View source for Ze'ev Jabotinsky

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{{Short description|Russian Revisionist Zionist leader (1880–1940)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name               = Ze'ev Jabotinsky
| honorific_suffix   = [[Most Excellent Order of the British Empire|MBE]]
| image              = File:PORTRAIT OF VLADIMIR JABOTINSKY TAKEN BY BRITT IN PARIS. פורטרט, זאב ז'בוטינסקי.D850-062 (cropped).jpg
| caption            = Jabotinsky in 1926
| birth_name         = Vladimir Yevgenyevich Zhabotinsky
| birth_date         = {{Birth date|df=yes|1880|10|17}}<ref name="bio-dic" />
| birth_place        = [[Odessa]], Russian Empire<ref name=Arutz_Halkin>{{cite news|author-link=Ronn Torossian |last=Torossian |first=Ronn |title=Jabotinsky: A Life, by Hillel Halkin - Read and Wonder |url=http://www.israelnationalnews.com/Articles/Article.aspx/15025#.U3vbRSgXKuw |newspaper=Israel National News|date=19 May 2014}}</ref>
| death_date         = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1940|08|03|1880|10|17}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Ze'ev Jabotinsky |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Vladimir-Jabotinsky|website=[[Encyclopaedia Britannica]] |access-date=11 August 2019}}</ref>
| death_place        = [[Hunter, New York]], U.S.
| body_discovered    = 
| resting_place      = {{Plain list|
* 1940–1964: [[New Montefiore Cemetery]], New York, U.S.
* 1964–present: [[Mount Herzl|Mt. Herzl]], [[Jerusalem]]
}}
| resting_place_coordinates = {{Coord|31|46|26|N|35|10|50|E|type:landmark_region:IL-JM|display=inline}}
| citizenship        = [[Russian Empire]]
| other_names        = 
| known_for          = [[Betar|Betar movement]]
| education          = 
| alma_mater         = [[Sapienza University of Rome|Sapienza University]]
| occupation         = {{hlist|Zionist activist|military leader|author|journalist}}
| awards             = Member of the [[Order of the British Empire]] (1919)
| years_active       = 1898–1940
| party              = [[Hatzohar]]
| children           = [[Eri Jabotinsky]]
| spouse             = {{marriage|Hanna Markovna Halpern|1907|1940}}
| module             = {{Infobox military person
| embed         = yes
| allegiance    = {{flag|United Kingdom}}
| branch        = {{army|United Kingdom}}<br />{{*}}[[Army Reserve (United Kingdom)|Territorial Army]]
| serviceyears  = 1915–1919 
| rank          = [[File:British Army OF-1b.svg|20px]] [[Lieutenant (British Army and Royal Marines)|Lieutenant]]
| unit          = [[20th Battalion, London Regiment (Blackheath and Woolwich)|20th Battalion]], [[London Regiment (1908–1938)|London Regiment]] <br/> [[Jewish Legion]]
| commands      = 
| battles       = [[World War I]] 
}}
}}

'''Ze'ev Jabotinsky'''{{efn|{{IPAc-en|ˌ|(|d|)|ʒ|æ|b|ə|ˈ|t|ɪ|n|s|k|i|,|ˌ|(|d|)|ʒ|ɑː|b|ə|-}} {{respell|ZHA(H)B|ə|TIN|skee|,|JA(H)B|-}}}}{{efn|{{langx|he|זְאֵב זַ׳בּוֹטִינְסְקִי|Ze'ev Zhabotinski}}; {{langx|yi|וואלף זשאַבאָטינסקי|Wolf Zhabotinski}}}} {{Post-nominals|country=GBR|MBE}} (born '''Vladimir Yevgenyevich Zhabotinsky''';{{efn|{{langx|ru|Влади́мир Евге́ньевич Жаботи́нский}}.}} 17 October 1880<ref name="bio-dic" /> &nbsp;– 3 August 1940)<ref>Most of the books say that Jabotinsky died on 4 August, because they wrongly convert the date from the Hebrew calendar. See details below.</ref> was a Russian-born{{efn|<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2017 |title=Vladimir Jabotinsky: A Zionist Activist on the Rise, 1905–1906 |url=https://www.ejournals.eu/SJ/2017/Numer-1-39/art/10417/ |journal=Studia Judaica |volume=39 |doi=10.4467/24500100STJ.17.005.7731 |page=105|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Gitelman |first1=Zvi Y. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m61_CwAAQBAJ |title=New Jewish Identities: Contemporary Europe and Beyond |last2=Kosmin |first2=Barry Alexander |last3=Kovács |first3=András |date=2003-01-01 |publisher=Central European University Press |isbn=978-963-9241-62-6 |language=en |page=147}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Marmur |first1=Michael |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3vMhEQAAQBAJ |title=American Jewish Thought Since 1934: Writings on Identity, Engagement, and Belief |last2=Ellenson |first2=David |date=2020-05-22 |publisher=Brandeis University Press |isbn=978-1-68458-014-9 |language=en |page=154}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Alfandary |first=Rony |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hoAxEAAAQBAJ |title=Postmemory, Psychoanalysis and Holocaust Ghosts: The Salonica Cohen Family and Trauma Across Generations |date=2021-07-22 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-000-41184-3 |language=en |page=158}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Englander |first=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UKVtAAAAMAAJ |title=A Documentary History of Jewish Immigrants in Britain, 1840-1920 |date=1994 |publisher=Leicester University Press |isbn=978-0-7185-1517-1 |language=en |page=322}}</ref>}} author, poet, orator, soldier, and founder of the [[Revisionist Zionist]] movement and the Jewish Self-Defense Organization in [[Odesa|Odessa]].

With [[Joseph Trumpeldor]], he co-founded the [[Jewish Legion]] of the [[British Army]] in [[World War I]].<ref>{{cite web |title=The Struggle for the Jewish Legion and The Birth of the IDF |url=http://jewishmag.com/148mag/jewish_legion/jewish_legion.htm |first=Jerry |last=Klinger|work=Jewish Magazine |access-date=5 December 2010 |date=October 2010}}</ref> Later he established several Jewish organizations, including the paramilitary group [[Betar]] in Latvia, the youth movement [[Hatzohar]] and the militant organization [[Irgun]] in [[Mandatory Palestine]].

==Early life==
[[File:Editorial staff of Razsvet in Saint Petersburg in 1912.jpg|right|thumb|Editorial staff of Razsvet in Saint Petersburg, 1912. Sitting (R–L): 1) Max (Mordecai) Soloveichik (Solieli), 2) Avraham Ben David Idelson, 3) [[Zeev Jabotinsky]]; Standing: 1) Arnold Zeidman, 2) Alexander Goldstein, 3) Shlomo Gefstein]]

Vladimir Yevgenyevich (Yevnovich) Zhabotinsky<ref>{{cite web |author=Nataliya and Yuri Kruglyak |title=Archival documents on Zhabotinsky |language=ru |publisher=Odessitclub.org |date= 27 July 1939  |url=http://www.odessitclub.org/reading_room/sokolyansky/konechno_v_odesse.htm |access-date=28 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929073418/http://www.odessitclub.org/reading_room/sokolyansky/konechno_v_odesse.htm |archive-date=29 September 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> was born in [[Odessa]],<ref name=Arutz_Halkin /> [[Kherson Governorate]] (modern [[Ukraine]]) into an assimilated Jewish family.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://dbs.bh.org.il/luminary/jabotinsky-zeev-vladimir |title=Heroes - Trailblazers of the Jewish People |website=Beit Hatfutsot |access-date=17 November 2019 |archive-date=17 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191117104803/https://dbs.bh.org.il/luminary/jabotinsky-zeev-vladimir |url-status=dead }}</ref> His father, Yevno (Yevgeniy Grigoryevich) Zhabotinsky, hailed from [[Nikopol, Ukraine|Nikopol]], [[Yekaterinoslav Governorate]]. He was a member of the Russian Society of Sailing and Trade and was primarily involved in wheat trading. His mother, Chava (Eva Markovna) Zach (1835–1926), came from [[Berdychiv]], [[Kiev Governorate]]. Jabotinsky's older brother Myron died when Vladimir was six months old, and his father died when he was six years old. His sister, Tereza (Tamara Yevgenyevna) Zhabotinskaya-Kopp, founded a private [[Gymnasium (school)|school]] for girls in Odessa. In 1885, the family moved to Germany due to his father's illness, returning a year later after his father's death.

