View source for Zirid dynasty

{{short description|Sanhaja Berber dynasty}}
{{For|the related dynasty that ruled Granada|Taifa of Granada}}
{{Infobox country
| native_name            = الزيريون
| conventional_long_name = Zirid dynasty
| common_name            = Zirid
| status                 = Vassal state of the [[Fatimid Caliphate]]<br>(972–c. 1048)<br>Nominal vassal of the  [[Abbasid Caliphate]]<br>(c. 1048–1148)
| image_coat             = 
| symbol_type            = 
| year_start             = 972
| year_end               = 1148
| image_flag             = 
| image_map              = File:Zirid control circa 980 (version 2).png
| image_map_caption      = Maximum extent of Zirid control c. 980
| p1                     = Fatimid Caliphate
| s1                     = Hammadid dynasty
| s2                     = Kingdom of Africa
| s3                     = Khurasanid dynasty
| s4                     = Banu Khazrun
| flag_p1                = 
| flag_s2                = 
| common_languages       = [[Berber languages|Berber]] (primary), [[Maghrebi Arabic]], [[African Romance|African Latin]], [[Biblical Hebrew|Hebrew]]
| religion               = [[Islam]] ([[Shia Islam]], [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]], [[Ibadi]]), [[Christianity]] ([[Roman Catholicism]]), [[Judaism]]
| capital                = [[Achir|'Ashir]]<br>(936–1014)<br>[[Mansouria, Tunisia|al-Mansuriyya]]<br>(972–1057)<br>[[Mahdia]]<br>(1057–1148)<ref name="Naylor2015">{{cite book|author=Phillip C. Naylor|title=North Africa, Revised Edition: A History from Antiquity to the Present|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rN-EBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA84|date=15 January 2015|publisher=University of Texas Press|isbn=978-0-292-76190-2|page=84}}</ref><ref name="Britanica" /><ref name=":9" /><ref name="Julien" />
| government_type        = [[Monarchy]] ([[Emirate]])
| title_leader           = [[Emir]]
| leader1                = [[Buluggin ibn Ziri]]
| year_leader1           = 973–984
| leader2                = [[Abu'l-Hasan al-Hasan ibn Ali|Al-Hassan ibn Ali]]
| year_leader2           = 1121–1148
| stat_area1             = 
| currency               = [[Dinar]]
| demonym                = 
| area_km2               = 
| area_rank              = 
| GDP_PPP                = 
| GDP_PPP_year           = 
| HDI                    = 
| HDI_year               = 
}}
{{Historical Berber states and dynasties}}
{{History of Algeria}}
{{History of Tunisia}}
The '''Zirid dynasty''' ({{langx|ar|الزيريون|translit=az-zīriyyūn}}), also known as the '''Banu Ziri''' ({{langx|ar|بنو زيري|translit=banū zīrī}}), was a [[Sanhaja]] [[Berbers|Berber]] dynasty from what is now [[Algeria]] which ruled the central [[Maghreb]] from 972 to 1014 and [[Ifriqiya]] (eastern Maghreb) from 972 to 1148.<ref name="Britanica">{{Cite news|url=https://global.britannica.com/topic/Zirid-Dynasty|title=Zirid Dynasty {{!}} Muslim dynasty|newspaper=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=2016-11-27|archive-date=29 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200229165604/https://global.britannica.com/topic/Zirid-Dynasty|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.qantara-med.org/qantara4/public/show_document.php?do_id=596|title=Qantara - Les Zirides et les Hammadides (972-1152)|website=www.qantara-med.org|access-date=2016-11-27|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303182235/http://www.qantara-med.org/qantara4/public/show_document.php?do_id=596|archive-date=3 March 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

Descendants of [[Ziri ibn Manad]], a military leader of the [[Fatimid Caliphate]] and the eponymous founder of the dynasty, the Zirids were [[emir]]s who ruled in the name of the Fatimids. The Zirids gradually established their autonomy in Ifriqiya through military conquest until officially breaking with the Fatimids in the mid-11th century. The rule of the Zirid emirs opened the way to a period in North African history where political power was held by Berber dynasties such as the [[Almoravid dynasty]], [[Almohad Caliphate]], [[Zayyanid dynasty]], [[Marinid Sultanate]] and [[Hafsid dynasty]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qDFcD0BuekQC&q=zirid+map&pg=PA172|title=Africa from the Seventh to the Eleventh Century|last1=Hrbek|first1=Ivan|last2=Africa|first2=Unesco International Scientific Committee for the Drafting of a General History of|date=1992-01-01|publisher=J. Currey|isbn=9780852550939|pages=172|language=en}}</ref>

Under [[Buluggin ibn Ziri]] the Zirids extended their control westwards and briefly occupied [[Fez, Morocco|Fez]] and much of present-day [[Morocco]] after 980, but encountered resistance from the local [[Zenata|Zenata Berbers]] who gave their allegiance to the [[Caliphate of Cordoba]].<ref name="Julien">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RQwOAQAAMAAJ&q=Charles-Andr%C3%A9+Julien,+Histoire+de+l%E2%80%99Afrique+du+Nord+:+Des+origines+%C3%A0+1830,+Paris,+%C3%89dition+Payot,+1994,+865+p|title=Histoire de l'Afrique du Nord: des origines à 1830|last=Julien|first=Charles-André|date=1994-01-01|publisher=Payot|isbn=9782228887892|pages=295|language=fr}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m4s6AQAAIAAJ&q=gilbert+Meynier,+L'Alg%C3%A9rie,+c%C5%93ur+du+Maghreb+classique+:+De+l%E2%80%99ouverture+islamo-arabe+au+repli|title=L'Algérie, coeur du Maghreb classique: de l'ouverture islamo-arabe au repli (698-1518)|last=Meynier|first=Gilbert|date=2010-01-01|publisher=La Découverte|isbn=9782707152312|pages=158|language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V31-r9820IQC&pg=PA165|title=L'Algérie au passé lointain: de Carthage à la régence d'Alger|last=Simon|first=Jacques|date=2011-01-01|publisher=Harmattan|isbn=9782296139640|pages=165|language=fr}}</ref><ref name="RingWatson2014">{{cite book|author1=Trudy Ring|author2=Noelle Watson|author3=Paul Schellinger|title=Middle East and Africa: International Dictionary of Historic Places|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6XMBAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA36|date=5 March 2014|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-25986-1|page=36}}</ref> To the east, Zirid control was extended over [[Tripolitania]] after 978{{Sfn|Abun-Nasr|1987|p=67}} and as far as [[Ajdabiya]] (in present-day Libya).<ref name=":7">{{Cite book |last=Fehérvári |first=Géza |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M6cuAQAAIAAJ&q=%22Qairawan+and+not+Cairo+that+ruled+both+Surt+and+Ajdabiya%22 |title=Excavations at Surt (Medinat Al-Sultan) Between 1977 and 1981 |publisher=Department of Antiquities |year=2002 |isbn=978-1-900971-00-3 |pages=17 |language=en}}</ref> One member of the dynastic family, [[Zawi ibn Ziri]], revolted and fled to [[al-Andalus]], eventually founding the [[Taifa of Granada]] in 1013, after the collapse of the Caliphate of Cordoba.<ref name=":12" /> Another branch of the Zirids, the [[Hammadid dynasty|Hammadids]], broke away from the main branch after various internal disputes and took control of the territories of the central Maghreb after 1015.<ref name=":8">{{Cite book |last=Bosworth |first=Clifford Edmund |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mKpz_2CkoWEC&q=new+islamic+dynasties |title=The New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |year=1996 |isbn=9780748696482 |location= |pages=35–36 |language=en |chapter=The Zirids and Hammadids}}</ref> The main branch of the Zirids, also called the '''Badisides''',<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Sénac |first1=Philippe |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tLmSiRsisVEC&dq=badisides&pg=PT81 |title=Histoire du Maghreb médiéval: VIIe-XIe siècle |last2=Cressier |first2=Patrice |publisher=Armand Colin |year=2012 |isbn=978-2-200-28342-1 |language=fr |chapter=Zirides, Badisides, et Hammadides}}</ref> occupied only Ifriqiya between 1048 and 1148.<ref name=":9" /> They were based in [[Kairouan]] until 1057, when they moved the capital to [[Mahdia]] on the coast.{{Sfn|Abun-Nasr|1987|p=|pp=69-70}} The Zirids of Ifriqiya also intervened in [[Sicily]] during the 11th century, as the [[Kalbids]], the dynasty who governed the island on behalf of the Fatimids, fell into disorder.<ref name=":0524" />

The Zirids of Granada surrendered to the Almoravids in 1090,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bosworth |first=Clifford Edmund |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=maQxEAAAQBAJ |title=The New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |year=1996 |isbn=9780748696482 |location= |pages=17 |language=en}}</ref> but the Badicides and the Hammadids remained independent during this time. Sometime between 1041 and 1051 the Zirid ruler [[al-Mu'izz ibn Badis]] renounced the Fatimid Caliphs and recognized the [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] Muslim [[Abbasid Caliphate]].{{Sfn|Abun-Nasr|1987|p=68-69}} In retaliation, the Fatimids instigated the migration of the [[Banu Hilal]] tribe to the Maghreb, dealing a serious blow to Zirid power in Ifriqiya.{{Sfn|Abun-Nasr|1987|p=69-70}}{{Sfn|Tibi|2002|p=514}} In the 12th century, the [[Hilalian invasion of Ifriqiya|Hilalian invasions]] combined with the attacks of the [[Normans]] of Sicily along the coast further weakened Zirid power. The last Zirid ruler, [[Abu'l-Hasan al-Hasan ibn Ali|al-Hasan]], surrendered Mahdia to the Normans in 1148, thus ending independent Zirid rule.{{Sfn|Tibi|2002|p=514}} The [[Almohad Caliphate]] conquered the central Maghreb and Ifriqiya by 1160, ending the Hammadid dynasty in turn and finally unifying the whole of the Maghreb.<ref name=":2" />{{sfn|Baadj|2015|p=56-57}}

