View source for Yugoslav Partisans

{{Short description|Communist-led anti-Axis resistance in World War II}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox War Faction
| name             = National Liberation Army and<br />Partisan Detachments of Yugoslavia
| war              = [[World War II in Yugoslavia]]
| image            = Flag of Yugoslavia (1943–1946).svg
| caption          = [[Flag of Yugoslavia#World War II|Flag of the Yugoslav Partisans]]
| active           = 1941–1945
| allegiance       = [[Communist Party of Yugoslavia]]
| ideology         = {{ubl|class=nowrap
  |[[Anti-fascism]]
  |[[Anti-nationalism]]
  |[[Communism]]<ref name="Sharon Fisher 2006, p. 27">{{Cite book|last=Fisher|first=Sharon|title=Political change in post-Communist Slovakia and Croatia: from nationalist to Europeanist|publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]]|year=2006|page=27|isbn=978-1-4039-7286-6}}</ref><ref name="Howard Jones 1997, p. 67">{{Cite book|last=Jones|first=Howard|title=A new kind of war: America's global strategy and the Truman Doctrine in Greece|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=1997|page=67|isbn=978-0-19-511385-3}}</ref><ref name="Dennis P. Hupchick 2004, p. 374">{{Cite book|last=Hupchick|first=Dennis P.|title=The Balkans: from Constantinople to communism|publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]]|year=2004|page=374|isbn=978-1-4039-6417-5}}</ref><ref name="J. Barkley Rosser Jr. 2004, p. 397">{{Cite book|last=Rosser|first=John Barkley|author-link=J. Barkley Rosser Jr.|author2=Marina V. Rosser|title=Comparative economics in a transforming world economy|publisher=[[MIT Press]]|year=2004|page=397|isbn=978-0-262-18234-8}}</ref><ref name="Christopher Chant 1986, p. 109">{{Cite book|last=Chant|first=Christopher|title=The encyclopedia of codenames of World War II|publisher=[[Routledge]]|year=1986|page=109|isbn=978-0-7102-0718-0}}</ref>
  |[[Marxism–Leninism]]
  |[[National liberation (Marxism)|National liberation]]
  |[[Pan-Slavism]]
  |Pro-[[Soviet Union]]<ref name=Proglas>[https://www.znaci.org/00001/4_1_2_2.htm PROGLAS POKRAJINSKOG KOMITETA KPJ ZA SRBIJU]</ref><ref name=Novj>[https://www.znaci.org/00001/4_1_2_3.htm PROGLAS POKRAJINSKOG KOMITETA KPJ ZA VOJVODINU]</ref><ref name=Dokument>[https://www.znaci.org/00001/4_1_2_5.htm PROGLAS OKRUŽNOG KOMITETA KPJ ZA KRAGUJEVAC]</ref>
  |[[Republicanism]]<ref name="BBC - History -      World Wars: Partisans: War in the Balkans 1941 - 1945">{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/partisan_fighters_01.shtml|title=Partisans: War in the Balkans 1941–1945|publisher=BBC|access-date=19 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111128065207/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/partisan_fighters_01.shtml|archive-date=28 November 2011|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
  |[[Ethnic federalism#Yugoslavia|Yugoslav federalism]]}}
| position         = [[Far-left politics|Far-left]]
| leaders          = {{Collapsible list |titlestyle = font-weight: normal; |title = [[Supreme Headquarters (Yugoslav Partisans)|Supreme Headquarters]] | [[Josip Broz Tito]] | [[Arso Jovanović]] | [[Velimir Terzić]] | [[Sreten Žujović]] | [[Edvard Kardelj]] | [[Aleksandar Ranković]] | [[Ivo Lola Ribar]]{{KIA}} | [[Svetozar Vukmanović]] | [[Milovan Đilas]] | [[Ivan Milutinović]]{{KIA}} | [[Peko Dapčević]] | Savo Orović | [[Sava Kovačević]]{{KIA}} | [[Vladimir Popović (diplomat)|Vladimir Popović]] | Radivoje Jovanović | [[Vlada Zečević]] | [[Petar Drapšin]] | [[Rade Hamović]] | Vojislav Đokić | [[Franc Leskošek]] | Uglješa Danilović | [[Mihailo Apostolski]] | Nikola Grulović | Pavle Ilić | [[Moša Pijade]] | [[Rade Končar]]{{KIA}} | [[Gojko Nikoliš]] | [[Izidor Papo]] | [[Ivan Rukavina]] | [[Pavle Savić]] | Vladimir Smirnov | [[Ivan Maček]]}}
| headquarters     = Mobile, attached to the Main Operational Group
| area             = {{flagicon|Kingdom of Yugoslavia}} Axis-occupied [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]]<br>{{flagcountry|Kingdom of Romania}} (refugee purposes)<ref>''Third Axis Fourth Ally: Romanian Armed Forces in the European War, 1941–1945'', by Mark Axworthy, Cornel Scafeş and Cristian Crăciunoiu, page 159</ref><br>{{flagcountry|Fascist Italy (1922–1943)}} (regions of [[Istria]], islands of [[Cres]] and [[Lošinj]], [[Rijeka|Fiume]], [[Zadar|Zara]], parts of [[Friuli-Venezia Giulia]], especially [[Trieste]])<br>{{flagcountry|Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)}} (1945; [[Operation Spring Awakening]], [[Nagykanizsa–Körmend offensive]])<br> {{flagcountry|Nazi Germany}} (parts of [[Carinthia]] in May 1945 only)
| size             = 80,000–800,000 ([[#Composition|see below]])
| successor        = [[Yugoslav People's Army]]
| allies           = '''[[Allies of World War II]]'''
{{Plainlist|
*{{flag|Soviet Union|1936}}
*{{flagu|United Kingdom}}
*{{flagu|United States|1912}}
}}
'''Former Axis powers:'''
{{Plainlist|
*{{flagcountry|Kingdom of Bulgaria}} {{small|(1944–45)}} 
*{{flagcountry|Kingdom of Romania}} {{small|(1944–45)}} 
'''Other Allied factions:'''
*{{flagicon image|Flag of Albanian National Liberation Movement.svg}} [[National Liberation Movement (Albania)]]
*{{flagicon|Chetniks}} [[Chetniks]] {{small|(1941)}}
}}
'''Other Allied support:'''
{{Plainlist|
*{{flagicon|Kingdom of Yugoslavia}} [[Yugoslav government-in-exile]] {{small|(1944–45, ''de jure'')}}
}}
| opponents        = '''[[Axis powers]]:'''
{{tree list}} 
*{{flagcountry|Nazi Germany}}
**{{flagicon|Government of National Salvation}} [[Government of National Salvation|Nedić's regime]]
***{{nowrap|[[Serbian Volunteer Corps (World War II)|Serbian Volunteer Corps]]}}
***{{nowrap|{{flagicon image|Flag of Serbian State Guard.svg}} [[Serbian State Guard]]}} 
***{{nowrap|{{flagicon|Chetniks}} [[Pećanac Chetniks]]}}
**{{flagicon image|Flag of the Slovene Home Guard.svg}} [[Slovene Home Guard]]
**{{flagicon image|Flag of Montenegro (1905-1918 & 1941-1944).svg}} [[German-occupied territory of Montenegro|Montenegro]] {{small|(1943–44)}}
**{{nowrap|{{flagdeco|Russia}} [[Russian Protective Corps]]}}
**{{flagicon|Albanian Kingdom (1943-44)}} [[German occupation of Albania|Albania]] {{small|(1943–44)}}
*{{flagcountry|Fascist Italy (1922-1943)}}
**{{flagicon image|Flag of Montenegro (1905-1918 & 1941-1944).svg}} [[Italian governorate of Montenegro|Montenegro]] {{small|(1941–43)}}
**{{flagicon|Albanian Kingdom (1939-43)}} [[Italian protectorate of Albania (1939–1943)|Albania]] {{small|(1941–43)}}
*{{flagcountry|Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)}} 
*{{flagcountry|Kingdom of Bulgaria}} {{small|(1941–44)}}
*{{flagcountry|Independent State of Croatia|name=Independent State of Croatia}} {{small|(1941–45)}}
{{tree list/end}}
'''Other Axis collaborators:'''
{{Plainlist|
*{{flagicon|Chetniks}} [[Chetniks]]
*[[File:Balli Kombetar.png|25px]] [[Balli Kombëtar]]
*[[Sandžak Muslim militia]]
}}
'''Other opponents:'''
{{Plainlist|
*{{flagicon|Kingdom of Yugoslavia}} [[Yugoslav government-in-exile]] {{small|(1941–44)}}
}}
| battles          = [[Uprising in Montenegro (1941)|Montenegrin uprising]]<br />[[Srb uprising]]<br />[[Battle of Serbia]]<br/>[[Užice Republic]]<br />[[Bihać Republic]]<br />[[Battle of Neretva]]<br />[[Battle of Sutjeska]]<br />[[Battle of Kozara]]<br />[[Raid on Drvar]]<br />[[Belgrade Offensive|Battle of Belgrade]]<br />[[Syrmian Front]]<br />[[Trieste operation]]<br />[[Battle of Odžak]]<br />(most&nbsp;notable)
}}