Raised in a middle-class Jewish home, Jabotinsky was educated in Russian schools. Although he studied Hebrew as a child, he wrote in his autobiography that his upbringing was divorced from [[Judaism|Jewish faith]] and tradition. His mother ran a stationery store in Odessa. Jabotinsky dropped out of school at the age of 17 with a guarantee of a job as a correspondent for a local Odessan newspaper,{{sfn|Halkin|2014|pp=16–17}} the ''Odesskiy Listok'', and was sent to [[Bern]] and [[Rome]] as a correspondent. He also worked for the ''Odesskie Novosti'' after his return from Italy.{{sfn|Halkin|2014|pp=28–29}} Jabotinsky was a childhood friend of Russian journalist and poet [[Korney Chukovsky]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6vPlCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA138|title=Vladimir Jabotinsky's Story of My Life|first=Vladimir|last=Jabotinsky|date=5 December 2015|publisher=Wayne State University Press|isbn=9780814341391 |via=Google Books}}</ref>

===Studies in Rome and return to Odessa===
From the autumn of 1898 onward, Jabotinsky was registered for three years as a law student at the [[Sapienza University of Rome]],{{sfn|Halkin|2014|pp=20}} but hardly attended any classes and did not graduate, leading a bohemian lifestyle instead. In addition to [[Russian language|Russian]], [[Yiddish]] and [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]], he learned to speak fluent [[Italian language|Italian]].{{sfnp|Schechtman|1956|pp=49, 60}}

After returning as a news reporter to Odessa, he was arrested in April 1902 for writing [[Feuilleton|feuilletons]] in an anti-establishment tone, as well as contributing to a radical Italian journal. He was held isolated in a prison cell in the city for two months, where he communicated with other inmates through shouting and passing written notes.{{sfn|Halkin|2014|p=33}}

In October 1907 Jabotinsky married Joanna (or Ania) Galperina.<ref name=ReferenceA>Жаботинский З. Повесть моих дней. — Библиотека-Алия, 1985</ref>

==Early activism and militancy==
===Zionist activism in Russia===
Prior to the [[Kishinev pogrom]] of 1903, Jabotinsky joined the [[Zionism|Zionist movement]], where he soon gained a reputation as a powerful speaker and an influential leader.<ref>[http://forward.com/articles/8544/kishinev--the-birth-of-a-century/ Kishinev 1903: The Birth of a Century], quoting from the memoirs of [[Simon Dubnow]]: "It was the night of April 7, 1903. Because of Russian Easter, the newspapers had not been issued for the previous two days so we remained without any news from the rest of the world. That night the Jewish audience assembled in the Beseda Club, to listen to the talk of a young Zionist, the Odessa 'wunderkind' V. Jabotinsky [….] The young agitator had great success with his audience. In a particularly moving manner, he drew on Pinsker's parable of the Jew as a shadow wandering through space and developed it further. As for my own impression, this one-sided treatment of our historical problem depressed me: Did he not scarcely stop short of inducing fear in our unstable Jewish youth of their own national shadow?… During the break, while pacing up and down in the neighboring room, I noticed sudden unrest in the audience: the news spread that fugitives had arrived in Odessa from nearby Kishinev and had reported a bloody pogrom in progress there."</ref> With more pogroms looming on the horizon, he established the Jewish Self-Defense Organization, a Jewish militant group, to safeguard Jewish communities throughout Russia. He became a source of great controversy in the Russian Jewish community as a result of these actions.

Around this time, he began learning [[modern Hebrew]], and took a Hebrew name: ''Vladimir'' became ''Ze'ev'' ("wolf"). During the pogroms, he organized self-defence units in [[Jewish]] communities across Russia and fought for the [[civil rights]] of the Jewish population as a whole. His slogan was, "Better to have a gun and not need it than to need it and not have it!" Another slogan was, "Jewish youth, learn to shoot!"

In 1903, he was elected as a Russian delegate to the [[Sixth Zionist Congress]] in Basel, Switzerland. After [[Theodor Herzl]]'s death in 1904, he became the leader of the right-wing Zionists. That year he moved to [[Saint Petersburg]] and became one of the co-editors for the Russophone magazine ''Yevreiskaya Zhyzn'' (Jewish Life), which after 1907 became the official publishing body of the Zionist movement in Russia. In the pages of the newspaper, Jabotinsky wrote fierce polemics against supporters of assimilation and the [[General Jewish Labour Bund in Lithuania, Poland and Russia|Bund]].

In 1905, he was one of the co-founders of the "Union for Rights Equality of Jewish People in Russia". The following year, he was one of the chief speakers at the 3rd All-Russian Conference of Zionists in [[Helsinki]], [[Grand Duchy of Finland|Finland]], which called upon the Jews of Europe to engage in ''Gegenwartsarbeit'' (work in the present) and to join together to demand autonomy for ethnic minorities in Russia.<ref name="liberal.org.il">{{cite web|url=http://www.liberal.org.il/the_man.htm |title=Jabotinsky Ze'ev. Liberal and Zionist Leader. Brief Biography |publisher=Liberal.org.il |access-date=22 September 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090620113613/http://www.liberal.org.il/the_man.htm |archive-date=20 June 2009 }}</ref> This liberal approach was later apparent in his position concerning the [[Arab citizens of Israel|Arab citizens of the future Jewish State]]: Jabotinsky asserted that "''Each one of the ethnic communities will be recognized as autonomous and equal in the eyes of the law''."<ref name="liberal.org.il" />

In 1909, he fiercely criticized leading members of the Russian Jewish community for participating in ceremonies marking the centennial of the Russian writer [[Nikolai Gogol]]. In light of Gogol's antisemitic views, Jabotinsky claimed it was unseemly for Russian Jews to take part in these ceremonies, as it showed they had no Jewish self-respect.{{citation needed|date=October 2020}}

===Representative of the ZO in the Ottoman Empire, 1908–1914===
In 1909, Sultan [[Abdulhamid II]] was deposed. The year before that, following the [[Young Turk Revolution]], the Berlin Executive office of the [[World Zionist Organization|Zionist Organization]] (ZO), sent Jabotinsky to the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] capital [[Constantinople]] where he became editor-in-chief of a new pro-[[Young Turks|Young-Turkish]] daily newspaper ''[[Le Jeune Turc]]'' (meaning [[Young Turk]]) which was founded and financed by Zionist officials like ZO president [[David Wolffsohn]] and his representative in Constantinople Victor Jacobson. The journalists writing for that paper included the famous [[Social Democratic Party of Germany|German Social democrat]] and Russian-Jewish revolutionary [[Alexander Parvus]], who lived in Constantinople from 1910 until 1914. The ''Jeune Turc'' was prohibited in 1915 by the pro-German [[1913 Ottoman coup d'état|Turkish military junta]]. Richard Lichtheim, who was to become Jabotinsky's representative in Germany in 1925, stayed in Constantinople as ZO representative and managed to keep the "[[Yishuv]]" (Jewish population of [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]]) out of trouble during the war years by constant diplomatic interventions with German, Turkish, and also American authorities, whose humanitarian support was crucial for the survival of the Jewish settlement project in Palestine during the war years.<ref>For references, see Richard Lichtheims autobiographical books in Hebrew and German (see the [[:he:%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%A8%D7%93 %D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%98%D7%94%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D|Hebrew Wikipedia entry of Richard Lichtheim]])</ref>

