View source for Yuri Orlov

{{Short description|Soviet physicist and dissident (1924–2020)}}
{{for|the zoologist|Yuri Alexandrovich Orlov}}
{{distinguish|text=the fictional lead character in the film [[Lord of War]]}}
{{family name hatnote|Fyodorovich|Orlov|lang=Eastern Slavic}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name              = Yuri Fyodorovich Orlov
| native_name       = Юрий Фёдорович Орлов
| native_name_lang  = Russian
| image             = Yuri Orlov (1986).jpg
| image_size        = 
| caption           = Orlov in 1986
| birth_date        = {{Birth date|1924|8|13|df=y}}
| birth_place       = [[Moscow]], [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Russian SFSR]], Soviet Union
| death_date        = {{death date and age|2020|9|27|1924|8|14|df=y}}
| death_place       = [[Ithaca, New York|Ithaca]], [[New York (state)|New York]], U.S.
| residence         = 
| citizenship       = * {{Flag|Soviet Union}} (1924–1986)
* [[Statelessness|Stateless]] (1986–1990)
* {{Flag|Soviet Union}} (1990–1991)
* [[Statelessness|Stateless]] (1991–1993)
* {{Flag|United States}} (1993–2020)
| nationality       = [[Russians|Russian]]
| ethnicity         = 
| field             = [[Accelerator physics]], [[Nuclear physics]]
| workplaces        = * [[Institute for Theoretical and Experimental Physics]]
* [[Yerevan Physics Institute]]
* [[IZMIRAN|Institute of Terrestrial Magnetism and Propagation of Radio Waves]]
* [[Cornell University]]
* [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]]
* Soviet section of [[Amnesty International]]
* [[Moscow Helsinki Group]]
| alma_mater        = [[Moscow State University]], [[Institute for Theoretical and Experimental Physics]]
| doctoral_advisor  = 
| doctoral_students = 
| known_for         = his  scientific work and participation in [[human rights movement in the Soviet Union]]
| author_abbrev_bot = 
| author_abbrev_zoo = 
| influences        = 
| influenced        = 
| prizes            = [[Carter-Menil Human Rights Prize]] (1986), [[Honorary degree|honorary doctorate]]  [[Uppsala University]] (1990)<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.uu.se/en/about-uu/traditions/prizes/honorary-doctorates/ | title=Honorary doctorates – Uppsala University, Sweden| date=9 June 2023}}</ref> Nicholson Medal for Humanitarian Service (1995), [[Andrei Sakharov Prize (APS)]] (2006),
[[Robert R. Wilson Prize for Achievement in the Physics of Particle Accelerators]] [[American Physical Society]] (2020)<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.aps.org/programs/honors/prizes/prizerecipient.cfm?last_nm=Orlov&first_nm=Yuri&year=2021 |title=2021 Robert R. Wilson Prize for Achievement in the Physics of Particle Accelerators Recipient |website=American Physical Society}}</ref>
| religion          = 
| footnotes         = 
| spouse            = * Galina Papkevich<ref name=SC>{{cite web|title=Орлов Юрий Федорович (р. 1924)|trans-title=Orlov Yuri Fyodorovich (b. 1924)|url=http://www.sakharov-center.ru/asfcd/auth/?t=author&i=79|publisher=The Sakharov Center|language=ru}}</ref>
* Irina Lagunova<ref name=SC/>
* Irina Valitova<ref>{{cite book|author=Shultz, George|title=Turmoil and triumph: my years as secretary of state|date=1993|publisher=Scribner's|isbn=978-0-684-19325-0|page=[https://archive.org/details/turmoiltriumphmy00shul/page/749 749]|url=https://archive.org/details/turmoiltriumphmy00shul/page/749}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Yuri Orlov vows he'll continue to struggle for human rights|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=266&dat=19861002&id=He8wAAAAIBAJ&pg=1183,4279178&hl=com|work=[[Kentucky New Era]]|date=2 October 1986|page=48}}</ref>
* Sidney Orlov<ref name="nsarch">{{cite web|title=The Yuri Orlov file|url=http://nsarchive.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB482/|publisher=[[The National Security Archive]]}}</ref>
| children          = sons Dmitri, Aleksandr,<ref name=UW1978>{{cite news|title=Orlov receives maximum sentence|url=http://ukrweekly.com/archive/pdf2/1978/The_Ukrainian_Weekly_1978-20.pdf|work=[[The Ukrainian Weekly]]|volume=LXXXV|issue=113|date=21 May 1978|page=2|archive-date=29 December 2017|access-date=14 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171229012819/http://ukrweekly.com/archive/pdf2/1978/The_Ukrainian_Weekly_1978-20.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Lev<ref name=SC />
| module            = {{Listen|pos=center|embed=yes|filename=Yurij Orlov voice.oga|title={{center|Orlov's voice}}|type=interview|description={{center|Recorded 11 May 2011 <br /> during an interview for Ekho Moskvy}}}}
}}
'''Yuri Fyodorovich Orlov''' ({{langx|ru|Ю́рий Фёдорович Орло́в}}, 13 August 1924 – 27 September 2020) was a [[Accelerator Physics|particle accelerator physicist]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Yuri Orlov (1924–2020)|url=https://home.cern/news/obituary/cern/yuri-orlov-1924-2020|access-date=2020-10-14|website=CERN|language=en}}</ref> human rights activist,<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1111/j.1468-2230.1980.tb01585.x |title=The Criminal Trial and the Disruptive Defendant |journal=The Modern Law Review |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=121–135 |year=1980 |last1=Zellick |first1=Graham |doi-access=free }}</ref> [[Soviet dissident]],<ref>{{cite book|title=Human Rights Watch World Report 1990|date=1991|publisher=Human Rights Watch|page=296|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4g5-vtpSzvUC&pg=PA296}}</ref> founder of the [[Moscow Helsinki Group]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1= |first1= |date=2 July 1981 |title=CERN turns its back on Yuri Orlov |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AWysYDyRfdIC&pg=PA4 |journal=[[New Scientist]] |volume=91 |issue=1260 |page=4}}</ref> a founding member of the Soviet [[Amnesty International]] group.<ref>{{cite news|author=Garelik, Glenn|title=Science and dissidence|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/entertainment/books/1991/07/21/science-and-dissidence/35be1a9f-dbeb-49ce-8f09-3f6720c8223f/|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|date=21 July 1991}}</ref> He was declared a [[prisoner of conscience]]<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1063/1.2916026 |title=Prisoners of conscience |journal=Physics Today |volume=37 |issue=12 |pages=94 |year=1984 |last1=Halperin |first1=Israel |bibcode=1984PhT....37l..94H }}</ref> while serving nine years in prison and internal exile for monitoring the Helsinki human rights accords, he was declared a [[prisoner of conscience]] by Amnesty International <ref>{{cite journal |last1= |first1= |date=9 October 1986 |title=Orlov receives red carpet from Western science |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_35Z2EMyzAkC&pg=PA16 |journal=[[New Scientist]] |volume=112 |issue=1529 |pages=16}}</ref> as a founder of the [[human rights movement in the Soviet Union]].<ref>{{cite journal|title=Founder of the Soviet human-rights movement|journal=[[U.S. News & World Report]]|date=10 October 1986|volume=101|issue=16|pages=23|url=http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/articles/8600009515/founder-soviet-human-rights-movement|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304150731/http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/articles/8600009515/founder-soviet-human-rights-movement|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref> Following his release from exile, Orlov was allowed to emigrate to the U.S. and became a professor of physics at [[Cornell University]]. 

