View source for Zanclean

{{Short description|Earliest age on the geologic time scale of the Pliocene era}}
{{Infobox geologic timespan
| name                         = Zanclean
| color                        = Zanclean
| time_start                   = 5.333
| time_end                     = 3.600
| image_map                    =File:005_mya.png
| caption_map                  =A map of the world 5 million years ago during the Zanclean Age.
| image_outcrop                =
| caption_outcrop              =
| image_art                    = File:Etapa4muda.jpg
| caption_art                  = Artistic interpretation of the Mediterranean's [[Zanclean flood]] 5.3 million years ago
<!--Chronology-->  
| timeline                     = Neogene
| formerly_part_of             = [[Tertiary period|Tertiary]] [[Geological period|Period]]/[[System (stratigraphy)|System]]
| partially_contained_in       =
| partially_contains           =
<!--Etymology-->
| name_formality               = Formal
| name_accept_date             =
| alternate_spellings          =
| synonym1                     =
| synonym1_coined              =
| synonym2                     =
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| synonym3                     =
| synonym3_coined              =
| nicknames                    =
| former_names                 =
| proposed_names               =
<!--Usage Information--> 
| celestial_body               = earth
| usage                        = Global ([[International Commission on Stratigraphy|ICS]])
| timescales_used              = ICS Time Scale
| formerly_used_by             =
| not_used_by                  =
<!--Definition-->
| chrono_unit                  = Age
| strat_unit                   = Stage
| proposed_by                  =
| type_section                 =
| timespan_formality           = Formal
| lower_boundary_def           = Base of the Thvera magnetic event (C3n.4n), which is only 96 ka (5 precession cycles) younger than the GSSP
| lower_gssp_location          = Heraclea Minoa section, [[Heraclea Minoa]], [[Cattolica Eraclea]], [[Sicily]], [[Italy]]
| lower_gssp_coords            = {{Coord|37.3917|N|13.2806|E|display=inline}}
| lower_gssp_accept_date       = 2000<ref name="Van Couvering">{{cite journal |last1=Van Couvering |first1=John |last2=Castradori |first2=Davide |last3=Cita |first3=Maria |last4=Hilgen |first4=Frederik |last5=Rio |first5=Domenico |title=The base of the Zanclean Stage and of the Pliocene Series |journal=Episodes |date=September 2000 |volume=23 |issue=3 |pages=179–187 |doi=10.18814/epiiugs/2000/v23i3/005 |doi-access=free |s2cid=10836910 |url=https://stratigraphy.org/gssps/files/zanclean.pdf}}</ref>
| upper_boundary_def           = Base of Gauss/Gilbert (C2An/C2Ar) magnetic reversal
| upper_gssp_location          = Punta Piccola Section, [[Porto Empedocle]], Sicily, Italy
| upper_gssp_coords            = {{Coord|37.2889|N|13.4933|E|display=inline}}
| upper_gssp_accept_date       = January 1997<ref>{{cite journal|last=Castradori |first=D. |author2=D. Rio |author3=F. J. Hilgen |author4=L. J. Lourens |title=The Global Standard Stratotype-section and Point (GSSP) of the Piacenzian Stage (Middle Pliocene) |journal=Episodes |year=1998 |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=88–93 |url=https://stratigraphy.org/gssps/files/piacenzian.pdf |access-date=26 December 2020 |doi=10.18814/epiiugs/1998/v21i2/003 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
<!--Atmospheric and Climatic Data-->
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}}

The '''Zanclean''' is the lowest [[stage (stratigraphy)|stage]] or earliest [[age (geology)|age]] on the [[geologic time scale]] of the [[Pliocene]]. It spans the time between 5.332 ± 0.005 [[annum|Ma]] (million years ago) and 3.6 ± 0.005 Ma. It is preceded by the [[Messinian]] Age of the [[Miocene]] [[Epoch (geology)|Epoch]], and followed by the [[Piacenzian]] Age.

The Zanclean can be correlated with regionally used stages, such as the Opoitian of New Zealand,<ref name="Gradstein_et-al_2012">{{cite book |title=The Geologic Timescale 2012 |publisher=Elsevier |veditors=Gradstein FM, Ogg JG, Schmitz MD, Ogg GM |date=2012 |pages=936–937 |isbn=978-0-44-459390-0}}</ref> and the Tabianian or Dacian of [[Central Europe]]. It also corresponds to the late [[Hemphillian]] to mid-[[Blancan]] [[North American Land Mammal Ages]]. In [[California]], the Zanclean roughly corresponds to the middle part of the Delmontian stage.<ref>{{cite web
| url         = http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O13-Delmontian.html
| title       = Delmontian 
| author      = Allaby, Ailsa  
|author2=Michael Allaby
| year        = 1999
| work        = A Dictionary of Earth Sciences
| publisher   = Encyclopedia.com.  
| access-date  = 10 Dec 2009
| quote       = A stage in the Upper Tertiary of the west coast of N. America
}}</ref>

==Definition==
The Zanclean Stage was introduced by [[Giuseppe Seguenza]] in 1868. It is named after ''[[Zanclus|Zancle]]'', the pre-[[Roman Empire|Roman]] name for the [[Italy|Italian]] city of [[Messina]] on [[Sicily]].