==World War I military career==
[[File:ZEEV JABOTINSKY IN ARMY UNIFORM DURING WORLD WAR 1. D850-054 (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.8 |Ze'ev Jabotinsky served in platoon 16 of the [[20th Battalion, London Regiment (Blackheath and Woolwich)|20th Battalion]] of the [[London Regiment (1908–1938)|London Regiment]] between 1916 and 1917]]
[[File:Jabotinsky_in_Jewish_Legion.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.8|Lt Jabotinsky in the uniform of the Royal Fusiliers]]
During World War I, he had the idea of establishing a Jewish Legion to fight alongside the British against the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottomans]] who then controlled [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]]. In 1915, together with [[Joseph Trumpeldor]], a one-armed veteran of the [[Russo-Japanese War]], he created the [[Zion Mule Corps]], which consisted of several hundred Jewish men, mainly Russians who had been exiled from Palestine by the [[Ottoman Empire]] and had settled in [[Egypt]]. The unit served with distinction in the [[Battle of Gallipoli]]. When the Zion Mule Corps was disbanded, Jabotinsky traveled to London, where he continued his efforts to establish Jewish units to fight in Palestine as part of the [[British Army]]. Although Jabotinsky did not serve with the Zion Mule Corps, Trumpeldor, Jabotinsky and 120 Zion Mule Corps members did serve in Platoon 16 of the [[20th Battalion, London Regiment (Blackheath and Woolwich)|20th Battalion]] of the [[London Regiment (1908–1938)|London Regiment]]. In 1917, the government agreed to establish three Jewish battalions, initiating the [[Jewish Legion]].<ref>D. Flisiak, Działalność syjonistów-rewizjonistów w Polsce w latach 1944/1945- 1950, Lublin 2020, s. 21-22</ref>

As an honorary lieutenant in the 38th [[Royal Fusiliers]], Jabotinsky saw action in Palestine in 1918.{{sfnp|Schechtman|1956|pp=268–271}} His battalion was one of the first to enter Transjordan.{{sfnp|Schechtman|1956|pp=268–271}}

He was demobilised in September 1919,<ref>{{London Gazette| issue=31619 |page=13126 |date=24 October 1919}}</ref> soon after he complained to [[Edmund Allenby, 1st Viscount Allenby|Field Marshal Allenby]] about the British Army's attitude towards Zionism and the reduction of the Jewish Legion to just one battalion.{{sfnp|Schechtman|1956|pp=279–282}} His appeals to the British government failed to reverse the decision, but in December 1919<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 December 1919 |title=SIXTH SUPPLEMENT TO The London Gazette Of TUESDAY, the 9th of DECEMBER, 1919, issue 31684 |url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/31684/supplement/15455/data.pdf |access-date=25 April 2023 |website=LONDON GAZETTE |page=15455}}</ref> he was appointed a Member of the [[Order of the British Empire]] (MBE) for his service.{{sfnp|Schechtman|1956|pp=283–284}}

==Renewed activism and militancy==
===Jewish self-defense and 1920 Palestine riots===
After Ze'ev Jabotinsky was discharged from the British Army in September 1919, he openly trained Jews in warfare and the use of small arms. On 6 April 1920, during the [[1920 Palestine riots]] the British searched the offices and apartments of the Zionist leadership for arms, including the home of [[Chaim Weizmann]], and in a building used by Jabotinsky's defense forces they found three rifles, two pistols, and 250 rounds of ammunition.<ref>D. Flisiak, Działalność syjonistów-rewizjonistów w Polsce w latach 1944/1945- 1950, Lublin 2020, s. 23-24.</ref>

[[File:AJI view 20121204 141410.jpg|thumb|right|Testimonial to Jabotinsky from the 38th Battalion Royal Fusiliers]]
Nineteen men were arrested. The next day Jabotinsky protested to the police that he was their commander and therefore solely responsible, so they should be released. Instead, he, too, was arrested, and the nineteen were sentenced to three years in prison with Jabotinsky being given a 15-year prison term for possession of weapons, until a July 1920 general pardon was granted to both Jews and Arabs convicted in the rioting.<ref>Golan, Zev  ''Free Jerusalem'', pp. 28–31</ref>
 
A committee of inquiry placed responsibility for the riots on the [[Zionist Commission]], alleging that they provoked the Arabs. The court blamed "[[Bolshevism]]" claiming that it "flowed in Zionism's inner heart", and ironically identified the fiercely anti-socialist Jabotinsky with the socialist-aligned [[Poalei Zion]] ('Zionist Workers') party, which it called 'a definite Bolshevist institution.'<ref name="Segev">{{Cite book |last=Segev |first=Tom |url=https://archive.org/details/onepalestinecomp00sege/page/141/mode/1up |title=One Palestine, complete: Jews and Arabs under the Mandate |publisher=Metropolitan Books, an imprint of [[Henry Holt and Company]] |others=Translated from the Hebrew ימי הכלניות by [[Haim Watzman]] |year=2000 |isbn=0-8050-4848-0 |pages=141 |author-link=Tom Segev |access-date=19 December 2023 |url-access=registration |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

===Founder of the Revisionist movement===
[[Image:Hatzohar_Conference._1925-1929_(id.15232546).jpg|thumb|right|Ze'ev Jabotinsky (second row in the very center, wearing glasses) at a [[Hatzohar]] Conference (likely in Paris, in the second half of the 1920s)]]
In 1920, Jabotinsky was elected to the first [[Assembly of Representatives (Mandate Palestine)|Assembly of Representatives]] in Palestine. The following year he was elected to the executive council of the [[World Zionist Organization|Zionist Organization]]. He was also a founder of the newly registered [[Keren Hayesod|Keren haYesod]] and served as its director of propaganda.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kh-uia.org.il/us/history.html |title=Keren Hayesod |access-date=10 December 2009 |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928041617/http://www.kh-uia.org.il/us/history.html |archive-date=28 September 2007}}</ref> Jabotinsky left the mainstream Zionist movement in 1923 due to differences of opinion between him and its chairman, [[Chaim Weizmann]], establishing a new [[Revisionist Zionism|revisionist]] party called [[Hatzohar|Alliance of Revisionists-Zionists]] and its [[Zionist youth movement|Zionist youth]] [[paramilitary organization]] [[Betar (youth movement)|Betar]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Puchalski |first=P. |title=Review: Jabotinsky's Children: Polish Jews and the Rise of Right-Wing Zionism |journal=The Polish Review |volume=63 |issue=3 |date=2018 |pages=88–91 |publisher=University of Illinois Press |doi=10.5406/polishreview.63.3.0088 |jstor=10.5406/polishreview.63.3.0088 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5406/polishreview.63.3.0088| issn=0032-2970 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

His new party demanded that the mainstream Zionist movement recognize as its stated objective the establishment of a Jewish state on both banks of the [[Jordan River]]. His main goal was to establish, with the help of the British Empire, a modern Jewish state in which equality of rights for its Arab minority were upheld.{{cn|date=January 2025}} He maintained, however, that this could only be achieved through force, and condemned the "vegetarians" and "peace mongers" in mainstream Zionism who believed that this could be achieved peacefully.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Massad |first=Joseph |title=Peace is war: Israeli settler-colonialism and the Palestinians |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2013/11/1/peace-is-war-israeli-settler-colonialism-and-the-palestinians |access-date=2025-03-24 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref>

