View source for Zarya (ISS module)

{{short description|First module of the International Space Station}}
{{other uses|Zarya (disambiguation)}}
{{italic title}}
{{Infobox space station module
| spelling               = gb
| module                 = ''Zarya''
| module_image           = Zarya from STS-88.jpg
| module_image_caption   = ''Zarya'' as seen by {{OV|105}} during [[STS-88]]
| station                = [[International Space Station]]
| launch                 = 20 November 1998, 06:40{{nbsp}}[[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]]
| launch_vehicle         = [[Proton-K]]
| berthed                = 
| mass                   = {{cvt|19323|kg}}{{efn|Initial in-orbit mass including {{cvt|3800|kg}} of propellants<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bis-space.com/belgium/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/frommir-2.pdf|title=From Mir-2 to the ISS Russian Segment|last=Hendrickx|first=Bart|date=15 October 2015|publisher=BIS|access-date=24 May 2020}}</ref>}}
| length                 = {{cvt|12.56|m}}
| width                  = 
| height                 = 
| diameter               = {{cvt|4.11|m}}
| volume                 = {{cvt|71.5|m3}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.energia.ru/en/iss/rs/zarya.html|title=S.P. Korolev RSC Energia - ISS - ISS Russian Segment|website=www.energia.ru}}</ref>
| stats_ref              = 
| configuration_image    = Zarya_(Sunrise)_module.svg
| configuration_size     = 
| configuration_caption  = Parts of ''Zarya''{{efn|
# Air Ducts
# Communications Panel
# Caution and Warning Systems Panel
# Contaminant Filters
# Contingency Transfer (Water)/Container Bag
# Contingency Transfer (Water)/Container Connections
# Dust Collectors
# Electrical Outlet
# Flex Airduct Container
# Fuse
# Fuse Panels (behind close-outs)
# Gas Analyzer
# Gas Mask
# Handrail
# Hatch Protection
# Instrument Containers
# Docking Port to PMA-1
# Laptop Outlets
# Lighting Panel
# Lights
# Docking Port to [[Rassvet (ISS module)|Rassvet]]
# Onboard Documentation
# Onboard Network Receptacle Outlets
# Pole and Hook
# Portable Fans
# Removable Fire Extinguisher
# Power Outlet
# Pressurized Valve Unit
# Caution and Warning Panel
# Smoke Detector
# TV Outlet
# Wipes/Filters
}}
}}
[[File:Rendezvous with Zarya - GPN-2000-001043.jpg|thumb|290px|''Zarya'' and ''Unity'' rendezvous in 1998]]

'''''Zarya''''' ({{Langx|ru|Заря|lit=Sunrise}}),{{efn|"Zarya" has several meanings: "daybreak" or "dawn" (in the morning) or "afterglow", "evening glow" or "sunset" (in the evening), but NASA and Roscosmos translate it as "sunrise."<ref>{{Cite web |last=bryan |date=2016-01-25 |title=Image showing Zarya mockup at the NASA Johnson Space Center with the translation Sunrise |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lyndon_B._Johnson_Space_Center_Johnson_Space_Center_JSC_NASA_Houston_Space_City_United_States_America_The_States_USA_US_(24560757054).jpg |access-date=2024-11-20 |website=Wikimedia Commons}}</ref>}} also known as the '''''Functional Cargo Block''''' ({{Langx|ru|Функционально-грузовой блок|links=no}}), is the inaugural component of the [[International Space Station]] (ISS). Launched on 20 November 1998 atop a [[Proton-K]] rocket, the module would serve as the ISS's primary source of power, propulsion, and guidance during its early years. As the station has grown, ''Zarya''{{'}}s role has transitioned primarily to storage, both internally and in its external fuel tanks.<ref name="NASA2">{{Cite web |url=https://www.nasa.gov/international-space-station/zarya-module/ |title=Zarya Module |publisher=[[NASA]] |access-date=19 April 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118134120/https://www.nasa.gov/international-space-station/zarya-module/ |archive-date=18 November 2023 }}</ref> A descendant of the [[TKS (spacecraft)|TKS spacecraft]] used in the [[Salyut programme|''Salyut'' programme]], ''Zarya'' was built in Russia but its construction was financed by the United States. Its name, meaning "sunrise," symbolizes the beginning of a new era of international space cooperation.<ref name="russianspaceweb-enterprise">{{Cite web |url=https://www.russianspaceweb.com/iss_enterprise.html |title=Russian Segment: Enterprise |last=Zak |first=Anatoly |date=15 October 2008 |access-date=4 August 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230811163146/https://www.russianspaceweb.com/iss_enterprise.html |archive-date=11 August 2023 |website=RussianSpaceWeb }}</ref>

== Construction ==
The Zarya design was originally intended as a module for the Russian ''[[Mir]]'' space station, but was not flown as of the end of the Mir program. A FGB cargo block was incorporated as an upper stage engine into the [[Polyus (spacecraft)|Polyus]] spacecraft, flown (unsuccessfully) on the first [[Energia (rocket)|Energia]] launch.<ref name="JBIS-2002">B. Hendrickx, "The Origins and Evolution of the Energiya Rocket Family," ''J. British Interplanetary Soc., Vol. 55,'' pp. 242-278 (2002).</ref>  With the end of the Mir program, the design was adapted to use for the International Space Station.