The '''Yugoslav Partisans''',<ref group="note">[[Serbo-Croatian]], [[Macedonian language|Macedonian]], and [[Slovene language|Slovene]]: {{lang|sh-Latn|Partizani}}, {{lang|sh-Cyrl|Партизани}}</ref><ref name=curtis>{{cite book|last=Curtis|first=Glenn E.|title=Yugoslavia: A Country Study|publisher=[[Library of Congress]]|year=1992|page=[https://archive.org/details/yugoslaviacountr00curt/page/39 39]|isbn=978-0-8444-0735-7|url=https://archive.org/details/yugoslaviacountr00curt/page/39}}</ref> officially the '''National Liberation Army and Partisan Detachments of Yugoslavia'''<ref group="note">{{lang-sh-Latn-Cyrl|Narodnooslobodilačka vojska i partizanski odredi Jugoslavije (NOV i POJ)|Народноослободилачка војска и партизански одреди Југославије (НОВ и ПОЈ)}}; {{langx|mk|Народноослободителна војска и партизански одреди на Југославија (НОВ и ПОЈ)}}; {{langx|sl|Narodnoosvobodilna vojska in partizanski odredi Jugoslavije (NOV in POJ)}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Trifunovska|first=Snežana|title=Yugoslavia Through Documents:From Its Creation to Its Dissolution|publisher=[[Martinus Nijhoff Publishers]]|year=1994| page=209|isbn=978-0-7923-2670-0}}</ref> (often shortened as the '''National Liberation Army'''<ref group="note">{{lang-sh-Latn-Cyrl|Narodnooslobodilačka vojska (NOV)|Народноослободилачка војска (НОВ)}}; {{langx|mk|Народноослободителна војска (НОВ)}}; {{langx|sl|Narodnoosvobodilna vojska (NOV)}}</ref>) was the [[Communist Party of Yugoslavia|communist]]-led [[Anti-fascism|anti-fascist]] resistance to the [[Axis powers]] (chiefly [[Nazi Germany]]) in [[occupied Yugoslavia]] during [[World War II]]. Led by [[Josip Broz Tito]],<ref name="Dennison I. Rusinow 1978, p. 2">{{Cite book|last=Rusinow|first=Dennison I.|title=The Yugoslav experiment 1948–1974|publisher=[[University of California Press]]|year=1978|page=2|isbn=978-0-520-03730-4}}</ref> the Partisans are considered to be Europe's most effective anti-[[Axis powers|Axis]] [[Resistance during World War II|resistance movement]] during World War II.<ref name="JJR2013_OxfordPress"/><ref name="AS_2005"/><ref>{{Cite web|title=Partisan {{!}} Yugoslavian military force|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Partisan-Yugoslavian-military-force|access-date=2021-03-26|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Batinić |first=Jelena |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1KVwCQAAQBAJ |title=Women and Yugoslav Partisans: A History of World War II Resistance |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2015 |isbn=978-1107091078 |pages=3 |language=en}}</ref>