His philosophy contrasted with that of the socialist-oriented [[Labor Zionism|Labor Zionists]], in that it focused its economic and social policy on the ideals of the Jewish middle class in Europe. His ideal for a Jewish state was a form of [[nation state]] based loosely on the British imperial model.<ref>'England is becoming continental! Not long ago the prestige of the English ruler of the "colored" colonies stood very high. Hindus, Arabs, Malays were conscious of his superiority and obeyed, not unprotestingly, yet completely. The whole scheme of training of the future rulers was built on the principle "carry yourself so that the inferior will feel your unobtainable superiority in every motion".’ Jabotinsky, cited by [[Lenni Brenner]], ''The Iron Wall'' London, ch.7, 1984</ref> His support base was mostly located in Poland, and his activities focused on attaining British support to help with the development of the [[Yishuv]]. Another area of major support for Jabotinsky was [[Latvia]], where his speeches in Russian made an impression on the largely Russian-speaking Latvian Jewish community.<ref>D. Flisiak, Działalność syjonistów-rewizjonistów w Polsce w latach 1944/1945- 1950, Lublin 2020, s. 24-26.</ref>

Jabotinsky was both a [[nationalist]] and a [[liberal democrat]]. He rejected authoritarian notions of state authority and its imposition on individual liberty; he said that "Every man is a king." He championed the notion of a [[Freedom of the press|free press]] and believed the new Jewish state would protect the rights and interests of minorities. As an [[economic liberal]], he supported a free market with minimal government intervention, but also believed that the "'elementary necessities' of the average person...: food, shelter, clothing, the opportunity to educate his children, and medical aid in case of illness" should be supplied by the state.<ref name="idi">{{Cite book |last1=Kremnitzer |first1=Mordechai |url=https://en.idi.org.il/media/6745/jabotinsky-idi-2013.pdf |title=Ze'ev Jabotinsky on Democracy, Equality, and Individual Rights |last2=Fuchs |first2=Amir |publisher=[[Israel Democracy Institute]] |year=2013 |publication-place=Jerusalem |pages=12 |access-date=19 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128061014/https://en.idi.org.il/media/6745/jabotinsky-idi-2013.pdf |archive-date=28 January 2023 |url-status=live |via=en.idi.org.il}}</ref>

In 1930, while he was visiting [[South Africa]], he was informed by the [[Colonial Office|British Colonial Office]] that he would not be allowed to return to Palestine.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.h-net.msu.edu/reviews/showrev.cgi?path=20846869665381 |title=H-Net Reviews |date=July 1997 |publisher=H-net.msu.edu |access-date=22 September 2010}}</ref>

=== The Revisionists, Fascism and Mussolini ===
Italy and Mussolini<ref name="kaplan156">Kaplan, 2005, p. 156.</ref><ref>{{cite web|title= When Jews Praised Mussolini and Supported Nazis: Meet Israel's First Fascists|url= https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2019-07-20/ty-article-magazine/.premium/when-jews-praised-mussolini-and-supported-nazis-meet-israels-first-fascists/0000017f-dc71-d856-a37f-fdf1fb910000|website=Haaretz|date=20 July 2019|last=Tamir|first=Dan|access-date=25 June 2025}}</ref> were a source of ideological, historical and cultural inspiration for the [[Revisionist Zionism|Zionist Revisionists]] of the 1920s and 1930s.<ref name="Kaplan, 2005, p. 149">Kaplan, 2005, p. 149.</ref> From the early 1930s onwards, Jabotinsky believed that the [[United Kingdom]] could no longer be trusted to advance the [[Zionist]] cause and that Italy, as a growing power capable of challenging Britain for dominance in the region, was a natural ally.<ref>Kaplan, 2005, p. 150.</ref> Jabotinsky set up the [[Betar Naval Academy]], a Zionist naval training school established in [[Civitavecchia]], [[Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)|Italy]] in 1934 with the agreement of [[Benito Mussolini]].<ref name="kaplan156">Kaplan, 2005, p. 156.</ref><ref>{{cite web|title= The Mussolini-Jabotinsky Connection: The Hidden Roots of Israel Fascist Past|url= https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20200127-the-mussolini-jabotinsky-connection-the-hidden-roots-of-israel-fascist-past/|website=Middle East Monitor|access-date=27 January 2020}}</ref>

=== 1930s evacuation plan ===
[[File:ZEEV JABOTINSKY (BOTTOM R) MEETING WITH BETAR LEADERS IN WARSAW. BOTTOM LEFT MENAHEM BEGIN. זאב ז'בוטינסקי נפגש עם מנהיגי בית"ר בורשה, פולין. משמאל למD705-081.jpg|thumb|Ze'ev Jabotinsky (bottom right) meeting with [[Betar]] leaders in [[Warsaw]]. Bottom left [[Menachem Begin]] (probably 1939).]]

During the 1930s, Jabotinsky was deeply concerned with the situation of the [[Ashkenazi Jews|Jewish community in Eastern Europe]]. In 1936, Jabotinsky prepared the so-called "evacuation plan", which called for the evacuation of 1.5 million Jews from [[Second Polish Republic|Poland]], the [[Baltic States]], [[Nazi Germany]], [[Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)|Hungary]] and [[Kingdom of Romania|Romania]] to [[Mandatory Palestine|Palestine]] over the span of the next ten years. The plan was first proposed on 8 September 1936 in the conservative Polish newspaper ''Czas'', the day after Jabotinsky organized a conference where more details of the plan were laid out; the emigration would take 10 years and would include 750,000 Jews from Poland, with 75,000 between age of 20–39 leaving the country each year. Jabotinsky stated that his goal was to reduce Jewish population in the countries involved, to levels that would make them disinterested in its further reduction.<ref>{{cite book |title=No Way Out: The Politics of Polish Jewry 1935–1939 |author=Emanuel Melzer |page=136 |publisher=Hebrew Union College Press |year=1976}}</ref>

The same year he toured [[Eastern Europe]], meeting with the Polish Foreign Minister, Colonel [[Józef Beck]]; the [[Regent of Hungary]], Admiral [[Miklós Horthy]]; and Prime Minister [[Gheorghe Tătărescu]] of [[Kingdom of Romania|Romania]] to discuss the evacuation plan. The plan gained the approval of all three governments but caused considerable controversy within the [[Polish Jews|Jewish community of Poland]], on the grounds that it played into the hands of antisemites. In particular, the fact that the 'evacuation plan' had the approval of the Polish government was taken by many Polish Jews as indicating Jabotinsky had gained the endorsement of what they considered to be the wrong people.

The evacuation of [[History of the Jews in Poland|Jewish communities in Poland]], [[History of the Jews in Hungary|Hungary]] and [[History of the Jews in Romania|Romania]] was to take place over a ten-year period. However, the British government vetoed it, and the [[Zionist Organization]]'s chairman, [[Chaim Weizmann]], dismissed it.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=http://www.thetower.org/article/jabotinskys-lost-moment-june-1940/|title=Jabotinsky's Lost Moment: June, 1940|website=The Tower}}</ref> Chaim Weizmann suggested that Jabotinsky was willing to accept [[Madagascar]] as one destination for limited emigration for Jews, due to political issues involved with settlement in Palestine, and dispatches from Warsaw by British ambassador Hugh Kennard, corroborate Weizmann's account.<ref>{{cite book |title=In the Shadow of Zion: Promised Lands Before Israel |author=Adam Rovner |page=133}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=A Marriage of Convenience: The New Zionist Organization and the Polish Government 1936–1939 |author=Laurence Weinbaum |series=East European Monographs |year=1993 |page=180}}</ref> Two years later, in 1938, Jabotinsky allegedly stated in a speech that [[Polish Jews]] were "living on the edge of the volcano" and warned that the situation in Poland could drastically worsen sometime in the near future. "Catastrophe is approaching. ... I see a terrible picture ... the volcano that will soon spew out its flames of extermination," he said.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.jpost.com/Opinion/MIDDLE-ISRAEL-No-place-for-a-Jew-552833 |title=MIDDLE ISRAEL: No place for a Jew |date=28 April 2018 |author=Amotz Asa-El |work=The Jerusalem Post}}</ref> Jabotinsky went on to warn Jews in Europe that they should leave for Palestine as soon as possible.<ref name="auto"/> There is much discussion about whether or not Jabotinsky actually predicted the Holocaust. In his writings and public appearances, he warned against the dangers of an outbreak of violence against the Jewish population of Central and Eastern Europe. However, as late as August 1939, he was certain that war would be averted.<ref>{{cite book|first=Laurence |last=Weinbaum|title=Jabotinsky and Jedwabne|publisher=Midstream |date=April 2004 |url= http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Jabotinsky+and+Jedwabne.-a0116037880}}</ref> The [[General Jewish Labour Bund in Poland|General Jewish Labour Bund]] ridiculed Jabotinsky and his warnings calling him a "Purim General."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://zionism-israel.com/hdoc/bund_jabo.htm|title=Jewish Bund Manifesto against Vladimir Jabotinsky|website=zionism-israel.com}}</ref>