== History ==

=== Origins and establishment ===
The Zirids were [[Sanhaja]] [[Berbers]], from the [[Sedentary lifestyle|sedentary]] [[Talkata]] tribe,{{Sfn|Abun-Nasr|1987|p=64}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ilahiane |first=Hsain |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0E8qp_k515oC&dq=talkata+zirid&pg=PA149 |title=Historical Dictionary of the Berbers (Imazighen) |publisher=Scarecrow Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-8108-6490-0 |pages=149 |language=en}}</ref> originating from the area of modern [[Algeria]]. In the 10th century this tribe served as vassals of the [[Fatimid Caliphate]], an [[Isma'ilism|Isma'ili]] [[Shia Islam|Shi'a]] state that challenged the authority of the [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] [[Abbasid Caliphate|Abbasid caliphs]]. The [[progenitor]] of the Zirid dynasty, [[Ziri ibn Manad]] (r. 935–971) was installed as governor of the central [[Maghreb]] (roughly north-eastern Algeria today) on behalf of the Fatimids, guarding the western frontier of the Fatimid Caliphate.{{Sfn|Brett|2017|p=54, 63}}{{Sfn|Abun-Nasr|1987|p=19}}

With Fatimid support Ziri founded his own capital and palace at [[Achir|'Ashir]], south-east of [[Algiers]], in 936.<ref name=":05225">{{Cite book |last=Brett |first=Michael |title=Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three |publisher=Brill |year=2009 |isbn=9789004161658 |editor-last=Fleet |editor-first=Kate |location= |pages= |language=en |chapter=Ashīr |quote=It consisted of two palatial citadels on the separate sites called Yashīr and Bénia (Banya). The first was founded in 324/936 by Zīrī b. Manād, the Talkāta ally of the Fāṭimid caliph al-Qāʾim (r. 322–34/934–45), to secure the central Maghrib against the Zanāta allies of Córdoba; a substantial palace was built after the suppression of the rebellion of the Zanāta Abū Yazīd in 336/947. The second, with the remains of a mosque, was built by Zīrī's son Buluggīn (Ar. Buluqqīn, the founder of the Zīrid dynasty, r. 362–73/972–83) after his appointment in 362/972 as Fāṭimid viceroy of Ifrīqiya. After the departure of Buluggīn's son al-Manṣūr to take up residence at al-Qayrawān in 381/991, Ashīr remained the Zīrid capital of the central Maghrib until the foundation of the Qalʿa (Fortress) of the Banū Ḥammād in 398/1007, when it became the second city of the Ḥammādids. In ruins between 440/1048–9 and 455/1063 following a dynastic quarrel, it was repopulated as a market town before its desertion sometime after al-Idrīsī wrote in the mid-sixth/twelfth century. |editor-last2=Krämer |editor-first2=Gudrun |editor-last3=Matringe |editor-first3=Denis |editor-last4=Nawas |editor-first4=John |editor-last5=Rowson |editor-first5=Everett}}</ref>{{Sfn|Abun-Nasr|1987|p=66}}{{Sfn|Brett|2017|p=54}} He proved his worth as a key ally in 945, during the [[Kharijite]] rebellion of [[Abu Yazid]], when he helped break Abu Yazid's siege of the Fatimid capital, [[Mahdia]].<ref name=":8" />{{Sfn|Tibi|2002}} After playing this valuable role, he expanded 'Ashir with a new palace circa 947.<ref name=":05225" />{{sfn|Ettinghausen|Grabar|Jenkins-Madina|2001|p=188}} In 959 he aided [[Jawhar al-Siqilli|Jawhar al-Siqili]] on a Fatimid military expedition which successfully conquered [[Fez, Morocco|Fez]] and [[Sijilmasa]] in present-day Morocco. On their return home to the Fatimid capital they paraded the [[emir]] of Fez and the "Caliph" Ibn Wasul of Sijilmasa in cages in a humiliating manner.{{Sfn|Halm|1996|p=399}}<ref>Messier, Ronald A.; Miller, James A. (2015). The Last Civilized Place: Sijilmasa and Its Saharan Destiny. University of Texas Press. {{ISBN|9780292766655}}</ref><ref>Pellat, Charles (1991). "Midrār". In Bosworth, C. E.; van Donzel, E. & Pellat, Ch. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, New Edition, Volume VI: Mahk–Mid. Leiden: E. J. Brill. {{ISBN|978-90-04-08112-3}}</ref> After this success, Ziri was also given [[Tiaret|Tahart]] to govern on behalf of the Fatimids.{{Sfn|Brett|2017|p=75}} He was eventually killed in battle against the [[Zenata|Zanata]] in 971.{{Sfn|Abun-Nasr|1987|p=66}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kennedy |first=Hugh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NFfJAwAAQBAJ&dq=ziri+971+zanata&pg=PA103 |title=Muslim Spain and Portugal: A Political History of al-Andalus |publisher=Routledge |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-317-87041-8 |pages=103 |language=en}}</ref>

When the Fatimids moved their capital to [[Egypt]] in 972, Ziri's son [[Buluggin ibn Ziri]] (r. 971–984) was appointed viceroy of [[Ifriqiya]], spawning a dynasty whose rulers held the title of ''amir''.{{Sfn|Abun-Nasr|1987|p=67}} Buluggin's position was confirmed on 2 October 972 at Sardaniya, a place outside [[Kairouan]] where the Fatimid caliph [[Al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah|al-Mu'izz]] was preparing for his departure to Egypt.{{Sfn|Halm|1996|p=418}} On 20 December 972, Buluggin took up residence in [[Sabra al-Mansuriyya]], the Fatimid caliph's former palace-city just outside the walls of Kairouan, where his successors continued to reside until the mid-11th century.<ref>{{Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition|volume=8|article=Ṣabra or al-Manṣūriyya|last=Talbi|first=M.|pages=688–689}}</ref>{{Sfn|Abun-Nasr|1987|p=75}} Buluggin spent much of his time in the west, however. From 974 onward he entrusted the governance of Ifriqiya to Abd Allah ibn Muhammad al-Katib, a secretary with whom he replaced the Fatimid-appointed secretary, Ziyadat Allah.{{Sfn|Brett|1975|p=624}}{{Sfn|Brett|2017|p=85}} In 974 or 977–978 (364 or 367 AH), he founded another capital and palace complex in Ashir, next to his father's foundation,<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Golvin |first=Lucien |date=1966 |title=Le Palais de Zīrī à Achîr (Dixième Siècle J. C.) |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4629221 |journal=Ars Orientalis |volume=6 |pages=47–76 |jstor=4629221 |issn=0571-1371}}</ref><ref name=":05225" /> which he favoured over Kairouan.<ref name=":5" />{{Sfn|Brett|1975|p=624}} Ashir continued to be the capital of the Zirids in the central Maghreb, while Kairouan was the capital of Ifriqiya.<ref name=":05225" />{{Sfn|Brett|1975|p=624}}<ref>{{cite book |author=Georges Marçais |title=L'architecture musulmane d'occident: Tunisie, Algérie, Maroc, Espagne et Sicile |publisher=Arts et métiers graphiques |year=1955 |page=64 |quote=Leur rôle était double et double leur domaine, avec ses deux capitales d'Achir, donjon du territoire héréditaire, et Kairouan, centre de l'administration. Ce domaine était trop grand: il se brisa. Les parents, auxquels les nouveaux maitres de l'Ifriqya avaient confié la tâche de continuer la lutte contre les Zenâta, se déclarèrent indépendants dans les provinces qu'ils défendaient. Dès lors la Berbérie fâtimite compta deux royaumes çanhâjiens: à l'Est, le royaume des BeniZirî de Kairouan, à l'Ouest le royaume des Beni Hammâd de la Qal'a.}}</ref>

Buluggin soon led a [[Zirid conquest of Morocco|new expedition]] west and by 980 he had conquered Fez and most of the western Maghreb (present-day Morocco), which had previously been retaken by the [[Caliphate of Córdoba|Umayyads of Cordoba]] in 973.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Naylor |first=Phillip C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rN-EBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA84 |title=North Africa, Revised Edition: A History from Antiquity to the Present |publisher=University of Texas Press |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-292-76190-2 |pages=84 |language=en}}</ref>{{Sfn|Abun-Nasr|1987|p=67, 75}} He also led a [[Zirid expedition to Barghawata|successful expedition]] to [[Barghawata]] territory, from which he brought back a large number of slaves to Ifriqiya.{{Sfn|Idris|1962|pp=57–58}} In 978 the Fatimids also granted Buluggin overlordship of [[Tripolitania]] (in present-day [[Libya]]), allowing him to appoint his own governor in [[Tripoli, Libya|Tripoli]]. In 984 Buluggin died in Sijilmasa from an illness and his successor decided to abandon Morocco in 985.<ref name="AkyeampongGates2012">{{cite book|author1=Emmanuel Kwaku Akyeampong|author2=Henry Louis Gates|title=Dictionary of African Biography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=39JMAgAAQBAJ&pg=RA1-PA9|date=2 February 2012|publisher=OUP USA|isbn=978-0-19-538207-5|page=9}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Ring |first1=Trudy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6XMBAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA36 |title=Middle East and Africa: International Dictionary of Historic Places |last2=Watson |first2=Noelle |last3=Schellinger |first3=Paul |publisher=Routledge |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-134-25986-1 |language=en}}</ref>{{sfn|Tibi|2002|p=514}}