== Early career ==
Yuri Orlov was born into a working-class family on 13 August 1924 and grew up in a village near Moscow.<ref name=Wren>{{cite news|author=Wren, Christopher|title=Man in the news; a pragmatic crusader: Yuri Fyodorovich Orlov|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/10/01/world/man-in-the-news-a-pragmatic-crusader-yuri-fyodorovich-orlov.html|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=1 October 1986}}</ref> His parents were Klavdiya Petrovna Lebedeva and Fyodor Pavlovich Orlov.<ref name=SC /> In March 1933, his father died.<ref name=SC />

From 1944 to 1946, Orlov served as an officer in the [[Soviet army]].<ref name=Sakharov>{{cite book|title=Andrei Sakharov and human rights|date=2010|publisher=Council of Europe|isbn=978-9287169471|page=151|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xAhC5ZVgjpgC&pg=PA151}}</ref> In 1952, he graduated from the [[Moscow State University]] and began his postgraduate studies at the [[Institute for Theoretical and Experimental Physics]]<ref name=Marshak>{{cite journal|author=Marshak, Robert|title=Orlov dissident trial in perspective|journal=[[Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists]]|date=September 1978|volume=34|issue=7|pages=5–6|doi=10.1080/00963402.1978.11458529|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aAoAAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA5|bibcode=1978BuAtS..34g...5M|url-access=subscription}}</ref> where he later worked as a physicist.<ref name=Sakharov />

In 1956, Orlov nearly lost his scientist career due to his speech at the party meeting about discussion of the report "[[On the Personality Cult and its Consequences]]" by [[Khrushchev]] at the [[20th Congress of the CPSU]]. He publicly called [[Stalin]] and [[Beria]] "killers who were in power" and put forward the requirement of "democracy on the basis of socialism."<ref name=RL2014>{{cite news|title=Юрий Орлов. Человек-легенда|trans-title=Yuri Orlov. Legendary man|url=http://www.svoboda.org/content/transcript/26530343.html|work=[[Radio Liberty]]|date=15 August 2014|language=ru}}</ref> For his pro-democracy speech in 1956, he was expelled from the [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union]] and fired from his job.<ref name=Sakharov />

<blockquote class="toccolours" style="text-align:left; width:30%; float:left; padding:10px 15px; display:table;">What is the meaning of life? That your soul may outlive your remains in something sacred and should escape decay ... I have again looked at, added up, corrected, and sized up what I have been doing during these last years and have seen that this is good ... <small>(Yuri Orlov, 1980)</small><ref name=Bailey1983>{{cite magazine|author=Bailey, Anthony|title=Orlov|magazine=[[The New Yorker]]|date=25 April 1983|page=40|url=http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/1983/04/25/orlov}}</ref></blockquote>

Orlov obtained the [[Candidate of Sciences]] degree in 1958 and the [[Doctor of Sciences]] degree in 1963.<ref name=Marshak /> He became an expert on particle acceleration.<ref name=Wren /> In 1968, he was elected a corresponding member of the [[Armenian Academy of Sciences]]<ref name=Wren /> after he found work at the [[Yerevan Physics Institute]].<ref name=Sakharov /> In 1972, he came back to Moscow and worked at the [[IZMIRAN|Institute of Terrestrial Magnetism]].<ref name=Sakharov />

== Dissidence ==
In September 1973, when ''[[Pravda]]'' [[Letter from a group of Soviet writers about Solzhenitsyn and Sakharov|published a statement by a group of prominent academics]] denouncing [[Andrei Sakharov]]'s anti-patriotic activity, Orlov decided to support him, while recollecting the well memorized spells of the 1930s, in which some academics demanded the death penalty for others already arrested; later some of these academics themselves were arrested, with some academics who were not arrested demanding the death penalty for them.<ref name=RL2014 /><ref>{{cite book|author=Orlov, Yuri|chapter=Chapter thirteen. In the opposition|title=Dangerous Thoughts. Memoirs of a Russian Life|date=1991|pages=[https://archive.org/details/dangerousthought00orlo/page/163 163–176]|location=New York|publisher=[[William Morrow and Company]]|isbn=978-0-688-10471-9|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6XglAAAAMAAJ|url=https://archive.org/details/dangerousthought00orlo/page/163}}</ref>{{rp|163}}<ref>{{cite book|author=Орлов, Юрий|title=Опасные мысли: Мемуары из рус. жизни|trans-title=Dangerous Thoughts. Memoirs of a Russian Life|chapter=Глава тринадцатая. В оппозиции|trans-chapter=Chapter thirteen. In the opposition|chapter-url=http://www.sakharov-center.ru/asfcd/auth/?t=page&num=6147|date=1992|publisher=[[Argumenty i Fakty|Аргументы и факты]]|location=Moscow|url=http://www.sakharov-center.ru/asfcd/auth/?t=book&num=109|pages=161–174|language=ru|isbn=978-5852720023}}</ref>{{rp|161}}