The ''Zarya'' module is capable of [[Orbital station-keeping|station keeping]] and provides sizable battery power; it was suggested to have initially been built to both power and control the recoil from a further derivation of the then classified Skif laser system/Polyus satellite. Commentators in the West thought that the ''Zarya'' module was constructed more cheaply and lifted to orbit faster than should have been possible in the post-Soviet era, and that the FGB might have been largely constructed from [[wikt:mothball#Verb|mothballed]] hardware from the Skif laser program (which had been canceled after the failed 1987 [[Polyus (spacecraft)|Polyus]] launch).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://arstechnica.com/science/2013/05/the-soviet-response-to-star-wars-that-never-was/2/|title=The secret laser-toting Soviet satellite that almost was &#124; Ars Technica|date=September 26, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130926143351/http://arstechnica.com/science/2013/05/the-soviet-response-to-star-wars-that-never-was/2/|archive-date=2013-09-26}}</ref>

The research and development of a similar design was paid for by Russia and the Soviet Union; the design of the module and all systems are Soviet/Russian. The United States funded ''Zarya'' through the U.S. prime contracts in the 1990s as the first module for ISS, and it was built from December 1994 to January 1998 in Russia at the [[Khrunichev State Research and Production Space Center]] (KhSC) in Moscow.<ref name="NASA">NASA, International Space Station, [http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/structure/elements/fgb.html Zarya] (accessed 19 Apr. 2014)</ref>  The module was included as part of NASA's plan for the International Space Station (ISS) instead of [[Lockheed Martin]]'s "Bus-1" option because it was significantly cheaper ([[US$]]220 million vs. $450 million). As part of the contract, Khrunichev constructed much of an identical module (referred to as "FGB-2") for contingency purposes. FGB-2 was proposed to be used for a variety of projects; it has been used to construct the Russian Multipurpose Laboratory Module [[Nauka (ISS module)|''Nauka'']].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Russian segment of the ISS|url=http://www.russianspaceweb.com/iss_russia.html|access-date=2021-08-03|website=www.russianspaceweb.com}}</ref>
[[Image:Proton-K-Zarya.jpg|thumb|left|Launch of the ''Zarya'' module]]

== Design ==
''Zarya'' has a mass of {{convert|19323|kg|lb}}, is {{convert|12.56|m|ft|sp=us}} long and {{convert|4.11|m|ft|sp=us}} wide at its widest point.

The module has three [[Spacecraft docking|docking ports]]: one axially on the front end at the docking sphere, one on the Earth-facing side ([[nadir]]) of the docking sphere and one axially on the aft end.
Attached to the forward port is the [[Pressurized Mating Adapter]] ''PMA-1'', which in turn is connected to the [[Unity (ISS module)|''Unity'' Module]] – this is the connection
between the [[Russian Orbital Segment]] (ROS) and the [[US Orbital Segment]] (USOS).
Attached to the aft port is the [[Zvezda (ISS module)|''Zvezda'' Service Module]]. The lower port (nadir) was initially used by visiting [[Soyuz spacecraft]] and [[Progress spacecraft]] to dock to the ROS; The [[Rassvet (ISS module)|''Rassvet'' module]] is now docked semipermanently on the nadir port of ''Zarya'', and visiting spacecraft use ''Rassvet''{{'s}} nadir docking port instead.<ref>''Reference Guide to the International Space Station'' by Gary Kitmacher, pp. 24-25 (2006), Apogee Books, {{ISBN|1-894959-34-5}}.</ref> It was planned to install another zenith docking port in the docking sphere, however, after the design was changed, a spherical cover was welded in its place.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Центр подготовки космонавтов им. Ю.А.Гагарина. Официальный Web-сайт |url=https://www.gctc.ru/main.php?id=322 |access-date=2022-07-21 |website=www.gctc.ru |language=ru}}</ref>