=== Buluggin's successors and the first divisions ===
After Buluggin's death, he was succeeded by his son [[Al-Mansur ibn Buluggin]] (r. 984–996). After his departure to the west in 979, Bulugin had not returned to Kairouan and during this time his appointee, Abd Allah ibn Muhammad al-Katib, had amassed considerable power and influence in Ifriqiya. As a result, al-Mansur became involved in a confrontation with Abd Allah starting in 987. Later Zirid sources portray Abd Allah as a rebel who was aided by the Fatimid Caliphs, because the latter now preferred him over al-Mansur and wished to impose a new arrangement in Ifriqiya.{{Sfn|Brett|1975|pp=624–626}} In the end, al-Mansur ordered the successful assassination of Abd Allah and his son. In 989–990 he also suppressed a revolt by the [[Kutama]], the traditional source of the Fatimid army, under the leadership of a pretender named Abu'l-Faraj. Following these challenges, al-Mansur was finally able to reunify the Zirid realm, but he was obliged to move his principal residence from 'Ashir to al-Mansuriyya (Kairouan) in 991, leaving his brother Yattufat to govern 'Ashir.{{Sfn|Brett|1975|p=626}}

With al-Mansur's succession, the rule of the Zirid was now being passed on through the son of Buluggin and his descendants. This alienated the other sons of Ziri ibn Manad, who now found themselves excluded from power. In 999 many of these brothers launched a rebellion in 'Ashir against [[Badis ibn al-Mansur]] (r. 996–1016), Buluggin's grandson, marking the first serious break in the unity of the Zirids.<ref name=":10">{{Cite book |last=Handler |first=Andrew |title=The Zirids of Granada |publisher=University of Miami Press |year=1974 |isbn=0870242164 |pages=8–14 |language=en}}</ref> The rebels were defeated in battle by [[Hammad ibn Buluggin]], Badis' uncle, and most of the brothers were killed. The only remaining brother of stature, [[Zawi ibn Ziri]], led the remaining rebels westwards and sought new opportunity in [[al-Andalus]] under the [[Caliphate of Córdoba|Umayyads Caliphs of Cordoba]], the former enemies of the Fatimids and Zirids.<ref name=":10" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Catlos |first=Brian A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JuVuAwAAQBAJ&dq=zawi+ibn+ziri&pg=PT49 |title=Infidel Kings and Unholy Warriors: Faith, Power, and Violence in the Age of Crusade and Jihad |publisher=Farrar, Straus and Giroux |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-374-71205-1 |pages=27 |language=en}}</ref> He and his followers eventually founded an independent kingdom in al-Andalus, the [[Taifa of Granada|''Taifa'' of Granada]], in 1013.<ref name=":12">{{Cite book |last=Kennedy |first=Hugh |title=Muslim Spain and Portugal: A Political History of al-Andalus |publisher=Routledge |year=1996 |isbn=9781317870418 |location= |pages=141–142}}</ref><ref name=":35">{{Cite book |last1=Rodgers |first1=Helen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ugRqEAAAQBAJ |title=City of Illusions: A History of Granada |last2=Cavendish |first2=Stephen |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2021 |isbn=978-0-19-764406-5 |pages=11–15 |language=en}}</ref>

After 1001 Tripolitania broke away under the leadership of Fulful ibn Sa'id ibn Khazrun, a [[Maghrawa]] leader who founded the [[Banu Khazrun]] dynasty, which endured until 1147.<ref name=":0527">{{Cite book |last1=Oman |first1=G. |title=Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition |last2=Christides |first2=V. |last3=Bosworth |first3=C.E. |publisher=Brill |year=1960–2007 |isbn=9789004161214 |editor-last=Bearman |editor-first=P. |location= |pages= |chapter=Ṭarābulus al-G̲h̲arb |editor-last2=Bianquis |editor-first2=Th. |editor-last3=Bosworth |editor-first3=C.E. |editor-last4=van Donzel |editor-first4=E. |editor-last5=Heinrichs |editor-first5=W.P.}}</ref>{{Sfn|Abun-Nasr|1987|p=67}}<ref name=":7" /> Fulful fought a protracted war against [[Badis ibn al-Mansur]] and sought outside help from the Fatimids and even from the Umayyads of Cordoba, but after his death in 1009 the Zirids were able to retake Tripoli for a time. The region nonetheless remained effectively under control of the Banu Khazrun, who fluctuated between practical autonomy and full independence, often playing the Fatimids and the Zirids against each other.<ref name=":0523">{{Cite book |last=Lewicki |first=T. |title=Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition |publisher=Brill |year=1960–2007 |isbn=9789004161214 |editor-last=Bearman |editor-first=P. |location= |pages= |chapter=Mag̲h̲rāwa |editor-last2=Bianquis |editor-first2=Th. |editor-last3=Bosworth |editor-first3=C.E. |editor-last4=van Donzel |editor-first4=E. |editor-last5=Heinrichs |editor-first5=W.P.}}</ref><ref name=":0522">{{Cite book |last=Garnier |first=Sébastien |title=Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three |publisher=Brill |year=2020 |isbn=9789004161658 |editor-last=Fleet |editor-first=Kate |location= |pages= |chapter=Libya until 1500 |editor-last2=Krämer |editor-first2=Gudrun |editor-last3=Matringe |editor-first3=Denis |editor-last4=Nawas |editor-first4=John |editor-last5=Rowson |editor-first5=Everett}}</ref>{{Sfn|Abun-Nasr|1987|p=67}}{{Sfn|Brett|2017|p=128, 142}} The Zirids finally lost Tripoli to them in 1022.{{Sfn|Brett|2017|p=174}}

Badis appointed Hammad ibn Buluggin as governor of 'Ashir and the western Zirid territories in 997.{{Sfn|Baadj|2015|p=40}} He gave Hammad a great deal of autonomy, allowing him to campaign against the Zanata and control any new territories he conquered.{{Sfn|Abun-Nasr|1987|p=69}}{{sfn|Tibi|2002|p=}} Hammad constructed his own capital, the [[Qal'at Bani Hammad]], in 1008, and in 1015 he rebelled against Badis and declared himself independent altogether, while also recognizing the Abbasids instead of the Fatimids as caliphs. Badis besieged Hammad's capital and nearly subdued him, but died in 1016 shortly before this could be accomplished. His son and successor, [[al-Mu'izz ibn Badis]] (r. 1016–1062), defeated Hammad in 1017, which forced the negotiation of a peace agreement between them. Hammad resumed his recognition of the Fatimids as caliphs but remained independent, forging a new [[Hammadid dynasty|Hammadid]] state which controlled a large part of present-day Algeria thereafter.<ref name=":15" />{{Sfn|Abun-Nasr|1987|p=69}} Qal'at Bani Hammad was retained as the Hammadid capital, while 'Ashir became its second city.<ref name=":05225" />

=== Apogee in Ifriqiya ===
[[File:Zirid control circa 1000.png|thumb|Zirid control in early 11th century]]
The Zirid period of Ifriqiya is considered a high point in its history, with agriculture, industry, trade and learning, both religious and secular, all flourishing, especially in their capital, [[Qayrawan]] (Kairouan).<ref name="locfatamids2">{{cite encyclopedia|last=Brill|first=E.J.|title=Fatamids|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wpM3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA852 |encyclopedia=Libya: Encyclopedia of Islam|year=1987|publisher=Library of Congress|isbn=9004082654|access-date=5 March 2011}}</ref> The early reign of [[al-Mu'izz ibn Badis]] (r. 1016–1062) was particularly prosperous and marked the height of their power in Ifriqiya.{{Sfn|Tibi|2002}} In the eleventh century, when the question of Berber origin became a concern, the dynasty of al-Mu'izz started, as part of the Zirids' propaganda, to emphasize its supposed links to the [[Himyarite Kingdom|Himyarite kings]] as a title to nobility, a theme that was taken the by court historians of the period.{{sfn|Baadj|2015|p=12}}<ref>{{Cite book|last=Brett|first=Michael|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c1KWDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT132|title=The Fatimids and Egypt|date=2019-05-03|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-429-76474-5|language=en}}</ref> Management of the area by later Zirid rulers was neglectful as the agricultural economy declined, prompting an increase in banditry among the rural population.<ref name="locfatamids2"/> The relationship between the Zirids and their Fatimid overlords varied - 20,000 [[Shiites]] were killed in the [[1016 Ismaili massacre in Ifriqiya]], and the Fatimids encouraged the defection of Tripolitania from the Zirids, but nevertheless the relationship remained close. In the 1040s, the Zirids broke away completely by adopting Sunni Islam and recognizing the Abbasids of [[Baghdad]] as rightful Caliphs, a move which was popular with the urban [[Arabs]] of Kairouan.<ref name=":9" /><ref name="locfatamids">{{cite web|last=Berry|first=LaVerle|title=Fatamids|url=http://countrystudies.us/libya/10.htm|work=Libya: A Country Study|publisher=Library of Congress|access-date=5 March 2011}}</ref>

