imported>GreenC bot: Reformat 1 archive link. Wayback Medic 2.5 per WP:USURPURL and JUDI batch #27al

2025-05-05T03:09:43Z

Reformat 1 archive link. Wayback Medic 2.5 per WP:USURPURL and JUDI batch #27al

New page

{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = 'Akbara
| native_name = عكبرة
| native_name_lang = ar
| settlement_type = Village

| image_skyline = Akbara ap 002.JPG
| image_caption = Modern village of Akbara
| etymology = possibly from male [[jerboa]]<ref>Palmer, 1881, pp. [https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp00conduoft#page/61/mode/1up 61], [https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp00conduoft#page/66/mode/1up 66]</ref>

| pushpin_map = Mandatory Palestine | pushpin_map_caption = Location within [[Mandatory Palestine]] | image_map = {{Historical map series|default=2|date1=1870s|date2=1940s|date3=modern|date4=1940s with modern overlay|width=225}} | map_caption = A series of historical maps of the area around 'Akbara (click the buttons)
| pushpin_mapsize = 200
| coordinates = {{coord|32|56|22|N|35|29|58|E|type:city_region:PS|display=inline,title}}
| grid_name = [[Palestine grid|Palestine grid]]
| grid_position = 197/260

| subdivision_type = [[Geopolitical entity]]
| subdivision_name = [[Mandatory Palestine]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[Districts of Mandatory Palestine|Subdistrict]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Safad Subdistrict, Mandatory Palestine|Safad]]

| established_title1 = Date of depopulation
| established_date1 = 10 May 1948<ref name="BM2004">Morris, 2004, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA224 224]</ref>
| established_title2 = Repopulated dates

| unit_pref = dunam
| area_total_dunam = 3,224
| area_footnotes =<ref name=Hadawi69/>

| population_as_of = 1945
| population_total = 390
| population_footnotes = <ref name=1945p9>Department of Statistics, 1945, p. [http://users.cecs.anu.edu.au/~bdm/yabber/census/VSpages/VS1945_p09.jpg 9]</ref><ref name=Hadawi69>Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. ''Village Statistics, April, 1945.'' Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. [http://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20I/Safad/Page-069.jpg 69]</ref>

| blank_name_sec1 = Cause(s) of depopulation
| blank_info_sec1 = Military assault by [[Yishuv]] forces
}}

'''{{'}}Akbara''' ({{langx|ar|عكبرة}}) is an Arab village in the [[Israel|Israeli municipality]] of [[Safed]], which included in 2010 more than 200 families.<ref name=Ashkenazi2010>
{{cite news
| last = Ashkenazi
| first = Eli
| title = Safed, a Model for Coexistence or Sectarian Tinderbox?
| date = 2010-11-04
| url = https://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/features/safed-a-model-for-coexistence-or-sectarian-tinderbox-1.322812
}}
</ref> It is 2.5 km south of Safed City. The village was rebuilt in 1977, close to the old village destroyed in 1948 during the [[1947–1949 Palestine war]].

== Location ==
The village of 'Akbara was situated 2.5 km south of [[Safad]], along the two sides of a deep [[wadi]] that ran north–south. Southeast of the village lay ''Khirbet al-'Uqeiba'', identified as the [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] village ''Achabare'', or ''Acchabaron''. This ''khirba'' was a populated village as late as 1904.<ref>Khalidi, 1992, p. 430.</ref>

== History ==

The first 'Akbara mention is during [[Second Temple period]] by [[Josephus Flavius]], he noted ''the rock of Acchabaron (Ακχαβαρων πετραν)'' among the places in the [[Upper Galilee]] he fortified as a preparation for the [[First Jewish–Roman War|First Jewish Revolt]], while leading rebel forces against the Romans in [[Galilee]].<ref name="Leibner2009p108">Leibner, 2009, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=bsxkXam_QzwC&pg=PA108 108]</ref><ref name=Bohstrom2016>
{{cite news
| last = Bohstrom
| first = Philippe
| title = Caves in Which Jewish Rebels Hid From Romans 2,000 Years Ago Found in Galilee
| date = 2016-09-29
| url = http://www.haaretz.com/jewish/archaeology/1.744834
}}
</ref> This site is identified with caves situated along the cliffs south of 'Akbara.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last=Rogers |first=Guy MacLean |title=For the Freedom of Zion: the Great Revolt of Jews against Romans, 66-74 CE |date=2021 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-24813-5 |location=New Haven |pages=532}}</ref>