A study published in 2023 by Goldstein and Huri concluded that Jabotinsky never made the 1938 speech attributed to him.<ref name=GoldsteinHuri>{{cite journal | author = Amir Goldstein and Efi Huri | title = The "fires of destruction," Warsaw, August 1938? On the posthumous invention of Jabotinsky's well-known annihilation prophecy | journal = Holocaust Studies | year = 2023 | volume = 30 | issue = 2 | pages = 326–345 | doi = 10.1080/17504902.2023.2249291| s2cid = 261439826 }}</ref> Although Jabotinsky gave a speech on that day, the text was different.<ref name=GoldsteinHuri/> The earliest mention of the alleged prophetic content that Goldstein and Huri could locate was published in 1958 by the same associate of Jabotinsky who had published the original text in 1938, possibly to bolster the campaign to relocate Jabotinsky's remains to Israel.<ref name=GoldsteinHuri/>

On the anniversary of [[Tisha B'Av]] (August 1938), Jabotinsky said:

<blockquote>It is already three years that I am calling upon you, Polish Jewry, who are the crown of world Jewry. I continue to warn you incessantly that a catastrophe is coming closer. I became grey and old in these years. My heart bleeds, that you, dear brothers and sisters, do not see the volcano which will soon begin to spit its all-consuming lava. I see that you are not seeing this because you are immersed and sunk in your daily worries. Today, however, I demand from you trust. You were convinced already that my prognoses have already proven to be right. If you think differently, then drive me out of your midst! However, if you do believe me, then listen to me in this 12th hour:In the name of God! Let anyone of you save himself as long as there is still time. And time there is very little…and what else I would like to say to you in this day of Tisha B’Av: whoever of you will escape from the catastrophe, he or she will live to see the exalted moment of a great Jewish wedding: the rebirth and the rise of a Jewish state. I don’t know if I will be privileged to see it; my son will! I believe in this as I am sure that tomorrow morning the sun will rise.<ref>[https://thejerusalemconnection.us/blog/2011/08/08/jabotinsky-warning-to-warsaw-jews-tisha-bav-1938/ jabotinsky-warning-to-warsaw-jews-tisha-bav-1938]</ref></blockquote>

===1939 plan for a revolt against the British===
In 1939, Britain enacted the [[White Paper of 1939|MacDonald White Paper]], in which Jewish immigration to Palestine under the British Mandate was to be restricted to 75,000 for the next five years, after which further Jewish immigration would depend on Arab consent. In addition, land sales to Jews were to be restricted, and Palestine would be cultivated for independence as a binational state.

Jabotinsky reacted by proposing a plan for an armed Jewish revolt in Palestine. He sent the plan to the [[Irgun]] High Command in six coded letters. Jabotinsky proposed that he and other "illegals" would arrive by boat in the heart of Palestine – preferably [[Tel Aviv]] – in October 1939. The Irgun would ensure that they successfully landed and escaped, by whatever means necessary. They would then occupy key centers of British power in Palestine, chief among them Government House in Jerusalem, raise the Jewish national flag, and fend off the British for at least 24 hours whatever the cost. Zionist leaders in Western Europe and the United States would then declare an independent Jewish state and would function as a provisional government-in-exile. Although Irgun commanders were impressed by the plan, they were concerned over the heavy losses they would doubtless incur in carrying it out. [[Avraham Stern]] proposed simultaneously landing 40,000 armed young immigrants in Palestine to help launch the uprising. The Polish government supported his plan, and it began training Irgun members and supplying them arms for 10,000 men for a proposed invasion of Palestine in April 1940.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Brenner |first=Lenni |date=1983 |title=Zionist-Revisionism: The Years of Fascism and Terror |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2536926 |journal=Journal of Palestine Studies |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=66–92 |doi=10.2307/2536926 |issn=0377-919X|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The Irgun submitted the plan for the approval of its commander [[David Raziel]], who was imprisoned by the British. However, the beginning of [[World War II]] in September 1939 quickly put an end to these plans.<ref>Penkower, Monty Noam: ''Decision on Palestine Deferred: America, Britain and Wartime Diplomacy, 1939-1945''</ref><ref>Golan, Zev: ''Free Jerusalem'' pp. 153, 168</ref>

On 12 May 1940, Jabotinsky offered [[Winston Churchill]] the support of a 130,000 strong Jewish volunteer corps to fight the Nazis; he also proposed Weizmann and [[David Ben-Gurion]] the creation of a united front for policy and relief.<ref>[https://jewishcurrents.org/the-american-jewish-army-that-never-was/ ''The American Jewish Army that Never Was''], Dusty Sklar for Jewish Currents, 4 June 2018, re-accessed 9 July 2021.</ref>

==Literary career==
In 1898, Jabotinsky was sent to Rome as a correspondent for ''Odessky Listok,'' writing columns under the pen name "V. Egal, "Vl. Egal" "V.E." for more than a year. His first application for a job at ''Odesskiya Novosti'' was turned down, but after the editor, J.M. Heifetz, saw his writing for ''Odessky Listok,'' he hired him. At that point, Jabotinsky changed his pen name to ''Altalena,'' which he confesses was a mistake. He thought the Italian word meant "elevator," but explained to the editor that the real meaning, "swing," suited him well, since he was "'by no means stable or constant', but rather rocking and balancing."{{sfnp|Schechtman|1956|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Ox8KULil0qkC&pg=PA58 58]}}
 
In 1914, Jabotinsky published the first [[Hebrew]] translation of [[Edgar Allan Poe]]'s poems ''[[The Raven]]'' and ''[[Annabel Lee]]''.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zkLK7khFnYkC&dq=jabotinsky+translation+the+raven&pg=PR16|title=A New Sound in Hebrew Poetry: Poetics, Politics, Accent|first=Miryam|last=Segal|date=2 January 2010|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=9780253003584 |via=Google Books}}</ref>

From 1923, Jabotinsky was editor of the revived Jewish weekly ''Rassvet'' (Dawn), published first in Berlin, then in Paris. Besides his journalistic work, he published novels under his previous pseudonym Altalena; his historical novel ''[[Samson (novel)|Samson Nazorei]]'' (Samson the [[Nazirite]], 1927), set in Biblical times, describes Jabotinsky's ideal of an active, daring, warrior form of Jewish life. His novel ''Pyatero'' (''The Five'', written 1935, published 1936 in Paris) has been described as "a work that probably has the truest claim to being the great Odessa novel. ... It contains poetic descriptions of early-twentieth-century Odessa, with nostalgia-tinged portraits of its streets and smells, its characters and passions."<ref name="King-156">{{cite book |last=King |first=Charles |url=https://archive.org/details/odessageniusdeat0000king/mode/2up |title=Odessa: Genius and Death in a City of Dreams |publisher=W. W. Norton & Company |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-393-07084-2 |location=New York and London |page=156 |author-link=Charles King (professor of international affairs) |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> Although it was little noticed at the time, it has received renewed appreciation for its literary qualities at the start of the twenty-first century, being reprinted in Russia and Ukraine and in 2005 translated into English (the first translation into a Western language).<ref name=King-156/>