In [[Sicily]] the [[Kalbids]] continued to govern on behalf of the Fatimids but the island descended into political disarray during the 11th century,<ref name=":0524">{{Cite book |last=Rizzitano |first=U. |title=Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition |publisher=Brill |year=1960–2007 |isbn=9789004161214 |editor-last=Bearman |editor-first=P. |location= |pages= |chapter=Kalbids |editor-last2=Bianquis |editor-first2=Th. |editor-last3=Bosworth |editor-first3=C.E. |editor-last4=van Donzel |editor-first4=E. |editor-last5=Heinrichs |editor-first5=W.P.}}</ref> inciting the Zirids to intervene on the island. In 1025 (or 1021<ref name=":11">{{Cite book |last=Granara |first=William |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J2idDwAAQBAJ&dq=zirids+sicily+1036&pg=PA32 |title=Narrating Muslim Sicily: War and Peace in the Medieval Mediterranean World |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |year=2019 |isbn=978-1-78673-613-0 |pages=32–33 |language=en}}</ref>), al-Mu'izz ibn Badis sent a fleet of 400 ships to the island in response to the [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantines]] reconquering [[Calabria]] (in southern Italy) from the Muslims, but the fleet was lost in a powerful storm off the coast of [[Pantelleria]].{{sfn|Tibi|2002|p=}}<ref name=":11" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Granara |first=William |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BgEMEAAAQBAJ&dq=zirid+sicily+storm&pg=PT6 |title=Ibn Hamdis the Sicilian: Eulogist for a Falling Homeland |publisher=Simon and Schuster |year=201 |isbn=978-1-78607-847-6 |language=en}}</ref> In 1036, the Muslim population of the island request aid from al-Mu'izz to overthrow the Kalbid emir {{Interlanguage link|Aḥmad ibn Yūsuf al-Akḥal|it}}, whose rule they considered flawed and unjust.<ref name=":0524" /> The request also contained a pledge to recognize al-Mu'izz as their ruler.<ref name=":11" /> Al-Mu'izz, eager to expand his influence after the fragmentation of Zirid North Africa, accepted and sent his son, 'Abdallah, to the island with a large army.<ref name=":11" /><ref name=":0524" />{{Sfn|Brett|2017|p=174-175}} Al-Akhal, who had been in negotiations with the Byzantines, requested help from them. A Byzantine army intervened and defeated the Zirid army on the island, but it then withdrew to Calabria, allowing 'Abdallah to finish off al-Akhal.<ref name=":0524" /> Al-Akhal was besieged in [[Palermo]] and killed in 1038.<ref name=":11" /><ref name=":0524" /><ref name=":8" /> 'Abdallah was subsequently forced to withdraw from the island, either due to the ever-divided Sicilians turning against him or due to another Byzantine invasion in 1038, led by [[George Maniakes]].{{Sfn|Brett|2017|p=174-175}}<ref name=":11" /> Another Kalbid amir, al-Hasan al-Samsam, was elected to govern Sicily, but Muslim rule there disintegrated into various petty factions leading up to the [[Norman conquest of southern Italy|Norman conquest]] of the island in the second half of the 11th century.{{Sfn|Brett|2017|p=175}}<ref name=":0524" /><ref name=":11" />

=== Hilalian invasions and withdrawal to Mahdia ===
The Zirids renounced the Fatimids and recognized the Abbasid Caliphs in 1048-49,{{Sfn|Tibi|2002}} or sometime between 1041 and 1051.{{efn|Different historical sources give different dates for the occurrence of this decision, ranging from 1041 and 1051.{{Sfn|Abun-Nasr|1987|p=68-69}}}}<ref>{{Cite book |last= |first= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qVYT4Kraym0C&pg=PA407 |title=The Spread of Islam Throughout the World |last2= |first2= |publisher=UNESCO |year=2011 |isbn=978-92-3-104153-2 |editor-last=El Hareir |editor-first=Idris |pages=407 |language=en |editor-last2=Mbaye |editor-first2=Ravane}}</ref><ref name=":13">{{Cite book |last1=Hrbek |first1=Ivan |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GWjxR61xAe0C&q=zirid&pg=PA15 |title=The Cambridge History of Africa: From c. 1050 to c. 1600 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1975 |isbn=978-0-521-20981-6 |editor-last=Fage |editor-first=J. D. |volume=3 |pages=15 |language=en |chapter=Egypt, Nubia and the Eastern Deserts |editor-last2=Oliver |editor-first2=Roland Anthony}}</ref><ref name=":8" /> The recognition of the Abbasids was nominal, as the Abbasids themselves were in political decline and could not impose direct authority in the region.{{Sfn|Abun-Nasr|1987|p=68, 76}} In retaliation against the Zirids, the Fatimids sent the Arab tribes of the [[Banu Hilal]] and the [[Banu Sulaym]] to the Maghreb.{{Sfn|Abun-Nasr|1987|p=69}}{{Sfn|Tibi|2002}} The Banu Sulaym settled first in Cyrenaica, but the Banu Hilal continued towards Ifriqiya.{{Sfn|Abun-Nasr|1987|p=69}} The Zirids attempted to stop their advance towards Ifriqiya, they sent 30,000 Sanhaja cavalry to meet the 3,000 Arab cavalry of Banu Hilal in the [[Battle of Haydaran]] of 14 April 1052.<ref name="Idris">{{Citation |last=Idris |first=Hady Roger |title=Ḥaydarān |date=2012-04-24 |url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/haydaran-SIM_2834 |access-date=2021-09-26 |publisher=Brill |language=en |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition}}</ref> Nevertheless, the Zirids were decisively defeated and were forced to retreat, opening the road to Kairouan for the Hilalian Arab cavalry.<ref name="Idris" /><ref name=":9">{{Cite journal|last=Idris|first=Hady Roger|date=1968|title=L'invasion hilālienne et ses conséquences|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/ccmed.1968.1452|journal=Cahiers de civilisation médiévale|volume=11|issue=43|pages=353–369|doi=10.3406/ccmed.1968.1452|issn=0007-9731|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Schuster|first=Gerald|title= Reviewed work: Die Beduinen in der Vorgeschichte Tunesiens. Die « Invasion » der Banū Hilāl, Gerald Schuster|journal=Arabica |year=2009 |volume=56 |issue=4/5 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25651679|publisher=Brill|pages=487–492|doi=10.1163/057053909X12475581297885 |jstor=25651679|url-access=subscription}}</ref> The resulting anarchy devastated the previously flourishing agriculture, and the coastal towns assumed a new importance as conduits for maritime trade and bases for piracy against Christian shipping, as well as being the last holdout of the Zirids.<ref name=":9" /> The [[Hilalian invasion of Ifriqiya|Banu Hilal invasions]] eventually forced al-Mu'izz ibn Badis to abandon Kairouan in 1057 and move his capital to Mahdia, while the Banu Hilal largely roamed and pillaged the interior of the former Zirid territories.{{Sfn|Abun-Nasr|1987|p=|pp=69-70}}{{Sfn|Tibi|2002}}

As a result of the Zirid withdrawal, various local principalities emerged in different areas. In [[Tunis]], the shaykhs of the city elected Abd al-Haqq ibn Abd al-Aziz ibn Khurasan (r. 1059-1095) as local ruler. He founded the local [[Banu Khurasan]] dynasty that governed the city thereafter, alternately recognizing the Hammadids or the Zirids as overlords depending on the circumstances.<ref name=":0525">{{Cite book |last=Sebag |first=P. |title=Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition |publisher=Brill |year=1960–2007 |isbn=9789004161214 |editor-last=Bearman |editor-first=P. |location= |pages= |chapter=Tūnis |editor-last2=Bianquis |editor-first2=Th. |editor-last3=Bosworth |editor-first3=C.E. |editor-last4=van Donzel |editor-first4=E. |editor-last5=Heinrichs |editor-first5=W.P.}}</ref><ref name=":05223">{{Cite book |last=Valérian |first=Dominique |title=Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three |publisher=Brill |year=2021 |isbn=9789004161658 |editor-last=Fleet |editor-first=Kate |location= |pages= |chapter=Khurāsān, Banū |editor-last2=Krämer |editor-first2=Gudrun |editor-last3=Matringe |editor-first3=Denis |editor-last4=Nawas |editor-first4=John |editor-last5=Rowson |editor-first5=Everett}}</ref> In [[Gabès|Qabis]] (Gabès), the Zirid governor, al-Mu'izz ibn Muhammad ibn Walmiya remained loyal until 1062 when, outraged by the expulsion of his two brothers from Mahdia by al-Mu'izz ibn Badis, he declared his independence and placed himself under the protection of Mu'nis ibn Yahya, a chief of Banu Hilal.<ref name=":0526">{{Cite book |last=Talbi |first=M. |title=Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition |publisher=Brill |year=1960–2007 |isbn=9789004161214 |editor-last=Bearman |editor-first=P. |location= |pages= |chapter=Ḳābis |editor-last2=Bianquis |editor-first2=Th. |editor-last3=Bosworth |editor-first3=C.E. |editor-last4=van Donzel |editor-first4=E. |editor-last5=Heinrichs |editor-first5=W.P.}}</ref>{{sfn|Baadj|2015|p=38}} [[Sfax|Sfaqus]] (Sfax) was declared independent by the Zirid governor, Mansur al-Barghawati, who was murdered and succeeded by his cousin Hammu ibn Malil al-Barghawati.{{sfn|Baadj|2015|p=39}}
[[File:Zirid control in late 11th century.png|thumb|Approximate area of Zirid control in the mid to late 11th century]]
Al-Mui'zz ibn Badis was succeeded by his son, [[Tamim ibn al-Mu'izz]] (r. 1062-1108), who spent much of his reign attempting to restore Zirid power in the region. In 1063 he repelled a siege of Mahdia by the independent ruler of Sfax while also capturing the important port of [[Sousse|Sus]] (Sousse).{{sfn|Baadj|2015|p=31}} Meanwhile, the Hammadid ruler [[Nasir ibn Alnas|al-Nasir ibn 'Alannas]] (r. 1062-1088) began to intervene in Ifriqiya around this time, having his sovereignty recognized in Sfax, Tunis, and Kairouan. Tamim organized a coalition with some of the Banu Hilal and Banu Sulaym tribes and succeeded in inflicting a heavy defeat on al-Nasir at the Battle of Sabiba in 1065. The war between the Zirids and Hammadids continued until 1077, when a truce was negotiated, sealed by a marriage between Tamim and one of al-Nasir's daughters.{{sfn|Baadj|2015|p=31-32}} In 1074 Tamim sent a naval expedition to [[Calabria]] where they ravaged the Italian coasts, plundered [[Nicotera]] and enslaved many of its inhabitants. The next year (1075) another Zirid raid resulted in the capture of [[Mazara del Vallo|Mazara]] in Sicily; however, the Zirid emir rethought his involvement in Sicily and decided to withdraw, abandoning what they had briefly held.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Brown |first=Gordon S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7fbdYk0-gisC&pg=PA176 |title=The Norman Conquest of Southern Italy and Sicily |publisher=McFarland |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-7864-5127-2 |pages=176 |language=en}}</ref> In 1087, the Zirid capital, Mahdia, was sacked by the [[Pisa]]ns.{{sfn|Ettinghausen|Grabar|Jenkins-Madina|2001|p=210}} According to [[Richard Ettinghausen|Ettinghausen]], [[Oleg Grabar|Grabar]], and Jenkins-Madina, the [[Pisa Griffin]] is believed to have been part of the spoils taken during the sack.{{sfn|Ettinghausen|Grabar|Jenkins-Madina|2001|p=302}} In 1083 Mahdia was besieged by a chief of the Banu Hilal, Malik ibn 'Alawi. Unable to take the city, Malik instead turned to Kairouan and captured that city, but Tamim marched out with his entire army and defeated the Banu Hilal forces, at which point he also brought Kairouan back under Zirid control.{{sfn|Baadj|2015|p=32}} He went on to capture Gabès in 1097 and Sfax in 1100.{{sfn|Baadj|2015|p=32}} Gabès, however, soon declared itself independent again under the leadership of the Banu Jami', a family from the Riyahi branch of the Banu Hilal.{{sfn|Baadj|2015|p=38}}<ref name=":0526" />