The nearby ''Khirbet al-'Uqeiba'' was first excavated during the [[Mandatory Palestine|Mandate]] period, and was shown to contain remains such as building foundations, hewn stones, and wine presses.<ref>Khalidi, 1992, p. 431</ref> [[Cistern]]s,<ref>Dauphin, 1998, pp. 658-9</ref> tombs, oil press and walls of ancient [[synagogue]] have also been found.<ref name="TsafrirSegni1994">Tsafrir, Di Segni and Green, 1994, p. 56</ref> Foerster identifies the ruins as the "early Galilean type" synagogue.<ref name="Chiat1982">{{cite book|author=Marilyn Joyce Segal Chiat|title=Handbook of Synagogue Architecture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NzdUAAAAMAAJ|date=1 January 1982|publisher=Scholars Press|isbn=978-0-89130-524-8|page=57}}</ref> According to Liebner, a 1965 letter in the IAA composed by antiquities inspector N. Tfilinski notes a Hebrew inscription on a building stone found at the site. The current location of the stone is unknown.<ref>{{Citation |title=LXIII. Acchabaron (mod. ʿAkbara) |date=2023-03-20 |work=Volume 5/Part 1 Galilaea and Northern Regions: 5876-6924 |pages=311–311 |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110715774-071/html |access-date=2024-02-07 |publisher=De Gruyter |language=en |doi=10.1515/9783110715774-071/html |isbn=978-3-11-071577-4}}</ref>

Above the settlement, a 135 m high vertical cliff is located. There are one hundred and twenty-nine natural and man-made caves interconnected by passages in the cliff. According to tradition, those caves were used for shelter by Jews during their war with Romans. During archeological excavations, coins from [[Tel Dor|Dor]] and [[Sepphoris]] were found in the caves, dating to the Roman emperor [[Trajan]] period.<ref name="ShivtielFrumkin2014" />

Akbara/Akbari/Akbora/Akborin is mentioned several times in [[Rabbinic literature]] as early as second half of the third century CE. According to some traditions [[Rabbi Yannai]] disciplines lived in 'Akbara forming an agricultural community; R. Yannai established a [[bet midrash]] there.<ref name="Oppenheimer2005">{{cite book|author=A'haron Oppenheimer|title=Between Rome and Babylon: Studies in Jewish Leadership and Society|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BPkfQl2iDx8C&pg=PA156|year=2005|publisher=Mohr Siebeck|isbn=978-3-16-148514-5|pages=156–157}}</ref><ref name="Miller2006">{{cite book|author=Stuart S. Miller|title=Sages and Commoners in Late Antique ʼEreẓ Israel: A Philological Inquiry Into Local Traditions in Talmud Yerushalmi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c4teDvr-uuEC&pg=PA46|year=2006|publisher=Mohr Siebeck|isbn=978-3-16-148567-1|page=46}}</ref><ref name="Rozenfeld2010">{{cite book|author=Ben Tsiyon Rozenfeld|title=Torah Centers and Rabbinic Activity in Palestine, 70-400 CE: History and Geographic Distribution|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dD_dGmWh73QC&pg=PA150|year=2010|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-17838-0|pages=150–151}}</ref> The earliest mention of this bet midrash is in the context of discussions between [[Johanan bar Nappaha|Rabbi Yohanan]] and sages of 'Akbara.<ref name="Leibner2009p109">Leibner, 2009, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=bsxkXam_QzwC&pg=PA109 109]</ref> According to [[Talmud]] school of [[Jose ben Abin|Rabbi Jose bar Abin]] was also in Akbara.<ref name="ConderKitchener1881">Conder and Kitchener, 1881, SWP I, p. [https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp01conduoft#page/205/mode/1up 205]</ref> Several of the rabbis mentioned in [[Pirkei Avot]] lived in 'Akbara.<ref name="AvondaleBritain)1886">{{cite book|author1=Albert Victor (duke of Clarence and Avondale)|author2=George V (King of Great Britain)|title=The Cruise of Her Majesty's Ship "Bacchante", 1879-1882: The East|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2B9FAAAAYAAJ|year=1886|publisher=Macmillan and co.|page=695}}</ref> Akbara is mentioned as the burial place of several [[Talmudic]] sages: Rabbi Nehurai also Rabbi Yannai and Rabbi Dostai his son are buried "in the gardens" "by the spring".<ref name="ConderKitchener1881"/> According to tradition, the body of [[Eleazar b. Simeon|Rabbi Elazar ben Simeon]] was laying for twenty two years in his widow's garret in Akbara since he told her not to allow his colleagues to bury him. Rabbi Elazar ben Simeon feared to be dishonoured due to his aid to the Romans.<ref name="Friedman1896">{{cite book|author=Dov Aryeh B. Leib Friedman|title=Rabbis of Ancient Times: Biographical Sketches of the Talmudic Period (300 B.C.E. to 500 C.E.). Supplemented with Maxims and Proverbs of the Talmud|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j1VKAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA19|year=1896|publisher=Rochester Volksblatt|pages=19–20}}</ref><ref name="Tudèle1841">{{cite book|author=Benjamin De Tudèle|title=The Itinerary of Rabbi Benjamin of Tudela|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RNUWAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA427|year=1841|publisher=A. Asher|page=427}}</ref><ref name="Graetz1873">{{cite book|author=Heinrich Graetz|title=History of the Jews from the Downfall of the Jewish State to the Conclusion of the Talmud|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XAk4AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA167|year=1873|publisher=American Jewish Publication Society|pages=167–168}}</ref>

