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{{Short description|Carbonaceous Themistian asteroid}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox planet
| minorplanet = yes
| name = 938 Chlosinde
| background = #D6D6D6
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| discovery_ref = <ref name="MPC-object" />
| discoverer = [[Karl Reinmuth|K. Reinmuth]]
| discovery_site = [[Heidelberg-Königstuhl State Observatory|Heidelberg Obs.]]
| discovered = 9 September 1920
| mpc_name = (938) Chlosinde
| alt_names = A920 RC{{·}}1948 RJ<br />1920 HQ
| pronounced =
| named_after = {{nowrap|Name picked from the almanac}}<br />''[[Lahrer Hinkender Bote]]''<ref name="springer" />
| mp_category = [[main-belt]]<ref name="MPC-object" /><ref name="jpldata" />{{·}}{{small|([[Kirkwood gap|outer]])}}<br />[[Themis family|Themis]]<ref name="AstDys-object" /><ref name="Ferret" />
| orbit_ref = <ref name="jpldata" />
| epoch = 31 May 2020 ([[Julian day|JD]] 2459000.5)
| uncertainty = 0
| observation_arc = 99.32 [[Julian year (astronomy)|yr]] (36,278 d)
| aphelion = 3.7644 [[Astronomical unit|AU]]
| perihelion = 2.5322 AU
| semimajor = 3.1483 AU
| eccentricity = 0.1957
| period = 5.59 yr (2,040 d)
| mean_anomaly = 265.87[[Degree (angle)|°]]
| mean_motion = {{Deg2DMS|0.1764|sup=ms}} / day
| inclination = 2.6698°
| asc_node = 119.07°
| arg_peri = 225.87°
| mean_diameter = {{plainlist|
* {{val|23.70|1.62|ul=km}}<ref name="AKARI" />
* {{val|26.79|2.5|u=km}}<ref name="SIMPS" />
* {{val|33.466|0.164|u=km}}<ref name="Masiero-2014" />}}
| rotation = {{plainlist|
* {{val|13.702|0.003|ul=h}}<ref name="Owings-2011c" /><ref name="lcdb" />
* {{val|19.204|0.006|u=h}}<ref name="lcdb" /><ref name="Stephens-2011b" />}}
| albedo = {{plainlist|
* {{val|0.069|0.029}}<ref name="Masiero-2014" />
* {{val|0.1178|0.025}}<ref name="SIMPS" />
* {{val|0.151|0.022}}<ref name="AKARI" />}}
| spectral_type = [[C-type asteroid|C]] {{small|([[Sloan Digital Sky Survey|SDSS]]-MOC)}}<ref name="SDSS-Taxonomy" />
| abs_magnitude = 11.3<ref name="MPC-object" /><ref name="jpldata" />
}}

'''938 Chlosinde''' (''[[Minor planet provisional designation|prov. designation]]:'' {{mp|A920 RC}} ''or'' {{mp|1920 HQ}}) is a carbonaceous [[Themistian asteroid]], approximately {{convert|33|km|mi|abbr=off|sigfig=2|sp=us}} in diameter, from the outer regions of the [[asteroid belt]]. It was discovered by astronomer [[Karl Reinmuth]] at the [[Heidelberg Observatory]] in southwest Germany on 9 September 1920.<ref name="MPC-object" /> The [[C-type asteroid]] has an ambiguous [[rotation period]] of 13.7 or 19.2 hours. It was named "Chlosinde", a common German female name unrelated to the discoverer's contemporaries, that was taken from the almanac ''[[Lahrer Hinkender Bote]]''.<ref name="springer" />

== Orbit and classification ==

When applying the [[hierarchical clustering method]] to its [[proper orbital elements]], ''Chlosinde'' is a core member of the [[Themis family]] ({{small|[[FIN tbl#602|602]]}}), a very large [[Asteroid family|family]] of carbonaceous asteroids, named after [[24 Themis]].<ref name="AstDys-object" /><ref name="Ferret" /><ref name="Nesvorny-2014" />{{rp|23}} It orbits the Sun in the [[Kirkwood gap|outer]] asteroid belt at a distance of 2.5–3.8 [[Astronomical unit|AU]] once every 5 years and 7 months (2,040 days; [[semi-major axis]] of 3.15 AU). Its orbit has an [[orbital eccentricity|eccentricity]] of 0.20 and an [[orbital inclination|inclination]] of 3[[Degree (angle)|°]] with respect to the [[ecliptic]].<ref name="jpldata" /> The body's [[observation arc]] begins at [[Heidelberg Observatory]] on 10 September 1920, the night after its official discovery observation.<ref name="MPC-object" />