Tamim's son and successor, [[Yahya ibn Tamim]] (r. 1108-1116), formally recognized the Fatimid caliphs again and received an emissary from Cairo in 1111.{{sfn|Baadj|2015|p=32}} He captured an important fortress near [[Carthage]] called Iqlibiya and his fleet launched raids against [[Sardinia]] and [[Genoa]], bringing back many captives.{{sfn|Baadj|2015|p=32}} He was assassinated in 1116 and succeeded by his son, '[[Ali ibn Yahya]] (r. 1116-1121).{{sfn|Baadj|2015|p=32}} 'Ali continued to recognize the Fatimids, receiving another embassy from Cairo in 1118.{{sfn|Baadj|2015|p=32-33}} He imposed his authority on Tunis, but failed to recapture Gabès from its local ruler, Rafi' ibn Jami', whose counterattack he then had to repel from Mahdia.{{sfn|Baadj|2015|p=32-33}}<ref name=":0526" /> He was succeeded by his son [[Abu'l-Hasan al-Hasan ibn Ali|al-Hasan]] in 1121, the last Zirid ruler.<ref name=":8" />

=== End of Zirid rule ===
During the 1130s and 1140s the Normans of Sicily began to capture cities and islands along the coast of Ifriqiya.{{Sfn|Abun-Nasr|1987|p=92}} [[Djerba|Jerba]] was captured in 1135 and Tripoli was captured in 1146. In 1148, the Normans captured Sfax, Gabès, and Mahdia.{{Sfn|Abun-Nasr|1987|p=92}}<ref name=":0527"/> In Mahdia, the population was weakened by years of famine and the bulk of the Zirid army was away on another campaign when the Norman fleet, commanded by [[George of Antioch]], arrived off the coast. Al-Hasan decided to abandon the city, leaving it to be occupied, which effectively ended the Zirid dynasty's rule.{{Sfn|Tibi|2002|p=}}{{sfn|Baadj|2015|p=35}} Al-Hasan fled to the citadel of al-Mu'allaqa near Carthage and stayed there for a several months. He planned to flee to the Fatimid court in Egypt but the Norman fleet blocked his way, so instead he headed west, making for the [[Almohad Caliphate|Almohad]] court of '[[Abd al-Mu'min]] in [[Marrakesh]]. He obtained permission from Yahya ibn al-'Aziz, the Hammadid ruler, to cross his territory, but after entering Hammadid territory he was detained and placed under [[house arrest]] in Algiers.{{sfn|Baadj|2015|p=35}}{{Sfn|Tibi|2002|p=}} When 'Abd al-Mu'min captured Algiers in 1151, he freed al-Hasan, who accompanied him back to Marrakesh. Later, when 'Abd al-Mu'min conquered Mahdia in 1160, placing all of Ifriqiya under Almohad rule, [[Abu'l-Hasan al-Hasan ibn Ali|al-Hasan]] was with him.{{Sfn|Tibi|2002|p=}}{{sfn|Baadj|2015|p=56-57}} 'Abd al-Mu'min appointed him governor of Mahdia, where he remained, residing in the suburb of Zawila, until 'Abd al-Mu'min's death in 1163. The new Almohad caliph, [[Abu Yaqub Yusuf|Abu Ya'qub Yusuf]], subsequently ordered him to come back to Marrakesh, but al-Hasan died along the way in [[Tamasna]] in 1167.{{Sfn|Tibi|2002|p=}}<ref name=":8" />

== Economy ==
The Zirid period was a time of great economic prosperity. The departure of the Fatimids to Cairo, far from ending this prosperity, saw its amplification under the Zirid and Hammadid rulers. Referring to the government of the Zirid emir al-Mu'izz ibn Badis, the historian [[Ibn Khaldun]] reports: "It [has] never [been] seen by the Berbers of that country a kingdom more vast and more flourishing than his own." The northern regions produced wheat in large quantities, while the region of [[Sfax]] was a major hub of olive production and the cultivation of the [[Date palm|date]] was an important part of the local economy in [[Biskra]]. Other crops such as sugar cane, saffron, cotton, [[sorghum]], millet and chickpea were grown. The breeding of horses and sheep flourished and fishing provided plentiful food. The Mediterranean was also an important part of the economy, even though it was, for a time, abandoned after the departure of the Fatimids, when the priority of the Zirid Emirs turned to territorial and internal conflicts. Their maritime policy enabled them to establish trade links, in particular for the importation of the timber necessary for their fleet, and enabled them to begin an alliance and very close ties with the Kalbid Emirs of Sicily. They did, however, face blockade attempts by the Venetians and [[Norman Sicily|Normans]], who sought to reduce their wood supply and thus their dominance in the region.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tLmSiRsisVEC&q=ADMINISTRATION+ZIRIDE&pg=PT84|title=Histoire du Maghreb médiéval: VIIe-XIe siècle|last1=Sénac|first1=Philippe|last2=Cressier|first2=Patrice|date=2012-10-10|publisher=Armand Colin|isbn=9782200283421|pages=150|language=fr}}</ref>

The Arab chronicler [[Ibn Hawqal]] visited and described the city of Algiers in the Zirid era: "The city of Algiers is built on a gulf and surrounded by a wall. It contains a large number of bazaars and a few sources of good water near the sea. It is from these sources that the inhabitants draw the water they drink. In the outbuildings of this town are very extensive countryside and mountains inhabited by several tribes of the Berbers. The chief wealth of the inhabitants consists of herds of cattle and sheep grazing in the mountains. Algiers supplies so much honey that it forms an export object, and the quantity of butter, figs and other commodities is so great that it is exported to Kairouan and elsewhere".<ref name=":0" />

== Culture ==

=== Literature ===
[[File:Bifolium Mushal al-Hadina Quran Met 2007.191.jpg|thumb|[[Al-An'am|Surat Al-An'am]] of the "[[Nurse's Quran]]”, executed in fine [[Kufic|Kufic script]] and commissioned by a nursemaid serving a Zirid sultan in 1020.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Islamic art from museums around the world|url=https://arab.news/ra27f|date=2020-05-18|website=Arab News|language=en|access-date=2020-05-18}}</ref><ref name=":242" />]]
[[Abd al-Aziz ibn Shaddad]] was a Zirid chronicler and prince.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=Talbi|first=M.|date=2012-04-24|title=Ibn S̲h̲addād|url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/ibn-shaddad-SIM_3366|journal=Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition|language=en}}</ref> He wrote ''[[Kitab al-Jam' wa 'l-bayan fi akhbar al-Qayrawan]]'' ({{Lang|ar|كتاب الجمع والبيان في أخبار القيروان}}) about the history of Qayrawan.<ref name=":3" /> Al-Mu'izz ibn Badis, the Zirid ruler, was also himself an author and wrote an important treatise on the arts of the book, covering subjects such as [[Islamic calligraphy|calligraphy]], [[bookbinding]], and [[Illuminated manuscript|illumination]].<ref name=":242">{{Cite book |last= |first= |title=The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2009 |isbn=9780195309911 |editor-last=M. Bloom |editor-first=Jonathan |location= |pages= |chapter=Zirid |editor-last2=S. Blair |editor-first2=Sheila}}</ref>{{sfn|Ettinghausen|Grabar|Jenkins-Madina|2001|p=|pp=285–286}}