The local Jewish community is attested during Fatimid rule of 969 to 1099 by the [[Cairo Geniza]].<ref name="Leibner2009p106">Leibner, 2009, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=bsxkXam_QzwC&pg=PA106 106]</ref> [[Samuel ben Samson]] visited 'Akbara during his 1210 Palestine pilgrimage, he described the tomb of Rabbi Meir he had found there.<ref name="Adler2014">{{cite book|author=Elkan Nathan Adler|title=Jewish Travellers|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mflHAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA103|date=4 April 2014|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-28606-5|pages=103–110}}</ref> In 1258 [[Great Academy of Paris|Jacob of Paris]] visited Akbara and found there, according to Pirkei Avot, tombs of Rabbi Nehurai.<ref name="ConderKitchener1881"/>

===Ottoman era===
'Akbara, was incorporated into the [[Ottoman Empire]] in 1517. [[Moshe Basola]] visited the village in 1522 and said that he had found there "destroyed synagogue, 3 cubits high remaining on two sides". Later in 1968 the remains of the synagogue were identified by Foester.<ref name="Leibner2009p107">Leibner, 2009, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=bsxkXam_QzwC&pg=PA107 107]</ref> In the [[Defter|census]] of 1596, the village was part of the ''[[nahiya]]'' ("subdistrict") of ''Jira'', part of [[Liwa Safad]], with a population of 36 households and 1 bachelor, all [[Muslim]]s. It paid taxes on a number of crops and produce, including wheat, barley, summer crops, [[olives]], occasional revenues, goats, beehives, and a press which was either used for processing grapes or olives; a total of 6,115 [[akçe]]. 6/24 of the revenue went to a [[waqf]].<ref name=HA176>Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 176. Note that there is a typo in the grid numbers; they give grid numbers 197/200 for ''Akbar al-Hattab'', however, on their maps it is placed in the correct position, around 197/260. Rhode, 1979, p. [https://www.academia.edu/2026845/The_Administration_and_Population_of_the_Sancak_of_Safed_in_the_Sixteenth_Century 69] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190420031504/https://www.academia.edu/2026845/The_Administration_and_Population_of_the_Sancak_of_Safed_in_the_Sixteenth_Century |date=2019-04-20 }} correctly places ''Akbarat al-Hiqab'' at 197/260</ref><ref>Rhode, 1979, p. [https://www.academia.edu/2026845/The_Administration_and_Population_of_the_Sancak_of_Safed_in_the_Sixteenth_Century 6] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190420031504/https://www.academia.edu/2026845/The_Administration_and_Population_of_the_Sancak_of_Safed_in_the_Sixteenth_Century |date=2019-04-20 }} writes that the register that Hütteroth and Abdulfattah studied was not from 1595/6, but from 1548/9</ref>