Defending Sakharov, Orlov on 16 September 1973 wrote "Open Letter to L.I. Brezhnev about the Reasons for the Intellectual Backwardness in the USSR and Proposals to Overcome It"<ref>{{cite book|author1=De Boer, S. P. |author2=Driessen, Evert |author3=Verhaar, Hendrik |title=Biographical dictionary of dissidents in the Soviet Union: 1956–1975|date=1982|publisher=Martinus Nijhoff Publishers|location=The Hague|isbn=978-9024725380|page=405|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1IQzecjGQX0C&pg=PA405}}</ref> which appeared in underground [[samizdat]] circulation.<ref name=Shifman>{{cite book|editor=Shifman, Mikhail |title=Physics in a mad world|date=2015|publisher=World Scientific|isbn=978-9814619318|page=445|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uFsGCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA445}}</ref> The Western press published the letter in 1974{{sfn|Orlov|1974}} but publication in the Russian press was only in 1991.{{sfn|Aksyutin|Medvedev|1991}} In the early 1970s, the article by Yuri Orlov "Is a Non-Totalitarian Type of Socialism Possible?" also appeared in underground samizdat circulation.<ref name="Shifman" />

In 1973, he was fired after becoming a founding member of the first [[Amnesty International]] group in the [[Soviet Union]].<ref name=Sakharov />

In May 1976, he organized the [[Moscow Helsinki Group]] and became its chairman.<ref name=Sakharov /> Andrei Sakharov praised Orlov for systematically documenting Soviet violations of the human rights provisions of the [[Helsinki Accords]].<ref name=Eaton>{{cite news|author=Eaton, William|title=Harshly treated: Orlov: ordeal for symbol of dissent ends|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1986-10-01-mn-3754-story.html|work=[[The Los Angeles Times]]|date=1 October 1986}}</ref> Orlov ignored orders to disband the Moscow Helsinki Group when the [[KGB]] told him the group was illegal.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Potok, Chaim |author2=Slepak, Leonid |author3=Slepak, Vladimir |author4=Slepak, Alexander |author5=Slepak, Maria |title=The gates of November|date=2010|publisher=Random House Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-307-57551-7|page=175|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SuZtZ51I5KMC&pg=PA175}}</ref> The KGB head [[Yuri Andropov]] determined, "The need has thus emerged to terminate the actions of Orlov, fellow Helsinki monitor [[Alexander Ginzburg|Ginzburg]] and others once and for all, on the basis of existing law."<ref>{{cite book|author=Snyder, Sarah|title=Human rights activism and the end of the Cold War: a transnational history of the Helsinki network|date=2011|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-49892-0|page=73|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o4XiMGNyY9IC&pg=PA73}}</ref>

== Arrest and trial ==
On 10 February 1977, Orlov was arrested.<ref>{{cite news|author=Shanker, Thom|title=Bitter Siberian ordeal ends at last for Yuri Orlov|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2457&dat=19861001&id=O6hJAAAAIBAJ&pg=4764,4899670&hl=com|work=[[Bangor Daily News]]|date=1 October 1986|page=9}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|author=Bailey, Anthony|title=Defending Yuri Orlov|magazine=[[The New Yorker]]|date=19 September 1977|page=29|url=http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/1977/09/19/defending-yuri-orlov}}</ref><ref name=UPI>{{cite news|title=Yuri Orlov Soviet dissident group founder|url=http://www.upi.com/Archives/1986/10/06/Personality-SpotlightNEWLNYuri-Orlov-Soviet-dissident-group-founder/1161528955200/|work=[[UPI]]|date=6 October 1986}}</ref> In March 1977, Orlov published the article about his arrest "The road to my arrest."{{sfn|Orlov|1977}} In a closed trial, he was denied the right to examine evidence and to call witnesses.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Oshins, Eddie|title=The case of Yuri Orlov|journal=[[The New York Review of Books]]|date=3 February 1983|volume=30 |issue=1 |url=http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/1983/feb/03/the-case-of-yuri-orlov/}}</ref>

The courtroom was filled with some 50 individuals selected by the authorities, while supporters and friends of Orlov, including Andrei Sakharov, were barred from entering because there was no room.<ref name=UW1978 /> Orlov's summation was interrupted many times by the judge and the prosecutor and by spectators who shouted "spy" and "traitor."<ref name=UW1978 /> According to Orlov's wife Irina, hostile spectators in the courtroom applauded the sentence and shouted: "You should have given him more."<ref>{{cite news|title=Yuri Orlov sentenced to 12 years|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1876&dat=19780519&id=MoQsAAAAIBAJ&pg=6352,3860531|work=[[Spartanburg Herald-Journal|Herald-Journal]]|volume=106|issue=99|date=19 May 1978}}</ref>

Orlov at the trial argued that he has a right to criticize the government and a right to circulate such criticism under the freedom of information provisions of the [[Helsinki Accords]].<ref name=UW1978 /> Orlov also argued that he circulated such information for humanitarian, not subversive, reasons.<ref name=UW1978 /> On 15 May 1978, Orlov was sentenced to seven years of a labor camp and five years internal exile for his work with the Moscow Helsinki Group.<ref>{{cite journal|title=CERN scientists speak out for Orlov|journal=[[New Scientist]]|date=20 May 1982|volume=94|issue=1306|page=473|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wBvPxY9tO7YC&pg=PA473|last1=|first1=}}</ref>