Primarily a [[Guerrilla warfare|guerrilla force]] at its inception, the Partisans developed into a large fighting force engaging in [[conventional warfare]] later in the war, numbering around 650,000 in late 1944 and organized in four [[Field army|field armies]] and 52 [[Division (military)|divisions]]. The main stated objectives of the Partisans were the liberation of Yugoslav lands from occupying forces and the creation of a federal, multi-ethnic socialist state in Yugoslavia.

The Partisans were organized on the initiative of Tito following the [[Invasion of Yugoslavia|Axis invasion of Yugoslavia]] in April 1941, and began an active guerrilla campaign against occupying forces after [[Operation Barbarossa|Germany invaded the Soviet Union]] in June. A [[Uprising in Serbia (1941)|large-scale uprising]] was launched in July, later joined by [[Draža Mihailović]]'s [[Chetniks]]; this led to the creation of the short-lived [[Republic of Užice]]. The Axis mounted a [[Seven Enemy Offensives|series of offensives]] in response but failed to completely destroy the highly mobile Partisans and their leadership. By late 1943, the Allies had shifted their support from Mihailović to Tito as the extent of Chetnik collaboration became evident, and the Partisans received official recognition at the [[Tehran Conference]]. In Autumn 1944, the Partisans and the Soviet [[Red Army]] liberated [[Belgrade]] following the [[Belgrade Offensive]]. By the end of the war, the Partisans had gained control of the entire country as well as [[Trieste]] and [[Carinthia]]. After the war, the Partisans were reorganized into the [[Yugoslav People's Army|regular armed force]] of the newly established [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia]].

== Objectives ==
[[File:Zgrabimo oružje svi.jpg|thumb|right|''To arms, everyone!'', a Partisan propaganda poster]]
One of two objectives of the movement, which was the military arm of the [[Unitary National Liberation Front]] (UNOF) coalition, led by the [[Communist Party of Yugoslavia]] (KPJ)<ref name="Sharon Fisher 2006, p. 27"/> and represented by the [[Anti-Fascist Council for the National Liberation of Yugoslavia]] (AVNOJ), the Yugoslav wartime [[deliberative assembly]], was to fight the occupying forces. Until British supplies began to arrive in appreciable quantities in 1944, the occupiers were the only source of arms.{{sfn|Davidson|1946|loc=[https://znaci.org/00001/3_1_2.htm 1.2 Contact]}} The other objective was to create a federal multi-ethnic [[communist state]] in Yugoslavia.{{sfn|Tomasevich|2001|p=96}} To this end, the KPJ attempted to appeal to all the various ethnic groups within Yugoslavia, by preserving the rights of each group.