In 1648 a Turkish traveler [[Evliya Çelebi|Evliya Tshelebi]] visited Galilee and reflected on history of Akbara cliff caves, which according to tradition were used as a shelter by Jews: <blockquote>"The children of Israel escaped the plague and hid in
these caves. Then Allah sent them a bad spirit which caused them to perish within the caves. Their skeletons, heaped together, can be seen there to this day."<ref name="ShivtielFrumkin2014">
{{cite journal
| last1 = Shivtiel
| first1 = Yinon
| last2 = Frumkin
| first2 = Amos
| title = The use of caves as security measures in the Early Roman Period in the Galilee: Cliff Settlements and Shelter Caves
| journal = Caderno de Geografia
| volume = 24
| issue = 41
| pages = 79–81, 85–87
| year = 2014
| url = http://periodicos.pucminas.br/index.php/geografia/article/download/6482/5985
| issn = 2318-2962
}}
</ref></blockquote>In 1838, it was noted as a village in the Safad district,<ref>Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol 3, 2nd appendix, p. [https://archive.org/stream/biblicalresearch03robiuoft#page/134/mode/1up 134]</ref> while in 1875 [[Victor Guérin]] visited, and described it thus: <blockquote>"The ruins of Akbara cover a hillock whose slopes were formerly sustained by walls forming terraces; the threshing floors of an Arab village occupy the summit. Round these are grouped the remains of ancient constructions now overthrown."
"The village lies on the east of the wady. It is dominated by a platform on which foundations can be traced of a rectangular enclosure called ''el Kuneiseh'', measuring thirty paces in length by twenty-three in breadth. It stands east and west, and was firmly constructed of good cut stones. The interior is at present given up to cultivation. This enclosure seems to have been once a Christian church."<ref>Guérin, 1880, pp. [https://archive.org/stream/descriptiongogr01unkngoog#page/n364/mode/1up 351]–353, as given by Conder and Kitchener, 1881, SWP I, p. [https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp01conduoft#page/219/mode/1up 219]</ref></blockquote>In 1881, the [[Palestine Exploration Fund|PEF]]'s ''[[PEF Survey of Palestine|Survey of Western Palestine]]'' (SWP) described Akbara as a village built of stone and [[adobe]] with about 90 inhabitants who cultivated [[olive]] and [[ficus|fig]] trees.<ref>Conder and Kitchener, 1881, SWP I, p. [https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp01conduoft#page/196/mode/1up 196]. Quoted in Khalidi, 1992, p. 430.</ref>

A population list from about 1887 showed ''Akbara'' to have about 335 inhabitants, all Muslims.<ref>Schumacher, 1888, p. [https://archive.org/stream/quarterlystateme19pale#page/n213/mode/1up 188]</ref>

===British Mandate era===
[[File:10082012a 005.jpg|thumb|'Akbara, as seen from adjacent hill]]
In the [[1922 census of Palestine]] conducted by the [[Mandatory Palestine|British Mandate authorities]], ''Akbara'' had a population of 147; all Muslims,<ref name="Census1922">Barron, 1923, Table XI, Sub-district of Safad, p. [https://archive.org/stream/PalestineCensus1922/Palestine%20Census%20%281922%29#page/n43/mode/1up 41]</ref> increasing in the [[1931 census of Palestine|1931 census]] to 275, still all Muslims, in a total of 49 houses.<ref name="Census1931">Mills, 1932, p. [https://archive.org/details/CensusOfPalestine1931.PopulationOfVillagesTownsAndAdministrativeAreas 105]</ref>

During this period the village houses were made of masonry.<ref>Khalidi, 1992, pp. 430–431</ref> In the [[Village Statistics, 1945|1945 statistics]] the population was 390 Muslims,<ref name=1945p9/> and the total land area was 3,224 [[Dunam|dunums]];<ref name=Hadawi69/> 2,222 dunums was used for [[cereal]]s, 199 dunums were irrigated or used for orchards,<ref>Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. ''Village Statistics, April, 1945.'' Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. [http://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20II/Safad/Page-118.jpg 118]</ref> while 6 dunams were built-up (urban) land.<ref>Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. ''Village Statistics, April, 1945.'' Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. [http://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20III/Safad/Page-168.jpg 168]</ref>
[[File:‘Akbara.jpg|thumb|'Akbara before its conquest on 9 May 1948]]