=== Protests over Orlov's trial ===
US President [[Jimmy Carter]] expressed his concern over the severity of the sentence and the secrecy of the trial.<ref>{{cite book|author=Carter, Jimmy|title=Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States, Jimmy Carter, 1978, Book 1: January 1 to June 30, 1978|publisher=Government Printing Office|location=[[Washington, DC]]|page=938|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hyTYh6XXbUMC&pg=PA938|chapter=Presidential Documents. Week Ending Friday, May 26, 1978}}</ref> Washington senator [[Henry M. Jackson]] said, "The Orlov trial, and the [[Alexander Ginzburg|Ginzburg]] and [[Natan Sharansky|Shcharansky]] incarcerations, are dramatic cases in point" when discussing Soviet breaches of law.<ref>{{cite news|title=U.S. senators seek Nobel for Helsinki groups|url=http://ukrweekly.com/archive/1978/The_Ukrainian_Weekly_1978-28.pdf|work=[[The Ukrainian Weekly]]|volume=LXXXV|issue=159|date=16 July 1978|pages=1–2|archive-date=26 December 2015|access-date=25 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151226232258/http://ukrweekly.com/archive/1978/The_Ukrainian_Weekly_1978-28.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[US National Academy of Sciences]] officially protested against the trial of Orlov.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1080/03064227908532880 |title=Science and Human Rights |journal=Index on Censorship |volume=8 |pages=41–44 |year=1979 |last1=Ziman |first1=John |s2cid=143084296 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

In the summer of 1978, 2,400 American scientists<ref>{{cite journal|title=Soviet physicist could face new jail term|journal=[[New Scientist]]|date=9 February 1984|volume=101|issue=1396|pages=4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6idhDboGmZoC&pg=PA4|last1=|first1=}}</ref> including physicists at the University of California's Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory created ''Scientists for Sakharov, Orlov and Shcharansky'' (SOS), an international movement to promote and protect the human rights of scientists.<ref>{{cite book|author=Pripstein, Morris|title=Andrei Sakharov: facets of a life|date=1991|publisher=Atlantica Séguier Frontières|isbn=978-2863320969|pages=546–548|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BTIziWmTX_0C&pg=PA547|chapter=Sakharov, scientists, and human rights; a personal recollection}}</ref>{{rp|547}} An initiator of SOS was American physicist [[Andrew Sessler]],<ref>{{cite journal|author=Sessler, Andrew|title=Physicist and the eternal struggle for human rights|journal=[[Bulletin of the American Physical Society]]|date=1 April 1995|volume=40|issue=2|url=https://www.aps.org/publications/apsnews/199510/human-rights.cfm}}</ref> its chairman was Prof. Morris Pripstein.<ref>{{cite book|author=Lipkin, Harry|title=Andrei Sakharov: quarks and the structure of matter|date=2013|publisher=World Scientific|isbn=978-9814407434|page=11|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JOm6CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA11}}</ref> Scientists at [[CERN]] have spoken out against Orlov's imprisonment for "disseminating [[anti-Soviet propaganda]]".<ref>{{cite journal|title=A small word in support of Orlov|journal=[[New Scientist]]|date=11 November 1982|volume=96|issue=1331|page=341|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g_OSLI3wYu0C&pg=PA341|last1=|first1=}}</ref> 43 physicists have called off Soviet trips to protest his jailing.<ref>{{cite news|author=O'Toole, Thomas|title=Orlov's sentence causes third U.S. physicist group to cancel Russian trip|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|date=3 June 1978|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1978/06/03/orlovs-sentence-causes-third-us-physicist-group-to-cancel-russian-trip/a5231d18-fa49-4b45-96ad-c4a1a8995631/}}</ref>

== Imprisonment and exile ==
[[File:Кобяй.jpg|thumb|right|250px|A street in [[Kobyay]]]]
For a year and a half, Orlov was imprisoned in [[Lefortovo Prison]], then Perm Camp 35 and 37.<ref name=Bailey1983 /> In Perm Camp 37, he mounted three hunger strikes to make the prison authorities return his confiscated writings and notes.<ref name=Concerns>{{cite journal|title=Concerns about Orlov's health|journal=[[New Scientist]]|date=22 November 1979|page=592|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PbS7f5n9XTYC&pg=PA592|last1=|first1=}}</ref> Two articles written by him in the camp were smuggled and published abroad.<ref>{{harvs|txt|author=Orlov|year1=1981|year2=1982}}</ref> On 5 July 1983, Austrian Chancellor [[Bruno Kreisky]] sent the Soviet leader [[Yuri Andropov]] a letter asking for his release to [[Austria]], but it was intentionally not answered.<ref name="Bruno">{{Cite web |url=http://psi.ece.jhu.edu/~kaplan/IRUSS/BUK/GBARC/pdfs/dis80/lett83-1.pdf |title=About the letter by Bruno Kreisky to the Soviet leader Yuri Andropov |access-date=2005-07-14 |archive-date=2007-06-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070614130337/http://psi.ece.jhu.edu/~kaplan/IRUSS/BUK/GBARC/pdfs/dis80/lett83-1.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The New York-based [[Helsinki Watch]] issued a statement about Orlov's health deterioration, "He has frequent headaches and dizzy spells, resulting from an old skull injury. He suffers from kidney and prostate inflammation, low blood pressure, rheumatic pains, toothaches, insomnia and vitamin deficiency. Medical care in the labor camp is extremely inadequate."<ref name=Eaton /> Orlov suffered from [[tuberculosis]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Soviet dissident Orlov reported terminally ill|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1985-11-15-mn-2469-story.html|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=15 November 1985}}</ref> He lost a good deal of weight and most of his teeth.<ref>{{cite news|title=Yuri Orlov is reported very sick|url=http://ukrweekly.com/archive/1984/The_Ukrainian_Weekly_1984-24.pdf|work=[[The Ukrainian Weekly]]|volume=LII|issue=24|date=10 June 1984|page=2|archive-date=8 August 2016|access-date=25 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160808085744/http://ukrweekly.com/archive/1984/The_Ukrainian_Weekly_1984-24.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Orlov's wife said he looked emaciated and that she was "very fearful for my husband's health. The authorities are gradually killing him."<ref>{{cite journal|title=Concern about Orlov's health|journal=[[New Scientist]]|date=22 November 1979|volume=84|issue=1182|pages=592|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PbS7f5n9XTYC&pg=PA592|last1=|first1=}}</ref>

