View source for Zapaleri

{{short description|Mountain in Argentina}}

{{Infobox mountain
| name = Zapaleri
| photo =Volcan_Zapaleri_Chile_Bolivia_Argentina.jpg
| photo_caption = 
| elevation_m   = 5643
| elevation_ref = <ref name=gvp>{{cite gvp|name=Cerro Zapaleri|vn=355843|access-date=2021-06-29}}</ref>
| prominence_m  =
| prominence_ref=
| range = [[Andes]]
| listing = {{unbulleted list|[[List of volcanoes in Argentina|Volcanoes of Argentina]]|
      [[List of volcanoes in Bolivia|Volcanoes of Bolivia]]|
      [[List of volcanoes in Chile|Volcanoes of Chile]]}}
| country = {{enum|[[Argentina]]|[[Bolivia]]|[[Chile]]}}
| coordinates = {{coord|22|48|57|S|67|10|48|W|type:mountain|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_ref=
| type = 
| age = 
| last_eruption = 
| first_ascent = 
| easiest_route = 
| map_image         = SRTM-W70.50E67.00S23.00N22.00.Calama.png
| map_alt           = 
| map_caption       = Zapaleri, right down on the map
|fetchwikidata=ALL
}}

'''Zapaleri''' is a [[volcano]] whose summit is the [[tripoint]] of the borders of [[Argentina]], [[Bolivia]] and [[Chile]]. A number of [[railway]]s are in the area.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Benedetti|first1=Alejandro|title=El ferrocarril Huaytiquina, entre el progreso y el fracaso. Aproximaciones desde la geografía histórica del territorio de los Andes|journal=Revista Escuela de Historia|date=December 2005|issue=4|pages=123–165|url=http://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?pid=S1669-90412005000100007&script=sci_arttext&tlng=pt|access-date=17 January 2016|language=es|issn=1669-9041}}</ref> It is part of [[Potosí Department]] (Bolivia), [[Jujuy Province]] (Argentina), and [[Antofagasta Region]] (Chile).{{citation needed|date=January 2016}} The volcano formed on top of the 2.89 [[Myr|mya]] Tara Ignimbrite from the [[Cerro Guacha|Guacha caldera]]<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Ort|first1=Michael H.|last2=de Silva|first2=Shanaka L.|last3=Jiménez C.|first3=Néstor|last4=Jicha|first4=Brian R.|last5=Singer|first5=Bradley S.|title=Correlation of ignimbrites using characteristic remanent magnetization and anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility, Central Andes, Bolivia|journal=Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems|date=January 2013|volume=14|issue=1|pages=141–157|doi=10.1029/2012GC004276|doi-access=free}}</ref> and the basement beneath the volcano is formed from Cretaceous and Tertiary rocks affected by tectonic deformation. Volcanic rocks are [[andesite]], [[basalt]], [[dacite]] and [[rhyolite]].<ref name="Biblioserver" /> Late Cretaceous rocks are also found in the area,<ref>{{cite book|title=Cretaceous Tectonics of the Andes|date=1994|publisher=Vieweg+Teubner Verlag|location=Wiesbaden|isbn=978-3-322-85472-8|page=229|doi=10.1007/978-3-322-85472-8_5|chapter=Tectono-Sedimentary Evolution of the Cretaceous-Early Tertiary and Metallogenic Scheme of Northern Chile, Between 20° S and 26° S|last1=Bogdanic|first1=T. C.|last2=Espinoza|first2=S. R.}}</ref> as are [[Pleistocene]] shoshonite volcanic rocks.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Coira|first1=Beatríz|last2=Davidson|first2=John|last3=Mpodozis|first3=Constantino|last4=Ramos|first4=Victor|author-link3=Constantino Mpodozis|author-link4=Víctor Alberto Ramos|title=Tectonic and magmatic evolution of the Andes of northern Argentina and Chile|journal=Earth-Science Reviews|date=November 1982|volume=18|issue=3–4|pages=303–332|doi=10.1016/0012-8252(82)90042-3}}</ref>