=== Israeli era ===
During the siege of Safad 'Akbara was targeted for occupation in line with [[Plan D|Plan Dalet]].<ref>Morris, 2004, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA223 223]</ref> The [[Hagana]] attack was launched on 9 May and completed by the [[Palmach]] first battalion. It was found that many of the villagers had [[Nakba|fled]] due to news of [[Deir Yassin massacre|Deir Yassin]] and [[Ein al-Zeitun massacre|'Ein al Zeitun]], the village was then blown up and destroyed.<ref name="BM2004"/>

On 25 May 1948, during [[Operation Yiftah]], under the command of [[Yigal Allon]], Galilee was cleared of its Palestinian Arab population.<ref>Morris 2004, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA248 248]</ref> The Palmach's First Battalion.<ref>Morris 2004, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA250 250]</ref> Following the 25 May exodus of [[al-Khisas]] the last 55 villagers who had remained in their homes for just over a year were 'transferred' by Israeli forces despite having good relations and collaborating with Jewish settlements in the area.<ref name=bmeron>Benvenisti, 2002, pp. 206-[https://archive.org/details/sacredlandscapeb00benvrich/page/n236 207]</ref> During the night of 5/6 June 1949, the village of al-Khisas was surrounded by trucks and the villagers were forced into the trucks ’with kicks, curses and maltreatment,’ in the words of a [[Mapam]] Knesset member, [[Elizer Peri]], quoted by Morris: <blockquote>"The remaining villagers said that they had been ’forced with their hands to destroy their dwellings,’ and had been treated like ’cattle.’ They were then dumped on a bare, sun-scorched hillside near the village of ’Akbara [by then an abandoned Palestinian Arab village] where they were left ’wandering in the wilderness, thirsty and hungry.’ They lived there under inhuman conditions for years afterwards," along with the inhabitants of at least two other villages ([[Qaddita]] and [[al-Ja'una]]) expelled in similar circumstances.<ref>Morris, 2004, pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA511 511]–512</ref> </blockquote>The expellees remained at ’Akbara for eighteen years until agreeing to resettlement in [[Hamaam, Israel|Wadi Hamam]].<ref name="bmeron" />
[[File:Safad 1946.jpg|thumb|right|'Akbara, 1946]]

[[Salman Abu-Sitta]], author of the ''Atlas of Palestine'',<ref name=PRbiblio>{{Citation |title=Bibliography and References |publisher=Palestine Remembered |date=25 June 2007 |access-date=2007-12-20 |url=http://www.palestineremembered.com/Bibliography.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090109201713/http://palestineremembered.com/Bibliography.html |archive-date=9 January 2009 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> estimated that the number of [[Palestinian refugee]]s from 'Akbara in 1998 was 1,852 people.<ref name=PR>{{Citation |title=Welcome to 'Akbara |publisher=Palestine Remembered |access-date=2007-12-20 |url=http://www.palestineremembered.com/Safad/Akbara/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080704132150/http://palestineremembered.com/Safad/Akbara/index.html |archive-date=2008-07-04 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Of what remains of 'Akbara's built structures, [[Walid Khalidi]] wrote in 1992 that "The original inhabitants of the village were replaced by [[Present absentee|'internal' refugees]] from [[Qaddita]] villages several kilometers north of Safad. Since 1980, however, these internal refugees have been gradually relocated to the nearby, planned village of 'Akbara, 0.5 km west of the old village site. As a precondition of the relocation, each family was required to demolish its home in the former village. Today, fifteen of the old houses still stand on the site, in addition to the school. The new village of 'Akbara was placed under the administration of the city of Safad in 1977.<ref name=PR/><ref>Khalidi, 1992, p xix</ref> It is now a neighbourhood of the city of [[Safed]].{{Clarification needed|reason=Not clear where the Khalidi quotation ends?|date=November 2023}}

== See also ==
* [[List of massacres committed during the 1948 Arab-Israeli war]]
* [[Nahal Akbara]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|25em}}