The objectives of the rival resistance movement, the [[Chetniks]], were the retention of the [[House of Karađorđević|Yugoslav monarchy]], ensuring the safety of ethnic [[Serb]] populations,{{sfn|Milazzo|1975|pp=30–31}}{{sfn|Roberts|1973|p=48}} and the establishment of a [[Greater Serbia]]{{sfn|Tomasevich|1975|pp=166–178}} through the [[ethnic cleansing]] of non-Serbs from territories they considered rightfully and historically Serbian.<ref name="Banac 1996 p143">{{harvnb|Banac|1996|p=43}}: "From the summer of 1941, the Chetniks increasingly gained control over Serb insurgents and carried out gruesome crimes against Muslims of eastern Bosnia-Herzegovina. Massacres of Muslims, usually by cutting the throats of the victims and tossing the bodies into various water-ways, occurred especially in eastern Bosnia, in Foča, Goražde, Čajniče, Rogatica, Višegrad, Vlasenica, Srebrenica, all in the basin of the Drina river, but also in eastern Herzegovina, where individual villages resisted Serb encirclement with ferocious determination until 1942. Chetnik documents&nbsp;– for example the minutes of the Chetnik conference in Javorine, district of Kotor Varoš, in June 1942 – speak of a determination to 'cleanse Bosnia of everything that is not Serb'. It is difficult to estimate the number of Muslim victims of this original ethnic cleansing, but it can be counted in the tens of thousands."</ref>{{sfn|Hirsch|2002|p=76}}{{sfn|Mulaj|2008|p=71}}{{sfn|Velikonja|2003|p=166}} Relations between the two movements were uneasy from the start, but from October 1941 they degenerated into full-scale conflict. To the Chetniks, Tito's pan-ethnic policies seemed anti-Serbian, whereas the Chetniks' [[royalism]] was anathema to the communists.<ref name="BBC - History -      World Wars: Partisans: War in the Balkans 1941 - 1945" /> In the early part of the war Partisan forces were predominantly composed of Serbs. In that period names of Muslim and Croat commanders of Partisan forces had to be changed to protect them from their predominantly Serb colleagues.<ref name="Pinson1996">{{cite book|author=Mark Pinson|title=The Muslims of Bosnia-Herzegovina: Their Historic Development from the Middle Ages to the Dissolution of Yugoslavia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Yl3TAkJmztYC&pg=PA143|access-date=2 October 2013|year=1996|publisher=Harvard CMES|isbn=978-0-932885-12-8|pages=143, 144}}</ref>

After the German retreat forced by the Soviet-Bulgarian offensive in Serbia, North Macedonia, and Kosovo in the autumn of 1944, the conscription of Serbs, Macedonians, and Kosovar Albanians increased significantly. By late 1944, the total forces of the Partisans numbered 650,000 men and women organized in four [[field army|field armies]] and 52 [[Division (military)|divisions]], which engaged in [[conventional warfare]].<ref name=perica>{{cite book|last=Perica|first=Vjekoslav| title=Balkan Idols: Religion and Nationalism in Yugoslav States|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=2004|page=96|isbn=978-0-19-517429-8}}</ref> By April 1945, the Partisans numbered over 800,000.

==Name==

The movement was consistently referred to as the "Partisans" throughout the war. However, due to frequent changes in size and structural reorganizations, the Partisans throughout their history held four full official names (translated here from [[Serbo-Croatian]] to English):
*'''National Liberation Partisan Detachments of Yugoslavia'''<ref group="note">{{lang-sh-Latn-Cyrl|Narodnooslobodilački partizanski odredi Jugoslavije (NOPOJ)|Народноослободилачки партизански одреди Југославије (НОПОЈ)}}; {{langx|mk|Народноослободителни партизански одреди на Југославија (НПОЈ)}}; {{langx|sl|Narodnoosvobodilni partizanski odredi Jugoslavije (NOPOJ)}}</ref> (June 1941 – January 1942)
*'''National Liberation Partisan and Volunteer Army of Yugoslavia'''<ref group="note">{{lang-sh-Latn-Cyrl|Narodnooslobodilačka partizanska i dobrovoljačka vojska Jugoslavije (NOP i DVJ)|Народноослободилачка партизанска и добровољачка војска Југославије (НОП и ДВЈ)}}; {{langx|mk|Народноослободителна партизанска и волонтерска војска на Југославија (НОП и ВВЈ)}}; {{langx|sl|Narodnoosvobodilna partizanska in prostovoljna vojska Jugoslavije (NOP in PVJ)}}</ref> (January – November 1942)
*'''National Liberation Army and Partisan Detachments of Yugoslavia''' (November 1942 – February 1945). Increasingly from November 1942, the Partisan military as a whole was often referred to simply as the '''National Liberation Army''' (''Narodnooslobodilačka vojska,'' NOV), whereas the term "Partisans" acquired a wider sense in referring to the entire resistance faction (including, for example, the [[AVNOJ]]).
*'''Yugoslav Army'''<ref group="note">{{lang-sh-Latn-Cyrl|Jugoslavenska armija (JA)|Југословенска армија (ЈА)}}; {{langx|mk|Југословенска армија (ЈА)}}; {{langx|sl|Jugoslovanska Armada (JA)}}</ref> – on 1 March 1945, the National Liberation Army was transformed into the regular armed forces of Yugoslavia and renamed accordingly.
The movement was originally named National Liberation Partisan Detachments of Yugoslavia (''Narodnooslobodilački partizanski odredi Jugoslavije,'' NOPOJ) and held that name from June 1941 to January 1942. Because of this, their short name became simply the "Partisans" (capitalized), and stuck henceforward (the adjective "Yugoslav" is used sometimes in exclusively non-[[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslav]] sources to distinguish them from other [[Partisan (military)|partisan]] movements).