=== Architecture ===
{{See also|Taifa of Granada#Architecture}}
[[File:Achir's_Zirid_Ruins.jpg|thumb|Remains of the palace at 'Ashir, the residence founded by Ziri ibn Manad]]
The Zirid dynasty was responsible for various constructions and renovations throughout the Maghreb. Zirid and Hammadid architecture in North Africa was closely linked to [[Fatimid architecture]],{{Sfn|Bloom|2020|p=83}} but also influenced [[Norman-Arab-Byzantine culture#Norman-Arab-Byzantine architecture|Norman architecture in Sicily]].<ref>[https://www.academia.edu/36998734/L_Hadda_Zirid_and_Hammadid_palaces_in_North_Africa_and_its_influence_on_Norman_architecture_in_Sicily_in_Word_Heritage_and_Knowledge_a_cura_di_C_Gambardella_XVI_Forum_International_di_Studi_Le_vie_dei_Mercanti_Napoli_Capri_14_16_giugno_2018_Roma_2018_pp_323_332 L. Hadda, Zirid and Hammadid palaces in North Africa and its influence on Norman architecture in Sicily], in Word, Heritage and Knowledge, a cura di C. Gambardella, XVI Forum International di Studi-Le vie dei Mercanti, Napoli-Capri 14-16 giugno 2018, Roma 2018, pp. 323-332</ref>{{Sfn|Bloom|2020|p=100}} The Zirid palace at 'Ashir (near present-day [[Kef Lakhdar]]), built in 934 by [[Ziri ibn Manad]] (who served the Fatimids), is one of the oldest palaces in the Maghreb to have been discovered and excavated.{{Sfn|Arnold|2017|p=53}} As independent rulers, however, the Zirids of Ifriqiya seem to have built few structures on a grand scale and there are few surviving major monuments from this period.{{Sfn|Arnold|2017|p=123}}{{Sfn|Bloom|2020|p=86}} They reportedly built a new palace at [[Mansouria, Tunisia|al-Mansuriyya]], the former Fatimid capital near Kairouan, but it has not been uncovered by modern archeologists,{{Sfn|Arnold|2017|p=123}} except for some fragments of carved stucco decoration.{{Sfn|Bloom|2020|p=87}} At the [[Zaytuna Mosque]] in Tunis an elegantly-designed ribbed dome, called the ''Qubbat al-Bahw'', was added to the entrance of the prayer hall in 991 and is attributed to the patronage of Al-Mansur ibn Buluggin.{{Sfn|Bloom|2020|pp=86–87}} The [[Great Mosque of Kairouan]] was restored by Al-Mu'izz ibn Badis in the 11th century. From this restoration some brightly-painted wooden ceilings have survived, featuring [[arabesque]]s of scrolling vegetal motifs.{{Sfn|Bloom|2020|pp=87–88}} Under Al-Mu’izz the Zirids also built the Sidi Abu Marwan mosque in [[Annaba]].<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=m1dyAAAAMAAJ&q=1033 Hippone]. Xavier Delestre. Édisud.</ref> A major remodeling of the [[Great Mosque of Sfax]], including the construction of a new [[minaret]] and an unusually decorated exterior façade, has also been attributed to the Zirid period (probably 10th century) by [[Georges Marçais]] and [[Lucien Golvin]].<ref name=":025">{{Cite book |last=Marçais |first=Georges |title=L'architecture musulmane d'Occident |publisher=Arts et métiers graphiques |year=1954 |isbn= |location=Paris |pages=108–109}}</ref><ref name=":02">{{Cite book |last1=Marçais |first1=Georges |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3qcvAAAAMAAJ |title=La Grande Mosquée de Sfax |last2=Golvin |first2=Lucien |publisher=Imprimerie La Rapide |year=1960 |language=fr}}</ref>

The Hammadids, for their part, built an entirely new fortified capital at Qal'at Bani Hammad, founded in 1007. Although abandoned and destroyed in the 12th century, the city has been studied by modern archeologists and is one of the best-preserved medieval Islamic capitals in the world.{{Sfn|Arnold|2017|p=125}} The Zirid branch in Granada was also responsible for turning it into one of the major cities of al-Andalus. Among the surviving remains of the Zirid period in Granada today are a section of its original city walls, an extensive system of [[cistern]]s on the [[Albaicín]] hill, and the former minaret of a mosque (now part of the Church of San José).<ref name=":05224">{{Cite book |last=Bush |first=Olga |title=Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three |journal=The Encyclopaedia of Islam |publisher=Brill |year=2013 |editor-last=Fleet |editor-first=Kate |location= |pages= |chapter=Granada art and architecture |issn=1873-9830 |editor-last2=Krämer |editor-first2=Gudrun |editor-last3=Matringe |editor-first3=Denis |editor-last4=Nawas |editor-first4=John |editor-last5=Rowson |editor-first5=Everett}}</ref>

=== Art ===
[[File:Grande_Mosquée_de_Kairouan,_une_vue_partielle_de_la_maqsura.jpg|thumb|Detail of the wooden ''maqsura'' added to the Great Mosque of Kairouan during the reign of al-Mu'izz]]
The Zirids were also patrons of the arts. Important examples of woodwork commissioned for mosques have survived from this period.<ref name=":242" />{{sfn|Ettinghausen|Grabar|Jenkins-Madina|2001|p=|pp=274–275}} Buluggin ibn Ziri commissioned the production of a [[minbar]] for the [[Mosque of the Andalusians]] in Fez. The minbar, whose original fragments are now preserved in a museum, bears an inscription that dates it to the year 980, around the time of Buluggin's [[Zirid Conquest of Morocco|military expedition]] to this region.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last= |first= |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/metpublications/Al_Andalus_The_Art_of_Islamic_Spain |title=Al-Andalus: The Art of Islamic Spain |publisher=The Metropolitan Museum of Art |year=1992 |isbn=0870996371 |editor-last=Dodds |editor-first=Jerrilynn D. |location=New York |pages= |chapter=}}</ref>{{Rp|page=249}} The wooden ''[[Maqsurah|maqsura]]'' in the Great Mosque of Kairouan is believed to date from al-Mu'izz ibn Badis's restoration of the building.{{Sfn|Bloom|2020|p=87}} It is the oldest ''maqsura'' in the Islamic world to be preserved ''[[in situ]]'' and was commissioned by al-Mu῾izz ibn Badis in the first half of the 11th century (though later restored).<ref name=":24">{{Cite book |title=The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2009 |isbn=9780195309911 |editor-last=M. Bloom |editor-first=Jonathan |chapter=Maqsura |editor-last2=S. Blair |editor-first2=Sheila}}</ref><ref name=":17">{{Cite web |title=Qantara - Maqsūra of al-Mu 'izz |url=https://www.qantara-med.org/public/show_document.php?do_id=403&lang=en |access-date=2022-09-19 |website=www.qantara-med.org}}</ref> It is one of the most significant works of art from the Zirid period,{{sfn|Ettinghausen|Grabar|Jenkins-Madina|2001|p=|pp=274–275}} notable for its elaborately carved woodwork featuring arabesque motifs and a [[Kufic]] inscription dedicated to al-Mu'izz.<ref name=":242" /><ref name=":17" />

Zirid art is also known for its decorated manuscripts.<ref name=":242" /> This art form flourished in Kairouan under Zirid rule and manuscripts from this city were exported throughout the Islamic world.{{sfn|Ettinghausen|Grabar|Jenkins-Madina|2001|p=|pp=285–286}} One important example is the so-called "Nurse's Qur'an" ({{Langx|ar|مصحف الحاضنة|links=no|translit=Mushaf al-Hadina}}), a [[Qur'an]] manuscript copied in 1020 by 'Ali ibn Ahmad al-Warraq for Fatima, the nursemaid of al-Mu'izz ibn Badis.<ref name=":242" /><ref name=":14">{{Cite web |title=Bifolium from the "Nurse's Qur'an" (Mushaf al-Hadina) |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/456074 |access-date=2022-09-19 |website=The Metropolitan Museum of Art |language=en}}</ref> It is one of many Qur'an manuscripts that were donated to the Great Mosque of Kairouan and it is one of the most important surviving Islamic manuscripts commissioned by a female patron in North Africa.<ref name=":14" /> Its folios are now kept in several museums and collections around the world, including the [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]], the [[Bardo National Museum (Tunis)|Bardo Museum]], and the [[David Collection]].<ref name=":14" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rammah |first=Mourad |title=Page from a Qur'an |url=https://islamicart.museumwnf.org/database_item.php?id=object;ISL;tn;Mus01;4;tr |access-date=2022-09-19 |website=Discover Islamic Art, Museum With No Frontiers}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The so-called 'Nanny's Quran' |url=http://www.bardomuseum.tn/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=196:coran-de-la-nourrice&catid=47:kariaoun-et-mahdia&Itemid=74&lang=en |access-date=2022-09-19 |website=www.bardomuseum.tn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Calligraphy - The David Collection |url=https://www.davidmus.dk/en/collections/islamic/materials/calligraphy/art/25-2003 |access-date=2022-09-19 |website=www.davidmus.dk}}</ref>

'''Emblem'''

According to Historian Hady Roger Idris, the colour of the flags is unknown, but he stressed : "The name of the Fatimids appeared on the [[flag]]s (a'làm), [[Pennon|pennants]] (rayât), [[Heraldic flag|standards]] (bunûd) and on the edging of ceremonial clothing. Flags and robes of honour do not appear to have been made in Ifrïqiya; they were gifts from the caliph."{{Sfn|Idris|1962|p=510}} He added: "Let us recall that the official [[livery]] of the Zirids, vassals of the Fatimids, had to be white since we have seen that they adopted black, the colour of the Abbasids, after having broken with Cairo."{{Sfn|Idris|1962|p=599}} Michael Brett points out that the Zirid prince Al-Mu'izz ibn Badis renounced his alleigence to the Fatimids by changing his colors from Fatimid white to Abbasid black.{{Sfn|Brett|2017|p=184}}

== List of Zirid rulers ==
The following list includes the Zirid rulers who ruled in the Maghreb:<ref name=":8" />{{Sfn|Idris|1962|pp=831–833}}