== Bibliography ==
{{Refbegin}}
*{{cite book | editor =Barron, J.B. | title =Palestine: Report and General Abstracts of the Census of 1922 | url =https://archive.org/details/PalestineCensus1922 | publisher =Government of Palestine | year =1923 }}
*{{cite book|title=Sacred Landscape: The Buried History of the Holy Land Since 1948|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7itq6zYtSJwC|first=M.|last=Benvenisti|author-link=Meron Benvenisti|year=2002|isbn=978-0-520-23422-2|publisher=University of California Press}}
*{{cite book|last1=Conder|first1=C.R.|author-link1=Claude Reignier Conder|last2=Kitchener|first2=H.H.|author-link2=Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener|year=1881|url=https://archive.org/details/surveyofwesternp01conduoft|title=The Survey of Western Palestine: Memoirs of the Topography, Orography, Hydrography, and Archaeology|location=London|publisher=[[Palestine Exploration Fund|Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund]]|volume=1}} (p. [https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp01conduoft#page/205/mode/1up 205])
*{{cite book |last= Dauphin |first = C.|author-link= Claudine Dauphin| title = La Palestine byzantine, Peuplement et Populations | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=FC1mAAAAMAAJ | volume = III : Catalogue | series = BAR International Series 726 | year = 1998 | publisher = Archeopress | location = Oxford | language = fr | isbn = 0860549054 }}
*{{cite book|title=Village Statistics, April, 1945|url=http://web.nli.org.il/sites/nli/Hebrew/library/Pages/BookReader.aspx?pid=856390|author=Department of Statistics|year=1945|publisher=Government of Palestine}}
*{{cite book|last=Gelber| first=Y.|author-link=Yoav Gelber|title=Palestine 1948: War, Escape And The Emergence Of The Palestinian Refugee Problem|year=2006|publisher= [[Sussex Academic Press]]| isbn=1-84519-075-0}}
*{{cite book|last=Guérin|first=V.|author-link=Victor Guérin|title=Description Géographique Historique et Archéologique de la Palestine|url=https://archive.org/details/descriptiongogr01unkngoog|volume=3: Galilee, pt. 1|year=1880|publisher=L'Imprimerie Nationale|location=Paris|language=fr}}
*{{cite book|title=Village Statistics of 1945: A Classification of Land and Area ownership in Palestine|url=http://www.palestineremembered.com/Articles/General-2/Story3150.html|first=S.|last=Hadawi|author-link=Sami Hadawi|year=1970|publisher=Palestine Liberation Organization Research Center}}
*{{cite book |last1=Hütteroth|first1=W.-D.|author-link1=Wolf-Dieter Hütteroth |first2=K. | last2=Abdulfattah |author-link2=Kamal Abdulfattah|title=Historical Geography of Palestine, Transjordan and Southern Syria in the Late 16th Century |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wqULAAAAIAAJ |year=1977 |publisher=Erlanger Geographische Arbeiten, Sonderband 5. Erlangen, Germany: Vorstand der Fränkischen Geographischen Gesellschaft |isbn=3-920405-41-2 }}
*{{cite book|title=All That Remains:The Palestinian Villages Occupied and Depopulated by Israel in 1948|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_By7AAAAIAAJ|first=W.|last=Khalidi|author-link=Walid Khalidi|year=1992|location=[[Washington D.C.]]|publisher=[[Institute for Palestine Studies]]|isbn=0-88728-224-5}}
*{{cite book|author=Leibner, Uzi|title=Settlement and History in Hellenistic, Roman, and Byzantine Galilee: An Archaeological Survey of the Eastern Galilee|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bsxkXam_QzwC&pg=PA108|year=2009|publisher=Mohr Siebeck|isbn=978-3-16-149871-8}}
*{{cite book | editor = Mills, E. | title = Census of Palestine 1931. Population of Villages, Towns and Administrative Areas | url = https://archive.org/details/CensusOfPalestine1931.PopulationOfVillagesTownsAndAdministrativeAreas | publisher = Government of Palestine | location = Jerusalem | year = 1932 }}
*{{cite book| last1=Moore |first1=Dahlia| last2=Aweiss |first2= Salem|year=2004| title=Bridges Over Troubled Water: A Comparative Study Of Jews, Arabs, and Palestinians |publisher=Praeger/Greenwood| isbn =0-275-98060-X}}