The Bolivian portion of the mountain is protected within [[Eduardo Avaroa Andean Fauna National Reserve]]. Moreover, it is close to the sector ''Salar de Tara-Salar de Aguas Calientes'' of [[Los Flamencos National Reserve]], Chile.{{citation needed|date=January 2016}}

Zapaleri is associated with a major source of [[obsidian]],<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Latorre|first1=Claudio|last2=Santoro|first2=Calogero M.|last3=Ugalde|first3=Paula C.|last4=Gayo|first4=Eugenia M.|last5=Osorio|first5=Daniela|last6=Salas-Egaña|first6=Carolina|last7=De Pol-Holz|first7=Ricardo|last8=Joly|first8=Delphine|last9=Rech|first9=Jason A.|title=Late Pleistocene human occupation of the hyperarid core in the Atacama Desert, northern Chile|journal=Quaternary Science Reviews|date=October 2013|volume=77|pages=19–30|doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2013.06.008|doi-access=free|hdl=10533/131343|hdl-access=free}}</ref> with a distribution sphere found in archeological sites over {{convert|350|km}} wide.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Malainey|first1=Mary E.|title=A consumer's guide to archaeological science analytical techniques|date=2011|publisher=Springer|location=New York|isbn=978-1-4419-5704-7|pages=275–289|edition=1st|doi=10.1007/978-1-4419-5704-7_18|chapter=Flaked and Ground Stone Tools|series=Manuals in Archaeological Method, Theory and Technique}}</ref> The obsidian is found on the Bolivian side of the border next to Laguna Blanca. Another source is found on Solterio Mountain.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Yacobaccio|first1=Hugo D|last2=Escola|first2=Patricia S|last3=Pereyra|first3=Fernando X|last4=Lazzari|first4=Marisa|last5=Glascock|first5=Michael D|title=Quest for ancient routes: obsidian sourcing research in Northwestern Argentina|journal=Journal of Archaeological Science|date=February 2004|volume=31|issue=2|pages=193–204|doi=10.1016/j.jas.2003.08.001}}</ref> Inca and earlier archeological remains are associated with the obsidian sites.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Seelenfreund|first1=Andrea|last2=Pino|first2=Mario|last3=Glascock|first3=Michael D.|last4=Sinclaire|first4=Carole|last5=Miranda|first5=Pedro|last6=Pasten|first6=Denisse|last7=Cancino|first7=Simón|last8=Dinator|first8=María Inés|last9=Morales|first9=José Roberto|title=Morphological and geochemical analysis of the Laguna Blanca/Zapaleri obsidian source in the Atacama Puna|journal=Geoarchaeology|date=March 2010|volume=25|issue=2|pages=245–263|doi=10.1002/gea.20306}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name=Biblioserver>
{{cite web|last1=Munizaga|first1=Francisco|last2=Marinovic|first2=Nicolas|title=Evidencias preliminares de un volcanismo cenozoico superior en el area del Vn. Zapaleri, II Region, Chile
 |url=http://biblioserver.sernageomin.cl/opac/DataFiles/4913ppE237_E255.pdf|website=[[SERNAGEOMIN]]|publisher=Second Chilean Geologic Congress|access-date=18 January 2016
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151125153347/http://biblioserver.sernageomin.cl/opac/DataFiles/4913ppE237_E255.pdf|language=es|archive-date=25 November 2015}}</ref>
}}

==External links==
*{{cite opentopomap|Cerro Zapaleri|-22.81385|-67.18071|2023-05-21}}

{{Andean volcanoes}}

[[Category:Volcanoes of Antofagasta Region]]
[[Category:Volcanoes of Potosí Department]]
[[Category:Mountains of Jujuy Province]]
[[Category:Mountains of Antofagasta Region]]
[[Category:Headlands of Chile]]
[[Category:Argentina–Chile border]]
[[Category:Bolivia–Chile border]]
[[Category:Argentina–Bolivia border]]
[[Category:International mountains of South America]]
[[Category:Border tripoints]]
[[Category:Five-thousanders of the Andes]]
[[Category:Mountains of Potosí Department]]


{{Jujuy-geo-stub}}
{{Potosí-geo-stub}}
{{Antofagasta-geo-stub}}
{{chile-mountain-stub}}