Between January 1942 and November 1942, the movement's full official name was briefly National Liberation Partisan and Volunteer Army of Yugoslavia (''Narodnooslobodilačka partizanska i dobrovoljačka vojska Jugoslavije,'' NOP i DVJ). The changes were meant to reflect the movement's character as a "volunteer army".

In November 1942, the movement was renamed into the National Liberation Army and Partisan Detachments of Yugoslavia (''Narodnooslobodilačka vojska i partizanski odredi Jugoslavije,'' NOV i POJ), a name which it held until the end of the war. This last official name is the full name most associated with the Partisans, and reflects the fact that the proletarian brigades and other mobile units were organized into the National Liberation Army (''Narodnooslobodilačka vojska''). The name change also reflects the fact that the latter superseded in importance the partisan detachments themselves.

Shortly before the end of the war, in March 1945, all resistance forces were reorganized into the regular armed force of Yugoslavia and renamed Yugoslav Army. It would keep this name until 1951, when it was renamed the [[Yugoslav People's Army]].

==Background and origins==
[[File:Stjepan Stevo Filipović.jpg|thumb|Partisan fighter [[Stjepan Filipović]] shouting "[[Death to fascism, freedom to the people]]!" seconds before his execution by a [[Serbian State Guard]] unit in [[Valjevo]], occupied [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]]. These words became the Partisan slogan afterwards.]]
{{See also|Invasion of Yugoslavia}}

On 6 April 1941, the [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia]] was [[Invasion of Yugoslavia|invaded]] from all sides by the Axis powers, primarily by [[Nazi Germany|German]] forces, but also including Italian, Hungarian and Bulgarian formations. During the invasion, [[Operation Retribution (1941)|Belgrade was bombed]] by the ''[[Luftwaffe]]''. The invasion lasted little more than ten days, ending with the unconditional surrender of the [[Royal Yugoslav Army]] on 17 April. Besides being hopelessly ill-equipped when compared to the [[Wehrmacht]], the Army attempted to defend all borders but only managed to thinly spread the limited resources available.{{sfn|Tomasevich|1975|pp=64–70}}

The terms of the capitulation were extremely severe, as the Axis proceeded to dismember Yugoslavia. Germany occupied the northern part of [[Drava Banovina]] (roughly modern-day [[Slovenia]]),<ref name=britannica2>{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/topic-1413183/Independent-State-of-Croatia|title=Independent State of Croatia|year=2010|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica Online|access-date=15 February 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080412145432/http://www.britannica.com/eb/topic-1413183/Independent-State-of-Croatia|archive-date=12 April 2008|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> while maintaining [[German-occupied territory of Serbia|direct military occupation of a rump Serbian territory]] with a puppet government.{{sfn|Kroener|Müller|Umbreit|2000|p=94}}{{sfn|Tomasevich|2001|p=78}} The [[Independent State of Croatia]] (NDH) was established under German direction, which extended over much of the territory of today's [[Croatia]] and as well contained all the area of modern-day [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]] and [[Syrmia]] region of modern-day [[Serbia]]. Mussolini's [[Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)|Italy]] occupied the remainder of Drava Banovina (annexed and renamed as the [[Province of Ljubljana|Province of Lubiana]]), much of [[Zeta Banovina]] and large chunks of the coastal [[Dalmatia]] region (along with nearly all its [[Adriatic Sea|Adriatic]] islands). It also gained control over the newly created [[Italian governorate of Montenegro]], and was granted the kingship in the Independent State of Croatia, though wielding little real power within it. [[Kingdom of Hungary (Regency)|Hungary]] dispatched the [[Hungarian Third Army]] and [[Hungarian occupation of Yugoslav territories|occupied and annexed the Yugoslav regions of Baranja, Bačka, Međimurje and Prekmurje]]. [[Military history of Bulgaria during World War II|Bulgaria]], meanwhile, annexed nearly all of [[Republic of Macedonia|Macedonia]], and small areas of eastern Serbia and Kosovo.{{sfn|Tomasevich|2001|pp=61–63}} The dissolution of Yugoslavia, the creation of the NDH, Italian governorate of Montenegro and [[Nedic's Serbia]] and the annexations of Yugoslav territory by the various Axis countries were incompatible with international law in force at that time.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.icrc.org/ihl.nsf/COM/380-600054?OpenDocument|title=Commentary on Convention (IV) relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War, Part III Status and treatment of protected persons, Section III, Occupied territories, Article 47 Inviolability of Rights|year=1952|publisher=International Committee of the Red Cross, Geneva|access-date=26 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111107185619/http://www.icrc.org/ihl.nsf/COM/380-600054?OpenDocument|archive-date=7 November 2011|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
[[File:Josip Broz Tito Bihać 1942.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Josip Broz Tito]] in [[Bihać]], 1942]]