In 1984, Orlov was exiled to [[Kobyay]] in [[Siberia]] and was allowed to buy a house with a garden.<ref name=UPI /> On 14 November 1985, Professor [[George Wald]] raised the case of Orlov in a talk with the Soviet leader [[Mikhail Gorbachev]] who answered he had not heard of Orlov.<ref>{{cite news|title=Russian dissident Yuri Orlov close to death, says scientist|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2507&dat=19851115&id=VMBAAAAAIBAJ&pg=5647,3128008&hl=com|work=[[The Glasgow Herald]]|date=15 November 1985}}</ref>

== Deportation and US citizenship ==
On 30 September 1986, the KGB proposed to expel Orlov from the Soviet Union after depriving him of his Soviet citizenship and met with approval from the [[Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union]].<ref>{{cite web|title=О лишении гражданства и выдворении из СССР Орлова Ю.Ф.|trans-title=On the deprivation of citizenship and expulsion of Orlov Yu F. from the USSR|url=http://bukovsky-archives.net/pdfs/dis80/kgb86-3.pdf|publisher=Soviet archives collected by Vladimir Bukovsky|language=ru|date=30 September 1986}}</ref> Orlov's discharge from Siberian exile was part of the U.S.–Soviet deal to release journalist [[Nicholas Daniloff]].<ref>{{cite news|author=Valentine, Paul|title=Soviet dissident Orlov starts 'a new life' in U.S.|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1986/10/06/soviet-dissident-orlov-starts-a-new-life-in-us/b110d095-8d62-4471-800c-3f9d41bf5c9c/|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|date=6 October 1986}}</ref> Orlov's release from exile and expulsion from the USSR lifted hopes among Westerners that the Helsinki process might finally start yielding progress.<ref>{{cite book|author=Snyder, Sarah|title=Human rights activism and the end of the Cold War: a transnational history of the Helsinki network|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-49892-0|pages=168|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o4XiMGNyY9IC&pg=PA168|date=2011-06-20}}</ref> Former US President [[Jimmy Carter]] said, "As for Orlov, we're very delighted with this happy occurrence. We would like to meet with him if he comes to this country, but I don't know that he will. I have no way of knowing his plans."<ref>{{cite news|title=Yuri Orlov wins human rights award|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2245&dat=19861001&id=0GwzAAAAIBAJ&pg=6988,3795355&hl=com|work=[[Lodi News-Sentinel]]|date=1 October 1986}}</ref>

On 10 December 1986, Orlov was awarded the [[Carter–Menil Human Rights Prize]] of $100,000.<ref>{{cite book|author=Hochman, Steven|chapter=Carter center|editor=Forsythe, David|title=Encyclopedia of human rights|date=2009|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-533402-9|volume=1|pages=252–256|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1QbX90fmCVUC&pg=PA253}}</ref>{{rp|253}} In 1987, Orlov began work at [[Cornell University]] as a scientist and professor.<ref>{{cite news|author=Lanier, Alfredo|title=Network forms to aid scholars at risk|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/2000/06/05/network-forms-to-aid-scholars-at-risk/|work=[[The Chicago Tribune]]|date=5 June 2000}}</ref> Orlov was a visiting fellow at the [[CERN|European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN)]] in 1988/89.<ref name="nsarch" /><ref name="CVcornell" /> A member of the [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]], Orlov studied [[particle accelerator]] design, beam interaction analysis and [[quantum mechanics]]. He authored and co-authored numerous research papers,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.people.cornell.edu/pages/yfo1/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070610032317/http://www.people.cornell.edu/pages/yfo1/|url-status=dead|archive-date=2007-06-10|title=Yuri F. Orlov|date=2007-06-10|access-date=2019-06-06}}</ref> articles on human rights,<ref>{{harvnb|Orlov|1979}}; {{harvnb|Orlov|Bethell|1987}}; {{harvs|txt|author=Orlov|year1=1988a|year2=1988b}}; {{harvnb|Gottfried|Orlov|1989}}; {{harvnb|Birman|Lizhi|Winick|1994}}</ref> and an autobiography, ''Dangerous Thoughts'' (1991).<ref>{{cite journal|author=Sessler, Andrew|title=Book Review: Dangerous Thoughts: Memoirs of a Russian Life|journal=[[Physics Today]]|date=1991|volume=44|issue=11|pages=92–93|doi=10.1063/1.2810325|bibcode=1991PhT....44k..92S}}</ref>

In 1990, Gorbachev restored Soviet citizenship to Orlov and other 23 prominent exiles and emigres who lost the right in the period from 1966 to 1988.<ref>{{cite magazine|title=Citizenship: better late than never|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|date=27 August 1990|url=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,971011,00.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Solzhenitsyn, 22 others qet citizenship back|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1144&dat=19900816&id=8uQhAAAAIBAJ&pg=6933,33851|work=[[The Pittsburgh Press]]|date=16 August 1990|page=A8}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Solzhenitsyn cool as Moscow confirms offer|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/08/17/world/solzhenitsyn-cool-as-moscow-confirms-offer.html|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=17 August 1990}}</ref> Orlov told Gorbachev, "I would say you have a very great power in your hands, the K.G.B., and you should therefore carry out your reforms without fearing anyone at all. Afterward, you should liquidate the K.G.B., because it is a cancer."<ref>{{cite news|author=Rosenthal, Andrew|title=For the Soviet emigres, Gorbachev stirs both optimism and skepticism|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/12/05/world/for-the-soviet-emigres-gorbachev-stirs-both-optimism-and-skepticism.html|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=5 December 1987}}</ref> On 18 July 1991, Orlov and [[Elena Bonner]] wrote an open letter about the fact that the [[Soviet Army]] and special troops have been systematically deporting thousands of Armenians from [[Azerbaijan]] to [[Armenia]].{{sfn|Bonner|Orlov|1991}}