==Family==
[[File:Zeev Jabotinsky family.jpg|thumb|Jabotinsky with his wife and son]]
While in Odessa, Jabotinsky married Joanna (or Ania) Galperina (1884–1949) in October 1907.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> They had one child, [[Eri Jabotinsky]] (1910–1969), who later became a member of the [[Irgun]]-affiliated [[Hillel Kook#Bergson Group|Bergson Group.]] Eri Jabotinsky briefly served in the 1st Knesset of Israel; he died on 6 June 1969<ref>{{cite web |title=Ari Jabotinsky |url=https://www.knesset.gov.il/mk/eng/mk_eng.asp?mk_individual_id_t=402 |website=www.knesset.gov.il |access-date=2 August 2020}}</ref> aged 58 – one year younger than his father had been when he died at the age of 59.

==Death and burial==
{{Multiple image
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| image2            = Grave of Ze'ev Jabotinsky IMG 1161.JPG
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| caption1          = Obituary of Jabotinsky, 4 August 1940 in ''[[HaMashkif]]''
| caption2          = Grave of Jabotinsky, [[Mount Herzl]], [[Jerusalem]]
}}
Jabotinsky died of a [[Myocardial infarction|heart attack]] shortly before midnight on 3 August 1940, while he was visiting a Jewish self-defense camp run by [[Betar]] in [[Hunter, New York]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1940/08/05/archives/jabotinsky-dead-led-new-zionists-head-of-revisionist-group-was.html |title=Jabotinsky Dead |date=1940-08-05 |work=The New York Times |access-date=2019-08-10 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://jpress.org.il/Olive/APA/NLI_heb/SharedView.Article.aspx?href=CGS/1940/08/08&id=Ar03001&sk=00B09D8C |title=JABOTINSKY, ZIONIST HEAD, DIES |website=jpress.org.il |access-date=2019-08-10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://pdfs.jta.org/1940/1940-08-05_101.pdf?_ga=2.216862480.708356678.1565366294-827577177.1565124625|title=Vladimir Jabotinsky Dies of Heart Attack at 59; Was Visiting Youth Camp|website=jta.org}}</ref>

Jabotinsky was buried in [[New Montefiore Cemetery]] in [[Farmingdale, New York]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Jabotinsky Rites Today - Veterans' Organizations to Take Part in Services for Zionist |newspaper=The New York Times |date=6 August 1940 |page=20 |url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1940/08/06/113101334.html?pageNumber=20 |access-date=23 September 2016}}</ref> in accordance with a clause of his will. Ben-Gurion refused to allow Jabotinsky to be reburied in Israel.<ref>[https://www.anumuseum.org.il/blog-items/ben-gurions-battle-bringing-jabotinskys-bones-israel/ ''Ben-Gurion's Battle Against Bringing Jabotinsky's Bones to Israel''], Ushi Derman for "Museum of the Jewish People", 7 March 2019, re-accessed 9 July 2021.</ref> By order of Israeli Prime Minister [[Levi Eshkol]] and in accordance with a second clause of his will, the remains of Jabotinsky and his wife were reburied at [[Mount Herzl|Mount Herzl Cemetery]] in Jerusalem in 1964.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Spiegel |first1=Irving |title=Israelis to Honor Patriot's Memory - Bodies of Jabotinsky and His Wife Going Back Home |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/07/03/israelis-to-honor-patriots-memory.html |access-date=23 September 2016 |newspaper=The New York Times |date=3 July 1964 |page=25}}</ref> A monument to Jabotinsky was erected at his original burial site in New York.<ref>{{cite news|title=Jabotinsky Memorial Unveiled |url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1941/07/28/119446920.html?pageNumber=28 |access-date=13 May 2016 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=28 July 1941 |page=28}}</ref>

==Views and opinions==
{{Conservatism in Israel}}
According to Israeli historian [[Benny Morris]], documents show that Jabotinsky favored the idea of the transfer of Arab populations out of the proposed state if required for its establishment.<ref name="morris">{{cite news |last=Morris |first=Benny |author-link=Benny Morris |date=13 January 2004 |title=For the record |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/jan/14/israel |access-date=15 June 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Morris |first=Benny |url=http://larryjhs.fastmail.fm.user.fm/The%20Birth%20of%20the%20Palestinian%20Refugee%20Problem%20Revisited.pdf |title=The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-521-81120-0 |page=45 |author-link=Benny Morris |access-date=19 December 2023 |via=larryjhs.fastmail.fm.user.fm/}}</ref> Jabotinsky's other writings state, "we do not want to eject even one Arab from either the left or the right bank of the [[Jordan River]]. We want them to prosper both economically and culturally. We envision the regime of Jewish Palestine [''Eretz Israel ha-Ivri'', or the 'Jewish [[Land of Israel]]'] as follows: most of the population will be Jewish, but equal rights for all Arab citizens will not only be guaranteed, they will also be fulfilled."<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Kremnitzer |first1=Mordechai |url=https://en.idi.org.il/media/6745/jabotinsky-idi-2013.pdf |title=Ze'ev Jabotinsky on Democracy, Equality, and Individual Rights |last2=Fuchs |first2=Amir |publisher=[[Israel Democracy Institute]] |year=2013 |location=Jerusalem |pages=8 |access-date=19 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128061014/https://en.idi.org.il/media/6745/jabotinsky-idi-2013.pdf |archive-date=28 January 2023 |via=en.idi.org.il}}</ref> 

In 1927, he reacted angrily to a published report that he had called for the expulsion of Arabs from Palestine. In a letter to the Zionist newspaper ''Haolam,'' he wrote: "I never said that, or anything that could be interpreted in this sense. My position is, on the contrary, that no one will expel from the Land of Israel its Arab inhabitants, either all or a portion of them -- this is, first of all, immoral, and secondly, impossible."<ref>"Mikhtav el Ha-Maarechet" (Letter to the editor), Haolam, 7 Jan. 1927</ref> 

Jabotinsky was convinced that there was no way for the Jews to regain any part of Palestine without opposition from the Arabs. In 1934, he wrote a draft constitution for the Jewish state which declared that Arabs would be on an equal footing with their Jewish counterparts "throughout all sectors of the country's public life." The two communities would share the state's duties, both military and civil service, and enjoy its prerogatives. Jabotinsky proposed that [[Modern Hebrew|Hebrew]] and [[Arabic]] should enjoy equal status, and that "in every cabinet where the prime minister is a Jew, the vice-premiership shall be offered to an Arab and vice versa."<ref name="karsh">{{cite journal |url=http://www.meforum.org/article/711 |title=Benny Morris's Reign of Error, Revisited: The Post-Zionist Critique |journal=Middle East Quarterly |volume=XII |date=Spring 2005 |pages=31–42 |last=Karsh |first=Efraim |author-link=Efraim Karsh |access-date=15 June 2013}}</ref>