== Naming ==

This [[minor planet]] was named "Chlosinde", after a female name picked from the ''[[Lahrer Hinkender Bote]]'', published in [[Lahr]], southern Germany.<ref name="springer" /><ref name="Laher" /> A ''Hinkender Bote'' (lit. "limping messenger") was a very popular [[almanac]], especially in the [[Alemannic German|alemannic-speaking]] region from the late 17th throughout the early 20th century. The [[Calendar (stationery)|calendar]] section contains [[feast days]], the dates of important fairs and [[Ephemeris|astronomical ephemerides]]. For 21 June, the calendar gives "Chlosinde" as the German [[name day]] analogue next to ''Albanus'' and ''Aloisius'', the protestant and catholic entries in the [[calendar of saints]], likely referring to [[Saint Alban]] and [[Aloysius Gonzaga]].<ref name="Laher-Chlosinde" />

=== Reinmuth's ''calendar names'' ===

As with 22 other asteroids – starting with [[913 Otila]], and ending with [[1144 Oda]] – Reinmuth selected names from this calendar due to his many asteroid discoveries that he had trouble thinking of proper names. These names are not related to the discoverer's contemporaries. [[Lutz Schmadel]], the author of the ''Dictionary of Minor Planet Names'' learned about Reinmuth's source of inspiration from private communications with Dutch astronomer [[Ingrid van Houten-Groeneveld]], who worked as a young astronomer at Heidelberg.<ref name="springer" />

== Physical characteristics ==

In the [[Sloan Digital Sky Survey|SDSS]]-based taxonomy, ''Chlosinde'' is a carbonaceous [[C-type asteroid]],<ref name="SDSS-Taxonomy" /> which agrees with the Themis family's overall [[Asteroid spectral type|spectral type]].<ref name="Nesvorny-2014" />{{rp|23}}

=== Rotation period ===

In August 2010, a rotational [[lightcurve]] of ''Chlosinde'' was obtained from [[Photometry (astronomy)|photometric]] observations by [[Robert D. Stephens|Robert Stephens]] at the Santana Observatory {{Obscode|646}} and Goat Mountain Astronomical Research Station {{Obscode|G79}} in California. Lightcurve analysis gave a [[rotation period]] of {{val|19.204|0.006}} hours with a low brightness variation of {{val|0.16|0.03}} [[Magnitude (astronomy)|magnitude]], indicative of a rather spherical shape ({{small|[[LCDB quality code|U=2]]}}). However the result is ambiguous with an alternative period solution of {{val|13.72}} hours.<ref name="Stephens-2011b" /> In September 2010, Larry Owings determined at period of {{val|13.702|0.003}} hours with an amplitude of {{val|0.12|0.01}} magnitude at the Barnes Ridge Observatory in California ({{small|[[LCDB quality code|U=2]]}}).<ref name="Owings-2011c" />

=== Diameter and albedo ===

According to the survey carried out by the Japanese [[Akari (satellite)|Akari satellite]], the Infrared Astronomical Satellite [[IRAS]], and the [[NEOWISE]] mission of NASA's [[Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer]], ''Chlosinde'' measures ({{val|23.70|1.62}}), ({{val|26.79|2.5}}) and ({{val|33.466|0.164}}) kilometers in diameter and its surface has an [[astronomical albedo|albedo]] of ({{val|0.151|0.022}}), ({{val|0.1178|0.025}}) and ({{val|0.069|0.029}}), respectively.<ref name="AKARI" /><ref name="SIMPS" /><ref name="Masiero-2014" />

The ''Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link'' derives an albedo of 0.0756 and a diameter of 26.56 km based on an [[absolute magnitude]] of 11.3.<ref name="lcdb" /> Further published mean-diameters and albedos by the WISE team include ({{val|27.255|6.661|u=km}}), ({{val|33.97|0.32|u=km}}), and ({{val|36.146|0.366|u=km}}) with corresponding albedos of ({{val|0.0565|0.0310}}), ({{val|0.046|0.009}}), and ({{val|0.0647|0.0112}}).<ref name="Ferret" /><ref name="lcdb" />