* [[Ziri ibn Manad]], d. 971 CE (as Fatimid governor)
* [[Buluggin ibn Ziri]], 972–984 (as viceroy of the Fatimids in Ifriqiya and the Maghreb)
* [[al-Mansur ibn Buluggin]], 984–996
* [[Badis ibn al-Mansur]], 996–1016
After 1015, the Hammadid branch ruled in the central Maghreb while the descendants of Badis ibn al-Mansur continued to rule in Ifriqiya:<ref name=":8" />{{Sfn|Idris|1962|pp=831–833}}
* [[al-Mu'izz ibn Badis]], 1016–1062
* [[Tamim ibn al-Mu'izz]], 1062–1108
* [[Yahya ibn Tamim]], 1108–1116
* [[Ali ibn Yahya]], 1116–1121
* [[Abu'l-Hasan al-Hasan ibn Ali|al-Hasan ibn Ali]], 1121–1148

{{chart top|Pedigree of Zirid dynasty and its offshoots|width=100%|collapsed=no}}
{{tree chart/start|align=center |summary=Zirid dynasty and its offshoots}}
{{tree chart|border=0| zis | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | zis=<u>'''''Zirid State'''''</u>}}
{{tree chart|border=0| zim | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | grt |zim='''[[Ziri ibn Manad|Ziri ibn<br/>Manad]]'''<br /><small>d. 971</small> |grt=<u>'''''[[Taifa of Granada|Granada Taifa]]'''''</u>}}
{{tree chart|border=0| |)|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|.| }}
{{tree chart|border=0| biz | | | | | | | ham | | | |!| | | | |!| |ham=<u>'''''[[Hammadid dynasty]]'''''</u>|biz='''[[Buluggin ibn Ziri|Buluggin<br />ibn Ziri]]'''<br /><small>972-984</small>}}
{{tree chart|border=0| |)|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|.| | | | mak | | | ziz |mak=Maksen<br />ibn Ziri |ziz='''[[Zawi ibn Ziri|Zawi<br />ibn Ziri]]'''<br/><small>1013-1019/20</small>}}
{{tree chart|border=0| mib | | | | | | | |!| | | | |`|-|-|-|-|.| |mib='''''[[Al-Mansur ibn Buluggin|Al-Mansur<br/>ibn Buluggin]]'''''<br/><small>984-996</small>}}
{{tree chart|border=0| |!| | | | | | | | hib | | | | | | | | him |hib='''[[Hammad ibn Buluggin|Hammad<br />ibn Buluggin]]'''<br/><small>1015-1028</small>|him='''[[Habbus al-Muzaffar|Habbus<br/>al-Muzaffar]]'''<br/><small>1019/20-1038</small>}}
{{tree chart|border=0| bim | | | |,|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|.| | | | | |!| |bim='''[[Badis ibn al-Mansur|Badis<br/>ibn al-Mansur]]'''<br/><small>996-1016</small>}}
{{tree chart|border=0| |!| | | | qih | | mih | | aih | | | | bih |qih='''[[Qaid ibn Hammad|Qaid<br/>ibn Hammad]]'''<br/><small>1028-1054</small>|mih=Muhammad<br/>ibn Hammad |aih=Alnas<br/>ibn Hammad |bih='''[[Badis ibn Habus|Badis<br/>ibn Habbus]]'''<br/><small>1038-1073</small>}}
{{tree chart|border=0| aib | | | |!| | | |!| | | |!| | | | | |!| aib='''[[Al-Mu'izz ibn Badis|Al-Mu'izz<br/>ibn Badis]]'''<br/><small>1016-1062</small>}}
{{tree chart|border=0| |!| | | | miq | | bim | | nia | | | | bib |miq='''[[Muhsin ibn Qaid|Muhsin <br/>ibn Qaid]]'''<br/><small>1054-1055</small> |bim='''[[Buluggin ibn Muhammad|Buluggin <br/>ibn Muhammad]]'''<br/><small>1055-1062</small> |nia='''[[Nasir ibn Alnas|Nasir<br/>ibn Alnas]]'''<br/><small>1062-1088</small> |bib=Buluggin<br/>ibn Badis}}
{{tree chart|border=0| tim | | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|'| | | | | |!| |tim='''[[Tamim ibn al-Mu'izz|Tamim<br />ibn al-Mu'izz]]'''<br/><small>1062-1108</small>}}
{{tree chart|border=0| |!| | | | | | | | min | | | | | | | | aib |min='''[[Al-Mansur ibn al-Nasir|Al-Mansur<br/>ibn al-Nasir]]'''<br/><small>1088-1105</small>|aib='''[[Abdallah ibn Buluggin|Abdallah<br/>ibn Buluggin]]'''<br/><small>1073-1090</small>}}
{{tree chart|border=0| yit | | | | | | | |)|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | |yit='''[[Yahya ibn Tamim|Yahya<br/>ibn Tamim]]'''<br/><small>1108-1116</small>}}
{{tree chart|border=0| |)|-|-|-|.| | | | bin | | ain | | | | | | | |bin='''[[Badis ibn Mansur (Hammadid)|Badis<br/>ibn Mansur]]'''<br/><small>1105</small>|ain='''[[Abd al-Aziz ibn Mansur|Abd al-Aziz<br/>ibn Mansur]]'''<br/><small>1105-1121</small>}}
{{tree chart|border=0| aiy | | abf | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | |aiy='''[[Ali ibn Yahya|Ali<br/>ibn Yahya]]'''<br/><small>1116-1121</small>|abf=Abu al-Futuh<br/>ibn Yahya}}
{{tree chart|border=0| |!| | | |!| | | | yia | | | | | | | | | | |yia='''[[Yahya ibn Abd al-Aziz|Yahya<br/>ibn Abd al-Aziz]]'''<br/><small>1121-1152</small>}}
{{tree chart|border=0| aia | | abb | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | aia='''[[Abu'l-Hasan al-Hasan ibn Ali|Abu'l-Hasan<br/>al-Hasan<br/>ibn Ali]]'''<br/><small>1121-1148</small>|abb=[[Abbas ibn Abi al-Futuh|Abbas<br/>ibn Abi al-Futuh]]<br/><small>[[Vizier (Fatimid Caliphate)|Fatimid vizier]] 1153-1154</small>}}
{{tree chart|border=0| | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | }}
{{tree chart|border=0| | | | | nsr | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |nsr=Nasr<br/>ibn Abbas}}
{{tree chart/end}}
{{chart bottom}}

== Offshoots of the Zirid dynasty ==
=== Zirids of Granada ===
{{Main|Taifa of Granada}}[[File:Location map Taifa of Granada.svg|200px|thumb|right|Map of the Taifa of Granada in the first half of the 11th century]]
After the rebellion of Buluggin's brothers failed in 999, Zawi ibn Ziri sought to move to al-Andalus, which was under Umayyad control. The ''[[hajib]]'' of Caliph [[Hisham II]] (r. 976–1009) and ''de facto'' ruler of the Caliphate of Córdoba at the time, [[Almanzor|Ibn Abi ʿAmir al-Mansur]] (also known as Almanzor), initially refused to allow Zawi's immigration to al-Andalus, believing his reputation as a troublemaker.<ref name=":12" /> However, his son and successor, [[Abd al-Malik al-Muzaffar|'Abd al-Malik al-Muẓaffar]] (r. 1002–1008), seeking able military commanders, granted Zawi and his followers permission to come to Cordoba, where they subsequently became an important part of al-Muzaffar's army.<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":35"/><ref name=":052222">{{Cite book |last=García-Arenal |first=Mercedes |title=Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three |publisher=Brill |year=2014 |editor-last=Fleet |editor-first=Kate |location= |pages= |chapter=Granada |issn=1873-9830 |editor-last2=Krämer |editor-first2=Gudrun |editor-last3=Matringe |editor-first3=Denis |editor-last4=Nawas |editor-first4=John |editor-last5=Rowson |editor-first5=Everett}}</ref> The Caliphate of Córdoba fragmented after 1008, a period known as the [[Fitna of al-Andalus|''fitna'' of al-Andalus]]. Zawi initially played a role, along with other Berber factions, in the [[Sacks of Córdoba (1009–1013)|siege of Córdoba]] between 1010 and 1013.<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":35"/> By the end of the siege they succeeded in installing their own puppet caliph in Córdoba, [[Sulayman ibn al-Hakam|Sulayman al-Musta'in]], but by this point Zawi and other factions were seeking political fortunes elsewhere in al-Andalus.<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":35"/> The new caliph granted Zawi and his faction the province of Ilbira (Elvira) to settle in 1013.<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":35"/> After moving the capital from ''Madinat Ilbira'' to the hilltop settlement of ''Gharnāṭa'' (Granada) that year, Zawi founded the ''[[Taifa]]'' kingdom of Granada.<ref name=":23">{{Cite book |last=Carvajal López |first=José C. |title=The Routledge Handbook of Muslim Iberia |publisher=Routledge |year=2020 |isbn=978-1-317-23354-1 |editor-last=Fierro |editor-first=Maribel |pages=490, 505 (see note 18) |language=en |chapter=Material culture |quote= |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MureDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22Medina+Elvira%22&pg=PT526}}</ref><ref name=":12" /> Arab sources consider him to be the founder of the present-day city of Granada,<ref name=":052222" /> a designation also repeated by some modern historians like Helen Rodgers, Stephen Cavendish, and Brian Catlos.<ref name=":35"/><ref>{{Cite book |last=Catlos |first=Brian A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xKBfDwAAQBAJ&dq=kingdoms+of+faith&pg=PP1 |title=Kingdoms of Faith: A New History of Islamic Spain |publisher=Basic Books |year=2018 |isbn=9780465055876 |location=New York |pages=200–201}}</ref>