Jabotinsky viewed Zionism as a complete cultural departure from the Jewish way of life in Europe and saw the new "Hebrew" as a radical redefinition of the Jewish culture and values at the time. In 1905 he wrote:<blockquote>To imagine what a true Hebrew is, to picture his image in our minds, we have no example from which to draw. Instead, we must use the method of ''ipcha mistavra'' (Aramaic for deriving something from its opposite): We take as our starting point the ''Yid'' (used here as pejorative for Jew) of today, and try to imagine in our minds his exact opposite. Let us erase from that picture all the personality traits that are so typical of a ''Yid,'' and let us insert into it all the desirable traits whose absence is so typical in him. Because the ''Yid'' is ugly, sickly, and lacks handsomeness (הדרת פנים) we shall endow the ideal image of the Hebrew with masculine beauty, stature, massive shoulders, vigorous movements, bright colors, and shades of color. The ''Yid'' is frightened and downtrodden; the Hebrew ought to be proud and independent. The ''Yid'' is disgusting to all; the Hebrew should charm all. The ''Yid'' has accepted submission; the Hebrew ought to know how to command. The ''Yid'' likes to hide with bated breath from the eyes of strangers; the Hebrew, with brazenness and greatness, should march ahead to the entire world, look them straight and deep in their eyes and hoist them his banner: “I am a Hebrew!”<ref>{{Cite book|last=Jabotinsky|first=Valdimir|title=Dr. Herzl|year=1905}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=From Herzl to Rabin|url=https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/first/r/rubinstein-herzl.html|access-date=2022-01-12|website=archive.nytimes.com}}</ref></blockquote>

His views were adopted by some Zionist publications, including ''[[Cahiers du Bétar]]'', a monthly in Tunisia.<ref>{{cite news|author=Emmanuel Debono|title=L'importation du conflit israélo-palestinien en question|access-date=27 August 2022|work=Le Monde|date=7 August 2014|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/blog/antiracisme/2014/08/07/limportation-du-conflit-israelo-palestinien-en-question/|language=fr}}</ref>

==Awards and recognition==
[[File:PikiWiki Israel 964 Metzudat Zeev מצודת זאב בית זבוטינסקי.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Jabotinsky House at King George V St. in [[Tel Aviv]]. The building is also known as "[[Metzudat Ze'ev|Ze'ev's Stronghold]]" and is named after Ze'ev Jabotinsky. It used to be the center of the [[Herut]] Party and is now the central institute of the [[Likud]] Party.]]
[[File:מדים ועיטורים צבאיים של זאב ז'בוטינסקי במוזאון מכון ז'בוטינסקי ולצדם זאב ז'בוטינסקי הנכד ובתו טל.JPG|thumb|Jabotinsky's grandson Ze'ev with his daughter Tal beside Jabotinsky's uniforms and military decorations at the Jabotinsky Institute and Museum]]
*In Israel, 57 streets, parks and squares are named after Jabotinsky, more than for any other person in Jewish or Israeli history, making him the most-commemorated historical figure in Israel.<ref>[http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3476622,00.html "Jabotinsky most popular street name in Israel"], Ynetnews, 28 November 2007</ref> In 2022 the [[Murom]] Street in [[Ukraine]]'s capital of [[Kyiv]] was renamed to the [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]] version of Jabotinsky's name {{ill|Volodymyr Zhabotinsky Street|uk|Вулиця Володимира Жаботинського}}.<ref>{{in lang|uk}} [https://kmr.gov.ua/uk/content/rishennya-kyyivskoyi-miskoyi-rady-7295 "About the renaming of Muromska street in the Shevchenkiv district of Kyiv"], [[Kyiv City Council]] (27 October 2022)</ref>
*The [[Jabotinsky Medal]] is awarded for outstanding achievements in the sphere of literature and research.
* The Jabotinsky Institute, in Tel Aviv, is a repository of documents and research relating to the history of Betar, the Revisionist movement, the Irgun, and Herut.<ref>Ze'ev Tsahor, [http://www.haaretz.com/life/books/rise-of-a-right-wing-phoenix-1.97323 "Rise of a right-wing phoenix"], ''Haaretz'', 15 August 2003</ref> It is identified with Likud.<ref>Or Kashti, [http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/features/in-israel-not-all-religious-funding-was-created-equal.premium-1.480272 "In Israel, not all religious funding was created equal"], ''Haaretz'', 25 November 2012</ref>
* A bronze bust of Jabotinsky by [[Johan Oldert]] was presented to the [[Metzudat Ze'ev]] in Tel Aviv in 2008 and remains on display.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://begincenterdiary.blogspot.co.uk/2008/05/center-bulletin-vol-4-no-30.html  |title=Center Bulletin, Vol. 4, Issue 30, May 7, 2008|access-date=3 March 2017 |work=Menachim Begin Heritage Center website|date=7 May 2008}}</ref>
* A mural of a young Jabotinsky was unveiled in his birthplace of [[Odesa]] on the house where he was born in April 2021.<ref name=OdJa708084/> It was unveiled by mayor of Odesa [[Hennadii Trukhanov]] and Israeli ambassador to Ukraine [[Joel Lion]].<ref name=OdJa708084>[https://m.jpost.com/365days/visual_arts/article-708084 Art meets History –  Murals in Kiev], [[Jerusalem Post]] (11 July 2022)</ref>
* [[Jabotinsky Day]] ({{langx|he|יום ז'בוטינסקי}}) is an Israeli national holiday celebrated annually on the twenty ninth of the [[Hebrew]] month of [[Tammuz (Hebrew month)|Tammuz]], to commemorate the life and vision of Zionist leader Ze'ev Jabotinsky.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://knesset.gov.il/vip/jabotinsky/eng/law_eng.html|title=Knesset Creates Jabotinsky Day}}</ref>

==Legacy==
[[File:עיטורים צבאיים של זאב ז'בוטינסקי.jpg|thumb|Miniatures of the [[Order of the British Empire|MBE]], [[British War Medal]] and [[Victory Medal (United Kingdom)|Victory Medal]] awarded to Jabotinsky]]
In his study of the formative leaders of the Zionist movement and the State of Israel, Zeev Tzahor describes Jabotinsky as "a dazzling intellectual, an exceptional writer and a brilliant statesman...A charming man fluent in many languages, sensitive to cultural nuances, and profoundly knowledgeable in a broad array of subjects." However, despite this profusion of talents, he never became leader of the Zionist movement.<ref>[https://www.haaretz.com/1.4967515 In and Out of the Political 'Box'], [[Haaretz]]</ref>

==Published works==
* ''Turkey and the War'', [[London]], T.F. Unwin, Ltd. [1917]
* ''[[Samson (book)|Samson the Nazarite]]'', London, M. Secker, [1930]
* ''The Jewish War Front'', London, T.F. Unwin, Ltd. [1940]
* ''The War and The Jew'', New York, [[The Dial Press]] [c1942]
* ''The Story of the Jewish Legion'', New York, B. Ackerman, Inc. [c1945]
* ''The Battle for Jerusalem. Vladimir Jabotinsky, [[John Henry Patterson (author)|John Henry Patterson]], [[Josiah Wedgwood IV|Josiah Wedgwood]], [[Pierre van Paassen]] explains why a Jewish army is indispensable for the survival of a Jewish nation and preservation of world civilization,'' American Friends of a Jewish Palestine, New York, The Friends, [1941]
* ''A Pocket Edition of Several Stories, Mostly Reactionary'', [[Tel-Aviv:]] Reproduced by Jabotinsky Institute in Israel, [1984]. Reprint. Originally published: Paris, [1925]
* ''The Five'', A Novel of Jewish Life in Turn-of-the-Century Odessa,'' Paris, [1936]
*Jabotinsky translated [[Edgar Allan Poe]]'s "[[The Raven]]" into Hebrew and Russian, and parts of [[Dante]]'s ''[[Divine Comedy]]'' into modern Hebrew verse.
*"[[The East Bank of the Jordan (poem)|The East Bank of the Jordan]]" (also known as "Two Banks has the Jordan"), a poem by Jabotinsky that became the slogan and one of the most famous songs of [[Betar]]
* Vladimir Jabotinsky's ''Story of My Life'', Brian Horowitz & Leonid Katsis, eds., Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 2015.