== References ==
{{reflist|30em|refs=

<ref name="jpldata">{{cite web
|type = 2020-01-07 last obs.
|title = JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 938 Chlosinde (A920 RC)
|url = https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=2000938
|publisher = [[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]]
|access-date = 16 February 2020}}</ref>

<ref name="springer">{{cite book
|title = Dictionary of Minor Planet Names
|url = https://archive.org/details/dictionaryminorp00schm
|url-access = limited
|last = Schmadel | first = Lutz D.
|publisher = Springer Berlin Heidelberg
|chapter = (938) Chlosinde
|page = [https://archive.org/details/dictionaryminorp00schm/page/n96 83]
|date = 2007
|doi = 10.1007/978-3-540-29925-7_939
|isbn = 978-3-540-00238-3}}</ref>

<ref name="Laher">{{cite web
|title = Lahrer hinkender Bote – Kalender 1925
|date = 1925
|page = 1
|website = Badischen Landesbibliothek
|url = https://digital.blb-karlsruhe.de/blbihd/periodical/pageview/3467471
|access-date = 16 February 2020}} [https://digital.blb-karlsruhe.de/topic/view/3617734 ''Lahrer Bote'' index]</ref>

<ref name="Laher-Chlosinde">{{cite web
|title = Lahrer hinkender Bote – Kalender 1925
|date = 1925
|page = 12
|website = Badischen Landesbibliothek
|url = https://digital.blb-karlsruhe.de/blbihd/periodical/pageview/3467484
|access-date = 10 February 2020}}</ref>

<ref name="MPC-object">{{cite web
|title = 938 Chlosinde (A920 RC)
|work = Minor Planet Center
|url = https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/db_search/show_object?object_id=938
|access-date = 16 February 2020}}</ref>

<ref name="Masiero-2014">{{cite journal
|display-authors = 6
|first1 = Joseph R. |last1 = Masiero
|first2 = T. |last2 = Grav
|first3 = A. K. |last3 = Mainzer
|first4 = C. R. |last4 = Nugent
|first5 = J. M. |last5 = Bauer
|first6 = R. |last6 = Stevenson
|first7 = S. |last7 = Sonnett
|date = August 2014
|title = Main-belt Asteroids with WISE/NEOWISE: Near-infrared Albedos
|journal = The Astrophysical Journal
|volume = 791
|issue = 2
|page = 11
|bibcode = 2014ApJ...791..121M
|doi = 10.1088/0004-637X/791/2/121
|arxiv = 1406.6645}}</ref>

<ref name="AKARI">{{cite journal
|display-authors = 6
|first1 = Fumihiko |last1 = Usui
|first2 = Daisuke |last2 = Kuroda
|first3 = Thomas G. |last3 = Müller
|first4 = Sunao |last4 = Hasegawa
|first5 = Masateru |last5 = Ishiguro
|first6 = Takafumi |last6 = Ootsubo
|first7 = Daisuke |last7 = Ishihara
|first8 = Hirokazu |last8 = Kataza
|first9 = Satoshi |last9 = Takita
|first10 = Shinki |last10 = Oyabu
|first11 = Munetaka |last11 = Ueno
|first12 = Hideo |last12 = Matsuhara
|first13 = Takashi |last13 = Onaka
|date = October 2011
|title = Asteroid Catalog Using Akari: AKARI/IRC Mid-Infrared Asteroid Survey
|journal = Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan
|volume = 63
|issue = 5
|pages = 1117–1138
|bibcode = 2011PASJ...63.1117U
|doi = 10.1093/pasj/63.5.1117
|doi-access= free
}} ([http://vizier.cfa.harvard.edu/viz-bin/VizieR-5?-source=J/PASJ/63/1117/acua_v1&Num=938 online], [https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/43545172.pdf AcuA catalog p. 153])</ref>

<ref name="SIMPS">{{cite journal
|first1 = E. F. |last1 = Tedesco
|first2 = P. V. |last2 = Noah
|first3 = M. |last3 = Noah
|first4 = S. D. |last4 = Price
|date = October 2004
|title = IRAS Minor Planet Survey V6.0
|url = https://sbnarchive.psi.edu/pds3/iras/IRAS_A_FPA_3_RDR_IMPS_V6_0/data/diamalb.tab
|journal = NASA Planetary Data System
|volume = 12
|pages = IRAS-A-FPA-3-RDR-IMPS-V6.0
|bibcode = 2004PDSS...12.....T
|access-date = 16 February 2020}}</ref>