The occupying forces instituted such severe burdens on the local populace that the Partisans came not only to enjoy widespread support but for many were the only option for survival. Early in the occupation, German forces would hang or shoot indiscriminately, including women, children and the elderly, up to 100 local inhabitants for every one German soldier killed.<ref>{{cite book |last=Glenny |first=Misha |author-link=Misha Glenny|page=485|date=1999 |title=The Balkans: Nationalism, War, and the Great Powers, 1804–1999}}</ref> While these measures for suppressing communist-led resistance were issued in all German-occupied territory, they were only strictly enforced in Serbia.{{sfn|Tomasevich|2001|p=69}} Two of the most significant atrocities by the German forces were the [[Kraljevo massacre|massacre of 2,000 civilians in Kraljevo]] and [[Kragujevac massacre|3,000 in Kragujevac]]. The formula of 100 hostages shot for every German soldier killed and 50 hostages shot for every wounded German soldier was cut in one-half in February 1943 and removed altogether in the fall of that same year.{{sfn|Tomasevich|2001|p=69}}

Furthermore, Yugoslavia experienced a breakdown of law and order, with collaborationist militias roaming the countryside terrorizing the population. The government of the puppet Independent State of Croatia found itself unable to control its territory in the early stages of the occupation, resulting in a severe crackdown by the [[Ustaše militia]]s and the German army.{{citation needed|date=December 2011}}

Amid the relative chaos that ensued, the [[Communist Party of Yugoslavia]] moved to organize and unite anti-fascist factions and political forces into a nationwide uprising. The party, led by [[Josip Broz Tito]], was banned after its significant success in the post-World War I Yugoslav elections and operated underground since. Tito, however, could not act openly without the backing of the [[USSR]], and as the [[Molotov–Ribbentrop pact]] was still in force, he was compelled to wait.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Johnson |first1=Chalmers A. |title=Peasant Nationalism and Communist Power |date=1962 |publisher=Stanford University Press |location=Stanford, CA |page=166}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Beloff |first1=Nora |title=Tito's Flawed Legacy: Yugoslavia and the West since 1939 |date=2019 |publisher=Routledge |location=New York}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Swain |first1=Geoffrey R. |title=Tito: The Formation of a Disloyal Bolshevik |journal=International Review of Social History |date=1989 |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=249, 261|doi=10.1017/S0020859000009251 }}</ref>

==Formation and early rebellion==

During the April invasion of Yugoslavia, the leadership of the Communist Party was in [[Zagreb]], together with Josip Broz Tito. After a month, they left for [[Belgrade]]. While the [[Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact]] between Germany and the Soviet Union was in effect, the communists refrained from open conflict with the new regime of the [[Independent State of Croatia]]. In these first two months of occupation, they extended their underground network and began amassing weapons.{{sfn|Goldstein|1999|p=140}} In early May 1941, a so-called [[May consultations]] of Communist Party officials from across the country, who sought to organize the resistance against the occupiers, was held in Zagreb. In June 1941, a meeting of the Central Committee of KPJ was also held, at which it was decided to start preparations for the uprising.<ref>Davor Marijan, ''The May Deliberations of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia'', Hrvatski institut za povijest, 2003, pp. 325–331, {{ISBN|953-6324-35-0}}</ref>

[[Operation Barbarossa]], the Axis invasion of the Soviet Union, began on 22 June 1941.<ref name= higgins>{{cite book|title=Hitler and Russia|first=Trumbull|last=Higgins|publisher=The Macmillan Company|year=1966|pages=11–59, 98–151}}</ref>

The extent of support for the Partisan movement varied according to region and nationality, reflecting the existential concerns of the local population and authorities. The first Partisan uprising occurred in Croatia on 22 June 1941, when forty Croatian communists staged an uprising in the Brezovica woods between Sisak and Zagreb, forming the [[1st Sisak Partisan Detachment]].<ref name="cohen94"/>

The first uprising led by Tito occurred two weeks later, in Serbia.<ref name="cohen94">[[#refCohen1996|Cohen 1996]], p. 94.</ref> The [[Communist Party of Yugoslavia]] formally decided to launch an armed uprising on 4 July, a date which was later marked as [[:sh:Dan borca|Fighter's Day]] – a public holiday in the [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|SFR Yugoslavia]]. One [[Žikica Jovanović Španac]] shot the first bullet of the campaign on 7 July in the [[Bela Crkva incident]].

[[File:Partisan youth execution.jpg|thumb|Sixteen blindfolded Partisan youth await execution by German forces in [[Smederevska Palanka]], 20 August 1941]]

The first Zagreb-[[Sesvete]] partisan group was formed in [[Dubrava, Zagreb|Dubrava]] in July 1941. In August 1941, 7 Partisan Detachments were formed in [[Dalmatia]] with the role of spreading the uprising. On 26 August 1941, 21 members of the [[1st Split Partisan Detachment]] were executed by firing squad after being captured by Italian and Ustaše forces.{{sfn|Kovač|Vojnović|1976|pp=367–372}}{{sfn|Kvesić|1960|pp=135–145}} A number of other partisan units were formed in the summer of 1941, including in [[Moslavina]] and [[Kalnik, Koprivnica-Križevci County|Kalnik]]. An uprising occurred in Serbia during the summer, led by Tito, when the [[Republic of Užice]] was created, but it was defeated by the Axis forces by December 1941, and support for the Partisans in Serbia thereafter dropped.