In 1993, Orlov received American citizenship.<ref name="CVcornell">{{cite web|title=Curriculum vitae of Yuri Orlov|url=https://www.physics.cornell.edu/wp-content/uploads/Orlov_c-v-and-List-of-Pubs_July-25-20151.pdf|publisher=[[Cornell University]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151003065651/http://www.physics.cornell.edu/wp-content/uploads/Orlov_c-v-and-List-of-Pubs_July-25-20151.pdf|archive-date=3 October 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1995, the [[American Physical Society]] awarded him the Nicholson Medal for Humanitarian Service.<ref name=Gold>{{cite news|author=Gold, Lauren|title=First Andrei Sakharov Prize for human rights goes to Cornell physicist and former Soviet gulag prisoner Yuri Orlov|work=Cornell Chronicle|date=14 November 2005|url=https://www.news.cornell.edu/stories/2005/11/yuri-orlov-recognized-his-commitment-human-rights}}</ref> In 2005, he was named the first recipient of the Andrei Sakharov Prize, awarded biennially by the [[American Physical Society]] to honor scientists for exceptional work in promoting human rights.<ref name=Gold /><ref name="S">{{Cite web|url=https://www.aps.org/programs/honors/prizes/prizerecipient.cfm|title=2018 Stanley Corrsin Award Recipient|website=www.aps.org|language=en|access-date=2019-06-06}}</ref> In 2020, a few days before Orlov died, the [[American Physical Society]] awarded him the 2021 Robert R. Wilson Prize for Achievement in the Physics of Particle Accelerators for his scientific work and for "''[https://www.aps.org/programs/honors/prizes/prizerecipient.cfm?last_nm=Orlov&first_nm=Yuri&year=2021 embodying the spirit of scientific freedom].''"

In 2004, Orlov expressed his opinion about Russia and Vladimir Putin by saying, "Russia is flying backwards in time. Putin is like Stalin, and he speaks in the language of the thug, the mafia."<ref>{{cite news|title=Soviet-era dissidents despise Putin|url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2004/nov/13/20041113-111225-7336r/?page=all|work=[[The Washington Times]]|date=13 November 2004}}</ref> On 24 March 2005, Orlov wrote a letter to Putin to express disquiet over the criminal prosecution of [[Anna Alchuk|Anna Mikhalchuk]], Yuri Samodurov, and Ludmila Vasilovskaya in the case concerning the [[Sakharov Museum]] [[:ru:Осторожно, религия!|exhibition on religion]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Orlov, Yuri|title=A letter to Vladimir Putin|url=http://old.sakharov-center.ru/museum/exhibitionhall/religion_notabene/orlov240305.htm|publisher=[[Sakharov Center]]|date=24 March 2005|access-date=15 February 2016|archive-date=30 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210830152725/http://old.sakharov-center.ru/museum/exhibitionhall/religion_notabene/orlov240305.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Orlov participated in two documentaries about the [[Soviet dissident movement]], ''[[They Chose Freedom]]''<ref>{{cite web|script-title=ru:В Москве прошла презентация фильма "Они выбрали свободу" об истории диссидентов в СССР|trans-title=In Moscow, the presentation of the film ''They Chose Freedom'' went off|url=http://www.newsru.com/russia/01dec2005/film.html|publisher=[[NEWSru.com]]|language=ru|date=1 December 2005}}</ref> in 2005, and ''[[Parallels, Events, People]]'' in 2014. He was a member of the [[Human Rights Watch]] Asia Advisory and Academic Freedom Committees, and member of the Honorary 25th Anniversary Committee, [[Global Rights]].

Orlov died on 27 September 2020, aged 96.<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20211224005248/https://tekdeeps.com/the-founder-of-the-moscow-helsinki-group-yuri-orlov-dies/ The founder of the Moscow Helsinki Group, Yuri Orlov, dies]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