<ref name="lcdb">{{cite web
|title = LCDB Data for (938) Chlosinde
|publisher = Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB)
|url = http://www.minorplanet.info/PHP/generateOneAsteroidInfo.php?AstInfo=938
|access-date = 16 February 2020}}</ref>

<ref name="Ferret">{{cite web
|title = Asteroid 938 Chlosinde
|work = Small Bodies Data Ferret
|url = https://sbntools.psi.edu/ferret/SimpleSearch/results.action?targetName=938+Chlosinde
|access-date = 16 February 2020}}</ref>

<ref name="AstDys-object">{{cite web
|title = Asteroid 938 Chlosinde – Proper Elements
|publisher = AstDyS-2, Asteroids – Dynamic Site
|url = https://newton.spacedys.com/astdys/index.php?pc=1.1.6&n=938
|access-date= 16 February 2020}}</ref>

<ref name="Nesvorny-2014">{{Cite journal
|first1 = D. |last1 = Nesvorný
|first2 = M. |last2 = Broz
|first3 = V. |last3 = Carruba
|date = December 2014
|title = Identification and Dynamical Properties of Asteroid Families
|journal = Asteroids IV
|pages = 297–321
|bibcode = 2015aste.book..297N
|doi = 10.2458/azu_uapress_9780816532131-ch016
|arxiv = 1502.01628}}</ref>

<ref name="Stephens-2011b">{{Cite journal
|first1 = Robert D. |last1 = Stephens
|date = January 2011
|title = Asteroids Observed from GMARS and Santana Observatories: 2010 July - September
|url = http://www.minorplanet.info/MPB/issues/MPB_38-1.pdf
|journal = The Minor Planet Bulletin
|volume = 38
|issue = 1
|pages = 23–24
|bibcode = 2011MPBu...38...23S}}</ref>

<ref name="Owings-2011c">{{Cite journal
|first1 = Larry E. |last1 = Owings
|date = July 2011
|title = Lightcurves for 938 Cholsinde, 1342 Brabantia, 2715 Mielikki, and 3252 Johnny
|url = http://www.minorplanet.info/MPB/issues/MPB_38-3.pdf
|journal = The Minor Planet Bulletin
|volume = 38
|issue = 3
|pages = 141
|bibcode = 2011MPBu...38..141O}}</ref>

<ref name="SDSS-Taxonomy">{{Cite journal
|first1 = J. M. |last1 = Carvano
|first2 = P. H. |last2 = Hasselmann
|first3 = D. |last3 = Lazzaro
|first4 = T. |last4 = Mothé-Diniz
|date = February 2010
|title = SDSS-based taxonomic classification and orbital distribution of main belt asteroids
|url = https://sbnarchive.psi.edu/pds3/non_mission/EAR_A_I0035_5_SDSSTAX_V1_1/data/sdsstax_ast_table.tab
|journal = Astronomy and Astrophysics
|volume = 510
|page = 12
|bibcode = 2010A&A...510A..43C
|doi = 10.1051/0004-6361/200913322
|access-date= 30 October 2019|doi-access= free
}} [https://sbn.psi.edu/pds/resource/sdsstax.html (PDS data set)]</ref>

}} 

== External links ==
* [http://www.minorplanet.info/PHP/OneAsteroidInfo.php Lightcurve Database Query] (LCDB), at ''www.minorplanet.info''
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=aeAg1X7afOoC&pg Dictionary of Minor Planet Names], Google books
* [http://www.minorplanetcenter.net/iau/lists/NumberedMPs000001.html Discovery Circumstances: Numbered Minor Planets (1)-(5000)] – Minor Planet Center
* {{AstDys|938}}
* {{JPL small body}}

{{Minor planets navigator |937 Bethgea |number=938 |939 Isberga}}
{{Small Solar System bodies}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chlosinde}}
[[Category:Themis asteroids|000938]]
[[Category:Discoveries by Karl Wilhelm Reinmuth]]
[[Category:Named minor planets]]
[[Category:Astronomical objects discovered in 1920|19200909]]

938 Chlosinde - Revision history

imported>Beland: convert special characters found by Wikipedia:Typo Team/moss (via WP:JWB)