==See also==
* [[Altalena Affair]]
* [[Itamar Ben-Avi]]
* [[1929 Hebron massacre]]
* [[Iron Wall (essay)]]

==References==
===Notes===
{{notelist}}

=== Citations ===
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="bio-dic">Владимир Евгеньевич Жаботинский. Russian Writers, 1800-1917. Biographical Dictionary, vol. 2, p. 250 //  Русские писатели. 1800—1917. Биографический словарь. Т. 2: Г – К. — М.: Большая российская энциклопедия, 1992 {{in lang|ru}}</ref>
}}

=== Sources ===
* {{cite book |last1=Halkin |first1=Hillel |url=https://archive.org/details/jabotinskylife0000halk/mode/2up |title=Jabotinsky: A Life |date=2014 |publisher=Yale University Press |location=New Haven |author-link=Hillel Halkin |isbn=978-0-300-13662-3}}
*Kaplan, Eran (2005). ''[[iarchive:jewishradicalrig00kapl|The Jewish Radical Right: Revisionist Zionism and Its Ideological Legacy]]''. University of Wisconsin Press. {{ISBN|0-299-20380-8}}
* {{cite book |last=Schechtman |first=Joseph |year=1956 |title=Rebel and Statesman: the Vladimir Jabotinsky Story |place=New York |author-link=Joseph Schechtman |publisher=Thomas Yoseloff |url=https://archive.org/details/rebelandstatesma006978mbp}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
*Flisiak Dominik, Działalność syjonistów-rewizjonistów w Polsce w latach 1944/1945- 1950, Lublin 2020
*{{citation|ref=none|last1=Katz|first1=Shmuel|title=Lone Wolf: A Biography of Vladimir (Zeʼev) Jabotinsky |date=1996|publisher=Barricade Books|location=New York|isbn=9781569800423 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FZpJuwEACAAJ |author-link=Shmuel Katz (politician)}}
* {{cite book|ref=none|title=Rebel and Statesman: The Vladimir Jabotinsky Story|first=Joseph B. |last=Schechtman |place=New York |publisher=T. Yoseloff |date=1956–1961 |url=https://archive.org/details/rebelandstatesma006978mbp}}
* {{cite book|ref=none|title=Zev Jabotinsky: Militant Fighter for Jews & Israel|author=Jewish Defense Organization booklet}}
* {{cite book|ref=none|title=Jabotinsky and the Revisionist Movement, 1925–1948|first=Yaacov|last=Shavit |place=London, England|publisher=Totawa, N.J., F. Cass|date=1988}}
* {{cite book|ref=none|title=Zionism in the Age of the Dictators|first=Lenni|last=Brenner|publisher=Lawrence Hill & Co; Rev Ed|date=1983}}
* {{cite book|ref=none|title=Vladimir Jabotinsky|author=Michael Stanislawski|date=2005|publisher=Cornell University Press |isbn=978-0-8014-8903-7 |author-link=Michael Stanislawski|url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/fivenovelofjew00jabo}}
* {{cite journal|ref=none|title=The secret of the vision, logic and deeds|journal=The Life of Ze'ev Jabotinsky|first=Rabbi Ze'ev|last=Sultanowitz|place=Jerusalem|date=2011}}
* {{cite web|ref=none|url=http://www.kotar.co.il/KotarApp/Viewer.aspx?nBookID=92587410|title=Vladimir Jabotinsky: The Man and His Struggles|first=Joseph|last=Nedava|place=Tel Aviv|date=1986}}
* {{cite book|ref=none|last=Halkin |first=Hillel |author-link=Hillel Halkin |title=Jabotinsky: A Life |date=2014 |publisher=Yale University Press |location=New Haven |isbn=9780300210019 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2iN8AwAAQBAJ}}
* {{cite magazine|ref=none|last=Halkin |first=Hillel |date=June 2014 |title=Who was Jabotinsky? |url=https://mosaicmagazine.com/observation/2014/06/who-was-jabotinsky/ |magazine=Mosaic magazine}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Zeev Jabotinsky}}
{{Wikiquote}}
{{div col|colwidth=40em}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Ze’ev Jabotinsky}}
* {{Librivox author |id=9918}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060613221205/http://www.wzo.org.il/en/resources/view.asp?id=1237 Zionism and the Land of Israel]
* {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070816181206/http://www.csuohio.edu/tagar/tisha.htm |date=16 August 2007 |title=Tisha B'Av, 1937 }}
* {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080102223444/http://www.csuohio.edu/tagar/boris.htm |date=2 January 2008 |title=Instead of Excessive Apology }}, 1911
* [http://www.betar.co.uk/ideology.php The Ideology of Betar] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090131001049/http://www.betar.co.uk/ideology.php |date=31 January 2009 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070711132210/http://www.jabotinsky.org/Jaboworld/docs/ethics.doc "The Ethics of the Iron Wall"], 1923
* A selection of Jabotinsky's writings: [https://web.archive.org/web/20070815215046/http://jabotinsky.org/jaboworld.html The World of Jabotinsky]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100706184227/http://www.jabotinsky.org/multimedia/upl_doc/doc_191207_49117.pdf ''The Iron Wall'' (1923)]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20131115050102/http://www.jabotinsky.org/multimedia/upl_doc/doc_191207_181762.pdf ''The Ethics of the Iron Wall'' (1923)]
* [https://www.knesset.gov.il/vip/jabotinsky/eng/index_eng.html Memorial pages for Jabotinsky] in [[Knesset]] website {{in lang|en}}
* [http://www.Jabotinsky.org/ The Jabotinsky Institute] {{in lang|he}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140621090554/http://www.jabotinsky.org/Site/home/default.asp The Jabotinsky Institute] {{in lang|en}}
* [http://www.jewishdefense.org Jewish Defense Organization runs Camp Jabotinsky], ([http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/History/Modern+History/Centenary+of+Zionism/Zionist+Leaders-+Ze-ev+Jabotinsky.htm Zionist Leaders: Ze'ev Jabotinsky], [[Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs]]
* [https://www.knesset.gov.il/lexicon/eng/zabotinski_eng.htm Ze'ev Jabotinsky's biography] Knesset website {{in lang|en}}
* [http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3062516,00.html Law honoring Zionist forefather passed] Yediot Aharonot, 23 March 2005
* [http://www.betar.co.uk/betaris/zeev.php Jabotinsky's biography] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051123132730/http://www.betar.co.uk/betaris/zeev.php |date=23 November 2005 }} Betar UK
* [http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/pages/ShArt.jhtml?itemNo=907698%20&contrassID=2&subContrassID=15&sbSubContrassID=0&listSrc=Y Fighting Hitler with cartoons], [[Haaretz]]
* [http://thehope.tripod.com/JUBILEE.htm THE JUBILEE: THE BIBLICAL PLAN FOR EXPANDED OWNERSHIP] – Jabotinsky's economical view.
* {{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7_tkGZDgZQQ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211212/7_tkGZDgZQQ| archive-date=2021-12-12 |url-status=live|title=Ze'ev Jabotinsky: A story of a Leader|publisher=Keren Hayesod|date=24 September 2012|access-date=31 August 2019}}{{cbignore}}
*{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L3GyMEYeuKA |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211212/L3GyMEYeuKA| archive-date=2021-12-12 |url-status=live|title=Yisrael Medad, Deputy Editor, English Anthology Volumes of Jabotinsky's Writings|publisher=ILTV Israel Daily|date=25 December 2018|access-date=31 August 2019}}{{cbignore}}
{{div col end}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jabotinsky, Zeev}}
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