It was a different story for Serbs in Axis occupied Croatia who turned to the multi-ethnic Partisans, or the Serb royalist Chetniks.<ref name="Cohen 95">[[#refCohen1996|Cohen 1996]], p. 95.</ref> The journalist [[Tim Judah]] notes that in the early stage of the war the initial preponderance of Serbs in the Partisans meant in effect a Serbian civil war had broken out.<ref>[[#refJudah2000|Judah 2000]], p. 119.</ref> A similar civil war existed within the Croatian national corpus with the competing national narratives provided by the Ustaše and Partisans.

In the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the cause of Serb rebellion was the Ustaše policy of [[Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia|genocide, deportations, forced conversions and mass killings of Serbs]],{{sfn|Tomasevich|2001|p=506}} as was the case elsewhere in the NDH.{{sfn|Tomasevich|2001|p=412}}<ref name="Alonso&Kramer">{{cite book |last1=Alonso |first1=Miguel |last2=Kramer |first2=Alan |title=Fascist Warfare, 1922–1945: Aggression, Occupation, Annihilation |date=2019 |publisher=Springer Nature |isbn=978-3-03027-648-5 |page=253 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XXfADwAAQBAJ&pg=PA253 |quote=Through ethnic cleansing, the Ustasha Corps and the irregular 'wild Ustashe' groups murdered over 100,000 Serbs in the countryside by the end of summer 1941. The pogroms of the 'wild Ustashe' were the main cause for the eruption of large-scale rebellion against the Ustasha regime.}}</ref> Resistance to communist leadership of the anti-Ustasha rebellion among the Serbs from Bosnia also developed in the form of the Chetnik movement and autonomous bands which were under command of Dragoljub Mihailović.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hoare |first1=Marko Attila |title=The Bosnian Muslims in the Second World War |date=2013 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19936-543-2 |page=10 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M4poAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA10}}</ref> Whereas the Partisans under Serb leadership were open to members of various nationalities, those in the Chetniks were hostile to Muslims and exclusively Serbian. The uprising in Bosnia and Herzegovina started by Serbs in many places were acts of retaliation against the Muslims, with thousands of them killed.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Redžić |first1=Enver |last2=Donia |first2=Robert |title=Bosnia and Herzegovina in the Second World War |date=2004 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=1135767351 |page=180}}</ref> A rebellion began in [[June 1941 uprising in eastern Herzegovina|June 1941 in Herzegovina]].<ref name="Alonso&Kramer" /> On 27 July 1941, a Partisan-led uprising began in the area of [[Drvar]] and [[Bosansko Grahovo]].{{sfn|Tomasevich|2001|p=506}} It was a coordinated effort from both sides of the [[Una (Sava)|Una River]] in the territory of southeastern [[Lika]] and southwestern Bosanska, and succeeded in transferring key NDH territory under rebel control.<ref name="Goldstein">{{cite book |last1=Goldstein |first1=Slavko |title=1941: The Year That Keeps Returning |date=2013 |publisher=New York Review of Books |isbn=978-1-59017-700-6 |page=158 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tPCrbVJNvWUC&pg=PA158}}</ref>

On 10 August in Stanulović, a mountain village, the Partisans formed the Kopaonik Partisan Detachment Headquarters. The area they controlled, consisting of nearby villages, was called the "Miners Republic" and lasted 42 days. The resistance fighters formally joined the ranks of the Partisans later on.

At the September 1941 [[Stolice conference]], the unified name ''partisans'' and the [[red star]] as an identification symbol were adopted for all fighters led by the Communist Party of Yugoslavia.

In 1941, Partisan forces in Serbia and Montenegro had around 55,000 fighters, but only 4,500 succeeded to escape to Bosnia.<ref name="Ramet2006">{{cite book|last=Ramet|first=Sabrina P.|title=The Three Yugoslavias: State-building and Legitimation, 1918–2005|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FTw3lEqi2-oC&pg=PA152|year=2006|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=978-0-253-34656-8|page=153|quote=In 1941 Partisans had some 55,000 fighters in Serbia and Montenegro, but barely 4,500 Partisans had escaped to Bosnia.}}</ref> On 21 December 1941 they formed the [[1st Proletarian Brigade|1st Proletarian Assault Brigade]] (''1. Proleterska Udarna Brigada'') – the first regular Partisan military unit, capable of operating outside its local area. In 1942 Partisan detachments officially merged into the People's Liberation Army and Partisan Detachments of Yugoslavia (NOV i POJ) with an estimated 236,000 soldiers in December 1942.<ref name=time>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,885272,00.html|title=Foreign News: Partisan Boom|date=3 January 1944|magazine=Time|access-date=15 February 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090901165133/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,885272,00.html|archive-date=1 September 2009|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

Partisan numbers from Serbia would be diminished until 1943 when the Partisan movement gained upswing by spreading the fight against the axis.<ref>{{cite web|last=Hart|first=Stephen|title=BBC History|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/partisan_fighters_01.shtml#two|work=Partisans: War in the Balkans 1941 – 1945|publisher=BBC|access-date=12 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110128112138/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/partisan_fighters_01.shtml#two|archive-date=28 January 2011|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Increase of number of Partisans in Serbia, similarly to other republics, came partly in response to Tito's offer of amnesty to all collaborators on 17 August 1944. At that point tens of thousands of Chetniks switched sides to the Partisans.{{Citation needed|date=December 2011}} The amnesty would be offered again after German withdrawal from Belgrade on 21 November 1944 and on 15 January 1945.<ref>[[#refCohen1996|Cohen 1996]], p. 61.</ref>