''Zarya'' has two [[Photovoltaic module|solar arrays]] measuring {{convert|10.67|by|3.35|m|ft|sp=us}} and six [[nickel-cadmium battery|nickel-cadmium batteries]] that can provide an average of {{Convert|3|kW}} of power – the solar arrays have been however partially retracted<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/space-station-background/|title=International Space Station background|website=[[CBS News]]}}</ref> so the P1/S1 radiators of the [[Integrated Truss Structure]] could deploy. They are still generating some power, but not the average {{Convert|3|kW}} of power, they once provided when they were fully unfurled.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.space.com/4420-space-station-primed-unfold-radiators.html|title=Space Station Primed to Unfold New Radiators|website=[[Space.com]]|date=2 October 2007}}</ref> ''Zarya'' has 16 external fuel tanks that can hold up to {{Convert|6.1|t|lb}} of propellant (this requirement was mandated by NASA in early 1997 over concerns that the ''Zvezda'' Service Module would be further delayed, hence the FGB had to be capable of independent propellant storage and transfer from [[Progress spacecraft]] even without ''Zvezda''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bis-space.com/belgium/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/frommir-2.pdf|title=From Mir-2 to the ISS Russian Segment (p.19)|last=Hendrickx|first=Bart|date=15 October 2015|publisher=BIS|access-date=24 May 2020}}</ref>).  ''Zarya'' also has 24 large steering jets, 12 small steering jets, and two large engines that were used for reboost and major orbital changes; with the docking of ''Zvezda'' these are now permanently disabled.  Since they are no longer needed for ''Zarya''{{'s}} engines, Zarya's propellant tanks are now used to store additional fuel for ''Zvezda''.

== Launch and flight ==
[[File:Sts088-332-010.jpg|thumb|300px|Sergei K. Krikalev and Robert D. Cabana in December 1998]]
''Zarya'' was launched on 20 November 1998 on a Russian [[Proton (rocket)|Proton rocket]] from [[Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 81]] in Kazakhstan to a {{convert|400|km|mi|abbr=on}} high orbit with a designed lifetime of at least 15 years. After ''Zarya'' reached orbit, [[STS-88]] launched on 4 December 1998 to attach the [[Unity (ISS module)|''Unity'' module]].

Although only designed to fly autonomously for six to eight months, ''Zarya'' was required to do so for almost two years due to delays to the Russian Service Module, [[Zvezda (ISS module)|''Zvezda'']]. ''Zvezda'' was finally launched on 12 July 2000, docking with ''Zarya'' on 26 July 2000.

''Zarya'' passed the 50,000-orbit mark at 15:17 UTC on 14 August 2007 during the [[STS-118]] mission to the International Space Station.

== Dockings ==
;Nadir
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
!Spacecraft
!Launch (UTC)
![[Carrier rocket|Carrier<br />rocket]]
!Launch<br/>pad
!Docking
!Undocking
!Deorbit
!Remarks
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Progress M1-4]]<ref name="EA-PM1">{{cite web|url=http://www.astronautix.com/craft/proessm1.htm|title=Progress M1|last=Wade|first=Mark|publisher=Encyclopedia Astronautica|access-date=2008-12-26|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100103002327/http://astronautix.com/craft/proessm1.htm|archive-date=2010-01-03}}</ref>
|rowspan=2|16 November 2000 01:32:36
|rowspan=2| Soyuz-U
|rowspan=2| Site 1/5
|18 November<br/>03:48
|1 December<br/>16:23
|rowspan=2|8 February<br/>13:50
|rowspan=2|ISS-2P. The automatic [[Kurs (docking system)|Kurs]] docking system failed, and the manual backup, [[TORU]], was used for the docking. Following undocking, Progress M1-4 spent 25 days in free flight, prior to redocking with the same port.<ref name="SKN">{{cite web|url=http://space.kursknet.ru/cosmos/english/cargoes/pr1m4.sht|first=Alexander|last=Anikeev|publisher=Manned Astronautics - Figures & Facts|title=Cargo spacecraft "Progress M1-4"|access-date=2009-06-07|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071009193814/http://space.kursknet.ru/cosmos/english/cargoes/pr1m4.sht|archive-date=2007-10-09}}</ref>
|-
|26 December<br/>10:54
|8 February 2001<br/>11:26
|-
|[[Progress M-64]]
|14 May 2008<br/>20:22:56
| Soyuz-U
| Site 1/5
|16 May 2008<br/>21:39
|1 September 2008<br/>19:46
|8 September 2008<br/>21:33
|ISS-29P
|}
*''[[Rassvet (ISS module)|Rassvet]]'', 2010–present
;Forward
*''[[Unity (ISS module)|Unity]]'' (via [[PMA-1]]), 1998–present
;Aft
*''[[Zvezda (ISS module)|Zvezda]]'', 2000–present

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
Zarya_interior.jpg|Interior of ''Zarya''
ISS from Atlantis - Sts101-714-016.jpg|''Zarya'' (top) and ''Unity'' (Node 1)
STS-128 EVA2 Russian Orbital Segment.jpg|''Zarya'' as seen in 2009 during STS-128, solar arrays folded
ISS013-E-65174.jpg|View through the window of ''Zarya'', 2006
</gallery>

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==See also==
{{Portal|Spaceflight}}
* [[Power and Propulsion Element]] station module of the Lunar Gateway

{{ISS modules}}
{{TKS spacecraft}}
{{Orbital launches in 1998}}

[[Category:1998 establishments in Russia]]
[[Category:November 1998 in Russia]]
[[Category:Russian components of the International Space Station]]
[[Category:Spacecraft launched in 1998]]
[[Category:Spacecraft launched by Proton rockets]]