== Some publications ==
* {{cite journal|author=Orlov, Yuri|title=Letter to L.I. Brezhnev|journal=Survey|issue=14|date=Spring–Summer 1974|pages=241–245|ref=CITEREFOrlov1974}}
* {{cite journal|author=Orlov, Yuri|title=The road to my arrest|journal=[[The New Leader]]|date=March 1977|volume=60|issue=6|ref=CITEREFOrlov1977}}
* {{cite journal|author=Orlov, Yuri|title=On prisoners in Soviet camps|journal=Survey|date=Spring 1979|issue=24|pages=67–91|ref=CITEREFOrlov1979}}
* {{cite journal|author=Orlov, Yuri|title=A quantum model of doubt|journal=[[Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences]]|date=October 1981|volume=373|issue=1|pages=84–92|doi=10.1111/j.1749-6632.1981.tb51134.x|bibcode=1981NYASA.373...84O|s2cid=86711656|ref=CITEREFOrlov1981}}
* {{cite journal|author=Orlov, Yuri|title=The wave logic of consciousness: a hypothesis|journal=[[International Journal of Theoretical Physics]]|date=January 1982|volume=21|issue=1|pages=37–53|doi=10.1007/BF01880263|bibcode=1982IJTP...21...37O|s2cid=121387263|ref=CITEREFOrlov1982}}
* {{cite journal |doi=10.1080/03064228708534201 |title=Yury Orlov: I believe in the people |journal=Index on Censorship |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=10 |year=1987 |doi-access=free }}
* {{cite journal |author=Orlov, Yuri |author2=Bethell, Nicholas|title=Out of the Gulag and into exile|journal=[[Encounter (magazine)|Encounter]]|date=May 1987|issue=26|pages=48–52|ref=CITEREFOrlovBethell1987}}
* {{cite journal|author=Orlov, Yuri|title=Before and after glasnost|journal=[[Commentary (magazine)|Commentary]]|date=1 October 1988|volume=86|issue=4|page=24|url=https://www.commentarymagazine.com/articles/before-and-after-glasnost/|ref=CITEREFOrlov1988a}}
* {{cite book|author=Orlov, Yuri|chapter=The Soviet Union, human rights, and national security|chapter-url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK225192/|editor=Corillon, Carol |title=Science and human rights|date=1988|publisher=National Academies Press|location=Washington, DC|pages=62–67|ref=CITEREFOrlov1988b}}
* {{cite news|author=Gottfried, Kurt |author2=Orlov, Yuri|title=A man who would not be silenced: Sakharov: he saw scientific, political and moral realities as one equation, and he died still warning about 'tomorrow'|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-12-19-me-415-story.html|work=[[The Los Angeles Times]]|date=19 December 1989|ref=CITEREFGottfriedOrlov1989}}
* {{cite journal|author=Bonner, Elena |author2=Orlov, Yuri|title=Armenia: an open letter
|journal=[[The New York Review of Books]]|date=18 July 1991|volume=38 |issue=13 |url=http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/1991/jul/18/armenia-an-open-letter/|ref=CITEREFBonnerOrlov1991}}
* {{cite book|author=Orlov, Yuri |script-chapter=ru:Перейти к полной свободе в сфере идей|trans-chapter=Passing to full freedom in the area of ideas|chapter-url=http://www.memo.ru/uploads/files/1369.pdf|editor=Aksyutin, Yuri |editor2=Medvedev, Roy |script-title=ru:Л.И. Брежнев: Материалы к биографии|trans-title=L.I. Brezhnev: Materials to biography|date=1991|publisher=Политиздат|location=Moscow|isbn=5-250-01721-5|pages=323–328|language=Russian|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CBofAAAAMAAJ|ref=CITEREFAksyutinMedvedev1991}}
* {{cite book|author=Orlov, Yuri|title=Dangerous Thoughts. Memoirs of a Russian Life|date=1991|location=New York|publisher=[[William Morrow and Company]]|isbn=978-0-688-10471-9|url=https://archive.org/details/dangerousthought00orlo}}
* {{cite book|author=Орлов, Юрий|script-title=ru:Опасные мысли: Мемуары из рус. жизни|trans-title=Dangerous Thoughts. Memoirs of a Russian Life|date=1992|publisher=[[Argumenty i Fakty|Аргументы и факты]]|location=Moscow|url=http://www.sakharov-center.ru/asfcd/auth/?t=book&num=109|language=ru|isbn=978-5852720023}}
* {{cite journal|author=Birman, Joseph |author2=Lizhi, Fang |author3=Winick, Herman |author4=Chudnovsky, Eugene |author5=Orlov, Yuri|title=Science and human rights|journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]|date=August 1994|volume=370|issue=6491|page=592|doi=10.1038/370592a0|bibcode=1994Natur.370..592B|s2cid=4233365|ref=CITEREFBirmanLizhiWinick1994|doi-access=free}}
* {{cite book|author=Orlov, Yuri|script-chapter=ru:Возможен ли социализм не тоталитарного типа?|trans-chapter=Is a non-totalitarian type of socialism possible?|url=http://antology.igrunov.ru/authors/orlov/1083933185.html|editor1=Akhmetiev I. |editor2=Kulakov V. |script-title=ru:Самиздат века|trans-title=Samizdat of the century|date=1997|publisher=Полифакт|location=Minsk|isbn=978-5-89356-004-6|language=ru}}
* {{cite book|author=Orlov, Yuri |script-chapter=ru:Возможен ли социализм не тоталитарного типа?|trans-chapter=Is a non-totalitarian type of socialism possible?|editor=Igrunov, Vyacheslav |script-title=ru:Антология самиздата. Неподцензурная литература в СССР. 1950–1980-е.: В 3-х томах: т. 3: после 1973|trans-title=Anthology of samizdat. Uncensored literature in the USSR. The 1950s–1980s. In 3 volumes. Volume 3. After 1973|date=2005|publisher=Международный институт гуманитарно-политических исследований|pages=191–205|location=Moscow|isbn=978-5-89793-034-0|url=http://library.khpg.org/files/docs/1320039970.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130308001603/http://library.khpg.org/files/docs/1320039970.pdf|archive-date=8 March 2013|url-status=live|language=ru}}

