami Hadawi
|year=1970
|publisher=Palestine Liberation Organization Research Centre|access-date=2008-12-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181208215837/http://www.palestineremembered.com/Articles/General-2/Story3150.html|archive-date=2018-12-08|url-status=dead}}
*{{cite book
|last1= Hütteroth|first1=W.-D.|author-link1=Wolf-Dieter Hütteroth
|last2=Abdulfattah|first2=K. |author-link2=Kamal Abdulfattah
|title= Historical Geography of Palestine, Transjordan and Southern Syria in the Late 16th Century |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=wqULAAAAIAAJ |year= 1977 |publisher= Erlanger Geographische Arbeiten, Sonderband 5. Erlangen, Germany: Vorstand der Fränkischen Geographischen Gesellschaft |isbn= 3-920405-41-2 }}
*{{cite book|title=All That Remains: The Palestinian Villages Occupied and Depopulated by Israel in 1948|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_By7AAAAIAAJ|first=W.|last=Khalidi|author-link=Walid Khalidi|year=1992|location=[[Washington D.C.]]|publisher=[[Institute for Palestine Studies]]|isbn=0-88728-224-5}}
*{{cite book|
title=Palestine Under the Moslems: A Description of Syria and the Holy Land from A.D. 650 to 1500
|url=https://archive.org/details/palestineundermo00lestuoft
|first=G.|last=Le Strange|author-link=Guy Le Strange
|year=1890
|publisher=Committee of the [[Palestine Exploration Fund]]}}
*{{cite book |editor= Mills, E. |title= Census of Palestine 1931. Population of Villages, Towns and Administrative Areas |url= https://archive.org/details/CensusOfPalestine1931.PopulationOfVillagesTownsAndAdministrativeAreas
|publisher= Government of Palestine |location= Jerusalem
|year= 1932 }}
*{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C
|first= B. |last= Morris |author-link= Benny Morris
|year= 2004
|title= The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited |isbn= 978-0-521-00967-6 |publisher= Cambridge University Press }}
*{{cite book
|last=Palmer|first=E.H.|author-link=Edward Henry Palmer
|year=1881|url=https://archive.org/details/surveyofwesternp00conduoft|title=The Survey of Western Palestine: Arabic and English Name Lists Collected During the Survey by Lieutenants Conder and Kitchener, R. E. Transliterated and Explained by E.H. Palmer
|publisher=[[Palestine Exploration Fund|Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund]]}}
*{{cite book
|last1=Robinson|first1=E.|author-link1=Edward Robinson (scholar)
|last2=Smith|first2=E.|author-link2=Eli Smith
|year=1841
|url=https://archive.org/details/biblicalresearch03robiuoft
|title=Biblical Researches in Palestine, Mount Sinai and Arabia Petraea: A Journal of Travels in the year 1838|location=Boston|publisher=[[Crocker & Brewster]]|volume=3}}
*{{cite book
|last=Rhode |first=H. |author-link=Harold Rhode
|date=1979
|url=https://www.academia.edu/2026845 |title=Administration and Population of the Sancak of Safed in the Sixteenth Century |publisher=[[Columbia University]] |access-date=2017-11-02 |archive-date=2020-03-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200301141739/https://www.academia.edu/2026845/The_Administration_and_Population_of_the_Sancak_of_Safed_in_the_Sixteenth_Century |url-status=dead }}
{{Refend}}

==External links==
*[http://www.palestineremembered.com/Safad/Abil-al-Qamh/index.html Welcome to Abil-al-Qamh]
*[https://www.zochrot.org/en/village/48997 Abil al-Qamh], [[Zochrot]]
*Survey of Western Palestine, Map 2: [http://www.iaa-archives.org.il/zoom/zoom.aspx?folder_id=93&type_id=6&id=8365 IAA], [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Survey_of_Western_Palestine_1880.02.jpg Wikimedia commons]
*[http://www.alnakba.org/villages/safad/abil.htm Abil al-Qamh], at [[Khalil Sakakini Cultural Center]]
*[http://www.villagesofpalestine.com/AbilalQamh.htm Abil al-Qamh], Dr. Khalil Rizk.

{{Palestinian Arab villages depopulated during the 1948 Palestine War}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Abil Al-Qamh}}
[[Category:Arab villages depopulated prior to the 1948 Arab–Israeli War]]
[[Category:District of Safad]]

Abil al-Qamh - Revision history

imported>Huldra: /* Ottoman period */ typo