The base of the Zanclean (and the Pliocene Series) lies with the top of magnetic chronozone Cr3 (about 100,000 years before the Thvera normal subchronozone C3n.4n). The base is also close to the [[extinction]] level of the calcareous [[plankton|nanoplankton]] species ''Triquetrorhabdulus rugosus'' (the base of [[biozone]] CN10b) and the first appearance of nanoplankton ''Ceratolithus acutus''. The [[GSSP]] for the Zanclean is in the vicinity of the ruins of the ancient city of [[Heraclea Minoa]] on [[Sicily]], [[Italy]].<ref name="Van Couvering"/>

The top of the Zanclean Stage (the base of the Piacenzian Stage) is at the base of magnetic chronozone C2An (the base of the Gauss chronozone and at the [[extinction]] of the [[plankton]]ic [[foram]]s ''Globorotalia margaritae'' and ''Pulleniatina primalis''.

== Events of the Zanclean  ==
* The [[Zanclean flood]] marked the beginning of the age and the end of the Messinian, as water poured in from the [[Atlantic Ocean]] through the [[Strait of Gibraltar]] to [[Deluge (prehistoric)|deluge]] the [[Mediterranean Basin]] and end the [[Messinian salinity crisis]], a period about 5.96 Ma ago in the Messinian Age of the Miocene Epoch when the [[Mediterranean Sea]] had evaporated partly or completely.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Marco Roveri |author2=Adele Bertini |author3=DomenicoCosentino |author4=Agata Di Stefano |author5=Rocco Gennari |author6=Elsa Gliozzi |author7=Francesco Grossi |author8=Silvia Maria Iaccarino |author9=Stefano Lugli |author10=Vinicio Manzi |author11=Marco Tavian |date=2008 |title=A high-resolution stratigraphic framework for the latest Messinian events in the Mediterranean area |journal=Stratigraphy |volume=5 |issue=3–4 |pages=323–342, text-figures 1–9 |doi=10.29041/strat.05.3.08 |url=http://160.78.38.2/VM_file/PDF/Roveri_2008_Stratigraphy.pdf |access-date=December 10, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-date=January 21, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120121052846/http://160.78.38.2/VM_file/PDF/Roveri_2008_Stratigraphy.pdf}}</ref>
*Deposits in the [[Everglades]] were deposited when high tropical water started to return in the late Zanclean.<ref name="book">{{cite book |title=The Geology of the Everglades and Adjacent Areas |isbn=9781420045598 |last1=Petuch |first1=Edward J. |last2=Roberts |first2=Charles |date=18 April 2007 |publisher=CRC Press }}</ref>

== References ==

===Notes===
{{reflist}}

===Literature===
{{Wikisource portal|Cenozoic#Neogene}}
*{{aut|Castradori, D.; Rio, D.; Hilgen, F.J. & Lourens, L.J.}}; '''1998''': ''The Global Standard Stratotype section and Point (GSSP) of the Piacenzian Stage (Middle Pliocene)'', Episodes, '''21'''(2): pp 88–93.
*{{aut|Gradstein, F.M.; Ogg, J.G. &  Smith, A.G.}} (''eds.'') (2005) ''A Geologic Time Scale 2004'' Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, {{ISBN|0-521-78142-6}}.
*{{aut|Giuseppe Seguenza}}; '''1868''': ''La Formation Zancléenne, ou recherches sur une nouvelle formation tertiaire'', Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France, séries 2, '''25''': 465-485. {{in lang|fr}}
*{{aut|Van Couvering, J.A.; Castradori, D.; Cita, M.B.; Hilgen, F.J. & Rio, D.}}; '''2000''': ''The base of the Zanclean Stage and of the Pliocene Series'', Episodes, '''23'''(3): pp 179–187.

==External links==
* {{GeoWhen|Zanclean}}
*[http://stratigraphy.science.purdue.edu/charts/Timeslices/1_Neogene.pdf Neogene timescale], at the website of the subcommission for stratigraphic information of the ICS
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060518100615/http://norges.uio.no/timescale/F5a_Neo1.pdf Neogene timescale] at the website of the Norwegian network of offshore records of geology and stratigraphy

{{Neogene Footer}}
{{Geological history|p|c}}
{{coord|37.3917|N|13.2806|E|source:wikidata|display=title}}

[[Category:Zanclean| ]]
[[Category:Pliocene|*01]]
[[Category:Neogene geochronology]]
[[Category:Geological ages]]