In 1018 the Umayyad pretender [[Abd al-Rahman IV|al-Murtada]] attempted to conquer Granada but was soundly defeated by the Zirids.<ref name=":12" /> In 1019 or 1020 Zawi left al-Andalus and returned to Ifriqiya, resuming his ambitions within the Zirid state there.<ref name=":12" /> His fate is not known for certain: according to [[Ibn Hayyan]] he died of the plague years later, while Abdallah ibn Buluggin's memoirs claim he was poisoned not long after arriving in North Africa, but neither gives the date of his death.<ref name=":0528">{{Cite book |last=Tibi |first=Amin |title=Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition |publisher=Brill |year=1960–2007 |isbn=9789004161214 |editor-last=Bearman |editor-first=P. |location= |pages= |chapter=Zāwī b. Zīrī |editor-last2=Bianquis |editor-first2=Th. |editor-last3=Bosworth |editor-first3=C.E. |editor-last4=van Donzel |editor-first4=E. |editor-last5=Heinrichs |editor-first5=W.P.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Catlos |first=Brian A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JuVuAwAAQBAJ&dq=zawi+ibn+ziri&pg=PT49 |title=Infidel Kings and Unholy Warriors: Faith, Power, and Violence in the Age of Crusade and Jihad |publisher=Farrar, Straus and Giroux |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-374-71205-1 |pages=29 |language=en}}</ref> In Granada, Zawi's nephew [[Habbus al-Muzaffar|Habbus ibn Maksan]] was invited by the ''[[Judge (Islamic law)|qadi]]'' of the city, Abu 'Abdallah ibn Abi Zamanin, to take control of the new kingdom instead of one Zawi's sons.<ref name=":12" /> Under the reign of Habus (1019–1038), the Taifa of Granada was consolidated and evolved into one of the most important political forces of al-Andalus during this period.<ref name=":12" /> During the reign of [[Badis ibn Habus|Badis Ibn Habus]] the Zirids of Granada defeated an attack by the [[Taifa of Almería|Taifa of Almeria]] in 1038, annexing much of that kingdom's territory and turning [[Almería|Almeria]] into a vassal state for several years, before they defeated the [[Abbadid dynasty|Abbadids]] of [[Taifa of Seville|Seville]] in battle in 1039, gaining some territory in turn to the west.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last=Sarr-Marroco |first=Bilal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tBhREAAAQBAJ |title=A Companion to Islamic Granada |publisher=Brill |year=2021 |isbn=978-90-04-42581-1 |editor-last=Boloix-Gallardo |editor-first=Bárbara |pages=93 |language=en |chapter=The Founding of Madinat Gharnata by the Banu Ziri (5th/11th Century)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Adang |first1=Camilla |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SlPyLiPgI5kC&dq=zirid+granada+taifa+almeria&pg=PA47 |title=Ibn Hazm of Cordoba: The Life and Works of a Controversial Thinker |last2=Fierro |first2=Maribel |last3=Schmidtke |first3=Sabine |publisher=Brill |year=2012 |isbn=978-90-04-23424-6 |pages=47 |language=en}}</ref> In 1056 they annexed the [[Taifa of Málaga|Taifa of Malaga]].<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":45">{{Cite book |last=Robinson |first=Cynthia |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/metpublications/Al_Andalus_The_Art_of_Islamic_Spain |title=Al-Andalus: The Art of Islamic Spain |publisher=The Metropolitan Museum of Art |year=1992 |isbn=0870996371 |editor-last=Dodds |editor-first=Jerrilynn D. |location=New York |pages=49–52 |chapter=Arts of the Taifa Kingdoms}}</ref> The Taifa of Granada was eventually conquered by the Almoravids of North Africa in 1090, putting an end to the independent kingdom.<ref name=":052222" />

=== Hammadid dynasty ===
{{main|Hammadid dynasty}}Hammad ibn Buluggin, the son of Buluggin and uncle of Badis ibn al-Mansur, was appointed governor of 'Ashir in 997 and given a great deal of autonomy, even going so far as to build a new capital for himself, known as the Qal'a Bani Hammad.{{Sfn|Baadj|2015|p=40}} The split between Hammad and his nephew came when Badis declared his son as heir and attempted to designate a part of Hammad's territory as a new principality to be governed by the crown prince. Hammad refused to let this happen and responded by ordering the name of the Fatimid caliph to be replaced with the Abbasid caliph in the ''[[Khutbah|khutba]]'' (Friday sermon) in mosques, a clear departure from Zirid political allegiances.{{Sfn|Baadj|2015|p=44}} A closely-fought war ended with Hammad and al-Mu'izz ibn Badis concluding a peace agreement which allowed Hammad to retain his effective independence.{{Sfn|Baadj|2015|p=44}}

The Hammadid state reached its apogee under the reign of al-Nasir ibn 'Alannas (r. 1062-1088) during which it was briefly the most important state in the Maghreb.{{Sfn|Baadj|2015|p=42-43}} The Hammadid capital attracted scholars and artists from Kairouan, growing its cultural and economic importance.{{Sfn|Baadj|2015|p=43}} The Hammadids initially weathered the Banu Hilal invasions much better than their Zirid counterparts to the east and sometimes even allied with the new Arab tribes.{{Sfn|Abun-Nasr|1987|p=70}} Al-Nasir exploited the partial collapse of Zirid rule in Ifriqiya to have his own authority recognized in many of the main cities there, including Sfax, Kairouan, and Tunis.{{Sfn|Baadj|2015|p=43}} Pressures from the Banu Hilal tribes eventually forced al-Nasir's successor, al-Mansur (r. 1088-1105), to move the capital to [[Bijaya]] (Béjaïa or Bougie), a city founded earlier by al-Nasir.{{Sfn|Abun-Nasr|1987|p=70}}{{Sfn|Baadj|2015|p=46}} Hammadid rule was eventually ended by the Almohads, led by 'Abd al-Mu'min, who captured Bijaya in 1152. Soon after, 'Abd al-Mu'min's son captured Constantine, where the last Hammadid ruler, [[Yahya ibn Abd al-Aziz|Yahya]], had fled. Yahya was given a pension and allowed to retire in Marrakesh and then [[Salé|Sala]] (Salé), where he died in 1161 or 1162.<ref name=":15">{{Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition|volume=3|article=Ḥammādids|last=Idris|first=Hady Roger|pages=137–138}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of Sunni Muslim dynasties]]
* [[Ar-Raqiq]], a courtier, poet and historian, secretary to al-Muizz ibn Badis.

== References ==

=== Notes ===
{{Notelist}}

=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}

=== Sources ===
*{{Cite book |last=Abun-Nasr |first=Jamil |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jdlKbZ46YYkC&pg=PP1 |title=A history of the Maghrib in the Islamic period |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1987 |isbn=0521337674 |location=Cambridge |pages=}}
*{{Cite book|last=Arnold|first=Felix|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bXjXDQAAQBAJ&dq=Islamic+Palace+Architecture+in+the+Western+Mediterranean&pg=PP1|title=Islamic Palace Architecture in the Western Mediterranean: A History|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2017|isbn=9780190624552|location=|pages=}}
*{{Cite book |last=Baadj |first=Amar S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BvTjCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA12 |title=Saladin, the Almohads and the Banū Ghāniya: The Contest for North Africa (12th and 13th centuries) |publisher=Brill |year=2015 |isbn=978-90-04-29857-6 |pages= |language=en}}
*{{Cite book|last=Bloom|first=Jonathan M.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IRHbDwAAQBAJ&dq=Architecture+of+the+Islamic+West%3A+North+Africa+and+the+Iberian+Peninsula%2C+700-1800&pg=PP1|title=Architecture of the Islamic West: North Africa and the Iberian Peninsula, 700-1800|publisher=Yale University Press|year=2020|isbn=9780300218701|location=|pages=}}
*{{Cite book |last=Brett |first=Michael |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZTNTz3POoZUC|title=The Cambridge History of Africa |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1975 |isbn=978-0-521-21592-3 |editor-last=Fage |editor-first=J.D. |volume=2 |pages=589–636 |language=en |chapter=The Fatimid revolution (861-973) and its aftermath in North Africa |editor-last2=Oliver |editor-first2=Roland Anthony}}
*{{Cite book |last=Brett |first=Michael |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qDZYDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1 |title=The Fatimid Empire |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |year=2017 |isbn=9781474421522 |location=Edinburgh |pages=}}
*{{cite book |author=Halm |first=Heinz |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=usUjj9OV9l0C|title=The Empire of the Mahdi: The Rise of the Fatimids |publisher=Brill |year=1996 |isbn=90-04-10056-3}}
*{{cite book |title=Islamic Art and Architecture, 650-1250 |editor-first1=Richard  |editor-last1=Ettinghausen |editor-first2=Oleg |editor-last2=Grabar |editor-first3=Marilyn |editor-last3=Jenkins-Madina  |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2001  }}
*{{Cite book |last=Idris |first=Hady Roger |url=https://www.asadlis-amazigh.com/fr/wp-content/uploads/livres/La%20berberie%20orientale%20sous%20les%20Zirides%201.pdf |title=La berbérie orientale sous les Zīrīdes: Xe-XIIe siècles |publisher=Librarie d'Amérique et d'Orient |year=1962 |location=Paris |pages= |language=fr}}
*{{EI2 |title= Zīrids |first=Amin |last=Tibi |volume=11 |pages=513–516 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_8170}}
* [http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/657580/Zirid-Dynasty Zirid Dynasty] ''Encyclopædia Britannica''
* [http://www.euratlas.net/AHP/histoire_europe/carte_europe_1000.html Historical map showing location of Zirid Kingdom c. 1000]

== Further reading ==

* {{Cite book |last=King |first=Matt |title=Dynasties Intertwined: The Zirids of Ifriqiya and the Normans of Sicily |publisher=Cornell University Press |year=2022 |isbn=9781501763472 |language=en}}
{{Muslim dynasties in Maghreb region}}
{{Authority control}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Zirid Dynasty}}
[[Category:Zirid dynasty| ]]
[[Category:1152 disestablishments]]
[[Category:States and territories established in the 970s]]
[[Category:Berber dynasties]]
[[Category:Sanhaja]]