*{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C |first=B. |last=Morris |author-link=Benny Morris |year=2004 |title=The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited |isbn=978-0-521-00967-6 |publisher=Cambridge University Press }}
*{{cite book|last=Nazzal|first=Nafez|year=1978|title=The Palestinian Exodus from Galilee 1948|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=li1IAAAAMAAJ|publisher=The Institute for Palestine Studies|location=Beirut|pages=43–45|isbn=9780887281280}}
*{{cite book|last=Palmer|first=E.H.|author-link=Edward Henry Palmer|year=1881|url=https://archive.org/details/surveyofwesternp00conduoft|title=The Survey of Western Palestine: Arabic and English Name Lists Collected During the Survey by Lieutenants Conder and Kitchener, R. E. Transliterated and Explained by E.H. Palmer|publisher=[[Palestine Exploration Fund|Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund]]}}
*{{cite thesis |type=PhD |last=Rhode |first=H. |author-link=Harold Rhode |date=1979 |url=https://www.academia.edu/2026845 |title=Administration and Population of the Sancak of Safed in the Sixteenth Century |publisher=[[Columbia University]] |access-date=2017-11-03 |archive-date=2020-03-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200301141739/https://www.academia.edu/2026845/The_Administration_and_Population_of_the_Sancak_of_Safed_in_the_Sixteenth_Century |url-status=dead }}
*{{cite book|last1=Robinson|first1=E.|author-link1=Edward Robinson (scholar)|last2=Smith|first2=E.|author-link2=Eli Smith|year=1841|url=https://archive.org/details/biblicalresearch03robiuoft|title=Biblical Researches in Palestine, Mount Sinai and Arabia Petraea: A Journal of Travels in the year 1838|location=Boston|publisher=[[Crocker & Brewster]]|volume=3}}
*{{cite book|last1= Rogan |first1=E.|author-link1=Eugene Rogan|last2= Shlaim|first2= A.|author-link2=Avi Shlaim|title=The War for Palestine: Rewriting the History of 1948|year=2007|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] | isbn=978-0-521-87598-1}}
*{{cite journal | last = Schumacher | first = G. | author-link = Gottlieb Schumacher | title = Population list of the Liwa of Akka | journal = Quarterly Statement - Palestine Exploration Fund | volume = 20 | pages = 169–191 | url = https://archive.org/details/quarterlystateme19pale | year = 1888 }}
*{{cite book | author1 = Tsafrir, Y. | author-link1 = Yoram Tsafrir | author2 = Leah Di Segni | author3 = Judith Green | title = (TIR): Tabula Imperii Romani: Judaea, Palaestina | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=8XJtAAAAMAAJ | publisher = Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities | location = Jerusalem | year = 1994 | isbn = 965-208-107-8 }}
{{Refend}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* [http://www.palestineremembered.com/Safad/Akbara/index.html Welcome to Akbara]
* [http://www.zochrot.org/en/village/49397 'Akbara], [[Zochrot]]
*Survey of Western Palestine, Map 4: [http://www.iaa-archives.org.il/zoom/zoom.aspx?folder_id=93&type_id=6&id=8367 IAA], [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Survey_of_Western_Palestine_1880.04.jpg Wikimedia commons]
* [http://www.alnakba.org/villages/safad/akbara.htm 'Akbara], at [[Khalil Sakakini Cultural Center]]
* [http://villagesofpalestine.com/Akbara.htm Akbara], Dr. Khalil Rizk.
*{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20141208060014/http://www.jalili48.com/pub/xENShowGallery.aspx?Sub=What_Remained_of_the_destroyed&Sub2=3akbara 3akbara]}} from Dr. Moslih Kanaaneh

{{Arab localities in Israel footer|uncollapsed}}
{{Palestinian Arab villages depopulated during the 1948 Palestine War}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Akbara, '}}
[[Category:Arab villages depopulated prior to the 1948 Arab–Israeli War]]
[[Category:District of Safad]]
[[Category:Safed]]
[[Category:Establishments in the Herodian kingdom]]
[[Category:Ancient Jewish settlements of Galilee]]

'Akbara - Revision history

imported>GreenC bot: Reformat 1 archive link. Wayback Medic 2.5 per WP:USURPURL and JUDI batch #27al