== Further reading ==
* [https://www.cornell.edu/search/index.cfm?tab=people&netid=yfo1&q=Yuri%20Orlov  Yuri Orlov Cornell University Homepage]
* {{cite journal|title=Aftermath of the Orlov trial|journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]|date=25 May 1978|volume=273|issue=5660|pages=255|doi=10.1038/273255a0|bibcode=  1978Natur.273..255.|s2cid=36312156|doi-access=free}}
* {{cite journal|title=APS joins in appeals for Orlov and Shcharansky|journal=[[Physics Today]]|date=January 1985|volume=38|issue=1|pages=117|doi=10.1063/1.2813731|bibcode=1985PhT....38Q.117.}}
* {{cite book|chapter=Biography of Yuri Fyodorovich Orlov|title=Basket III: implementation of the Helsinki Accords. Hearings before the Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe. Ninety-fifth congress. First session on implementation of the Helsinki Accords|volume=IV|date=1977|publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office|location=Washington, D.C.|pages=67–69|chapter-url=https://assets.documentcloud.org/documents/402803/17-basket-iii-helsinki-accords-hearings-volume-iv.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151123063016/https://assets.documentcloud.org/documents/402803/17-basket-iii-helsinki-accords-hearings-volume-iv.pdf|url-status=live|archive-date=23 November 2015}}
* {{cite journal|title=Exiled Yuri Orlov|journal=[[Newsweek]]|date=12 October 1984|volume=104|issue=23|pages=57|url=http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/articles/8400006310/exiled-yuri-orlov|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160301180915/http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/articles/8400006310/exiled-yuri-orlov|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 March 2016}}
* {{cite journal|title=News from Orlov's trial|journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]|date=1 June 1978|volume=273|issue=5661|pages=329|doi=10.1038/273329a0|bibcode=  1978Natur.273..329.|doi-access=free}}
* {{cite news|title=Человек дня – Юрий Орлов, основатель и первый председатель Московской Хельсинкской Группы|trans-title=The man of the day Yuri Orlov, the founder and first chairman of the Moscow Helsinki Group|url=http://www.svoboda.org/content/transcript/157408.html|work=[[Radio Liberty]]|date=13 May 2006|language=ru}}
* {{cite journal |doi=10.1080/03064227708532716 |title=The Orlov tribunal |journal=Index on Censorship |volume=6 |issue=6 |pages=52–60 |year=1977 |last1=Alexeyeva |first1=Lyudmila |s2cid=143045934 }}
* {{cite news|author=Bethell, Nicholas|title=How Orlov survived in Soviet prison|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1946&dat=19861017&id=8VQ0AAAAIBAJ&pg=5353,3685241|work=[[The Montreal Gazette]]|date=17 October 1986|page=A1, A5}}
* {{cite journal|author1=Bromley, Allan |author2=Feshbach, Herman |author3=Garvey, Gerald |author4=Hyde, Earl |author5=Keller, Lewin |author6=Weneser, Joseph |title=Soviet boycott by US physicists over Orlov|journal=[[Physics Today]]|date=August 1978|volume=31|issue=8|pages=11|doi=10.1063/1.2995134|bibcode=1978PhT....31h..11B}}
* {{cite journal|author=Carr, Bruce|title=Physicists petition Soviet Academy on Orlov arrest|journal=[[Physics Today]]|date=May 1977|volume=30|issue=5|pages=112|doi=10.1063/1.3037583|bibcode=1977PhT....30e.112C}}
* {{cite book|author1=De Boer, S. P. |author2=Driessen, Evert |author3=Verhaar, Hendrik |chapter=Orlov, Jurij Fedorovič|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1IQzecjGQX0C&pg=PA405|title=Biographical dictionary of dissidents in the Soviet Union: 1956–1975|date=1982|pages=405–406|publisher=Martinus Nijhoff Publishers|location=The Hague|isbn=978-9024725380}}
* {{cite journal|author1=Hyman, Lloyd |author2=Katz, Joseph |author3=O'Connor, Timothy |author4=Peshkin, Murray |author5=Ringo, Roy |title=Concerning Y. Orlov and A. Sharansky|journal=[[Science (magazine)|Science]]|date=21 October 1977|volume=198|issue=4314|pages=251|doi=10.1126/science.198.4314.251|pmid=17770484|bibcode=1977Sci...198..253H}}
* {{cite journal|author=Jacobs, Michael|title=Current response to Orlov jailing|journal=[[Physics Today]]|date=June 1979|volume=32|issue=6|pages=78–80|doi=10.1063/1.2995603|bibcode=1979PhT....32f..78J}}
* {{cite journal|author=Jacobs, Michael|title=Yuri Orlov's wife fears for his health|journal=[[Physics Today]]|date=December 1979|volume=32|issue=12|pages=88|doi=10.1063/1.2995338|bibcode=1979PhT....32l..88J}}
* {{cite journal|author=Rich, Vera|title=Yurii Orlov suffers two trials|journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]|date=18 May 1978|volume=273|issue=5659|pages=178|doi=10.1038/273178a0|bibcode=1978Natur.273..178R|doi-access=free}}
* {{cite journal|author=Rich, Vera|title=Americans cancel visits in protest over Orlov|journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]|date=25 May 1978|volume=273|issue=5660|pages=258|doi=10.1038/273258a0|bibcode=1978Natur.273..258R|s2cid=4187105|doi-access=free}}
* {{cite journal |doi=10.1038/277591a0 |title=A day in the life of Yurii Orlov |journal=Nature |volume=277 |issue=5698 |pages=591 |year=1979 |last1=Rich |first1=Vera |bibcode=1979Natur.277Q.591R |doi-access=free }}
* {{cite journal|author=Rich, Vera|title=Soviet Union: Orlov's fate in balance|journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]|date=16 February 1984|volume=307|issue=5952|pages=585|doi=10.1038/307585a0|bibcode=1984Natur.307Q.585R|doi-access=free}}
* {{cite journal|author=Rich, Vera|title=Orlov appeal|journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]|date=23 February 1984|volume=307|issue=5953|pages=673|doi=10.1038/307673b0|bibcode=1984Natur.307..673R|doi-access=free}}
* {{cite journal|author=Rich, Vera|title=Soviet Union: freedom at last for Orlov|journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]|date=9 October 1986|volume=323|issue=6088|pages=478|doi=10.1038/323478a0|bibcode=1986Natur.323..478R|doi-access=free}}
* {{cite journal|author1=Sakharov, Andrei |author2=Meiman, Naum |title=The plight of Yuri Orlov|journal=[[Harvard International Review]]|date=March–April 1982|volume=4|issue=6|pages=50|jstor=42762207}}
* {{cite journal|author=Shapley, Deborah|title=Handler protests Orlov trial|journal=[[Science (magazine)|Science]]|date=2 June 1978|volume=200|issue=4345|pages=1026|doi=10.1126/science.200.4345.1026|bibcode=1978Sci...200.1026S|pmid=17740677}}
* {{cite journal|author=Sessler, Andrew|title=Reflections occasioned by the release of Yuri Orlov|journal=[[Physics Today]]|date=November 1986|volume=39|issue=11|pages=168|doi=10.1063/1.2815231|bibcode=1986PhT....39k.168S}}
* {{cite journal|author=Sweet, William|title=Orlov provides perspectives on Gorbachev's reforms|journal=[[Physics Today]]|date=May 1987|volume=40|issue=5|pages=79–82|doi=10.1063/1.2820021|bibcode=1987PhT....40e..79S}}
* {{cite journal|author=Turchin, Valentin|title=Orlov in exile|journal=[[Physics Today]]|date=July 1985|volume=38|issue=7|page=9|doi=10.1063/1.2814623|bibcode=1985PhT....38g...9T}}

== Video ==
* {{cite web|title=Восемнадцатая серия. Юрий Орлов|trans-title=The eighteenth part. Yuri Orlov|url=http://www.golos-ameriki.ru/media/video/soviet-dissidents-parallels-events-people/2442552.html|author=Natella Boltyanskaya|publisher=[[Parallels, Events, People]]|website=[[Voice of America]]|date=8 September 2014|language=ru|author-link=Natella Boltyanskaya}}
* {{YouTube|BHBQPHZGyYk|Юбилейный вечер Юрия Орлова (Anniversary evening of Yuri Orlov, 19 min, in Russian)}}
{{Soviet dissidents}}
{{Moscow Helsinki Group}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Orlov, Yuri}}
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