==Operations==
{{Main|World War II in Yugoslavia}}
[[File:Jugoslavija i Evropa maj 1943.jpg|thumb|Territory under control of the Communist Party in Yugoslavia (''Liberated Territory''), May 1943]]
{{Quote|source=|By the middle of 1943 partisan resistance to the Germans and their allies had grown from the dimensions of a mere nuisance to those of a major factor in the general situation. In many parts of occupied Europe the enemy was suffering losses at the hands of partisans that he could ill afford. Nowhere were these losses heavier than in Yugoslavia.{{sfn|Davidson|1946|loc=[https://znaci.org/00001/3_1_0.htm 1.0 Introduction]}}|[[Basil Davidson]]}}

===Resistance and retaliation===
{{See also|Seven anti-Partisan offensives}}
[[File:March of Time - Yugoslav Partisans.ogv|thumb|Yugoslav Partisans engaging in various activities]]
The Partisans staged a [[guerrilla warfare|guerrilla]] campaign which enjoyed gradually increased levels of success and support of the general populace, and succeeded in controlling large chunks of Yugoslav territory. These were managed via the "People's committees", organized to act as civilian governments in areas of the country controlled by the communists, even limited arms industries were set up. At the very beginning, Partisan forces were relatively small, poorly armed and without any infrastructure. They had two major advantages over other military and paramilitary formations in former Yugoslavia:
#A small but valuable cadre of [[Yugoslav volunteers in the Spanish Civil War]] who, unlike anyone else at the time, had experience with modern war fought in circumstances quite similar to those of World War II Yugoslavia
#They were founded on ideology rather than [[ethnicity]], which meant the Partisans could expect at least some levels of support in any corner of the country, unlike other paramilitary formations whose support was limited to territories with Croat or Serb majorities. This allowed their units to be more mobile and fill their ranks with a larger pool of potential recruits.

Occupying and [[quisling]] forces, however, were quite aware of the Partisan threat, and attempted to destroy the resistance in what Yugoslav historiographers defined as seven major enemy offensives. These are:
*The [[First Enemy Offensive]], the attack conducted by the Axis in autumn of 1941 against the "[[Republic of Užice]]", a liberated territory the Partisans established in western [[Serbia]]. In November 1941, [[Nazi Germany|German]] troops attacked and reoccupied this territory, with the majority of Partisan forces escaping towards [[Bosnia (region)|Bosnia]].{{sfn|Roberts|1973|p=37}} It was during this offensive that tenuous collaboration between the Partisans and the royalist [[Chetnik]] movement broke down and turned into open hostility.{{sfn|Tomasevich|1975|pp=151–155}}
*The [[Second Enemy Offensive]], the coordinated Axis attack conducted in January 1942 against Partisan forces in eastern [[Bosnia (region)|Bosnia]]. The Partisan troops once again avoided encirclement and were forced to retreat over [[Igman]] mountain near [[Sarajevo]].{{sfn|Roberts|1973|p=55}}
*The [[Operation Trio|Third Enemy Offensive]], an offensive against Partisan forces in eastern Bosnia, [[Montenegro]], [[Sandžak]] and [[Herzegovina]] which took place in the spring of 1942. It was known as ''Operation TRIO'' by the Germans, and again ended with a timely Partisan escape.{{sfn|Roberts|1973|pp=56–57}} This attack is mistakenly identified by some sources as the [[Battle of Kozara]], which took place in the summer of 1942.{{citation needed|date=December 2011}}
*The [[Fourth Enemy Offensive]], against "[[Republic of Bihać]]", also known as the Battle of the Neretva or ''Fall Weiss'' (Case White), a conflict spanning the area between western [[Bosnia (region)|Bosnia]] and northern [[Herzegovina]], and culminating in the Partisan retreat over the [[Neretva]] river. It took place from January to April 1943.{{sfn|Roberts|1973|pp=100–103}}
*The [[Fifth Enemy Offensive]], also known as the Battle of the Sutjeska or ''Fall Schwarz'' (''Case Black''). The operation immediately followed the Fourth Offensive and included a complete encirclement of Partisan forces in southeastern Bosnia and northern Montenegro in May and June 1943.{{citation needed|date=December 2011}}
*The [[Sixth Enemy Offensive]], a series of operations undertaken by the ''[[Wehrmacht]]'' and the ''[[Ustaše]]'' after the [[capitulation of Italy]] in an attempt to secure the [[Adriatic]] coast. It took place in late 1943 and early 1944.
*The [[Seventh Enemy Offensive]], the final attack in western Bosnia in the second quarter of 1944, which included ''Operation Rösselsprung'' (Knight's Leap), an unsuccessful attempt to eliminate [[Josip Broz Tito|Tito]] and annihilate the leadership of the Partisan movement.

{{Quote|It was the nature of partisan resistance that operations against it must either eliminate it altogether or leave it potentially stronger than before. This had been shown by the sequel to each of the previous five offensives from which, one after another, the partisan brigades and divisions had emerged stronger in experience and armament than they had been before, with the backing of a population which had come to see no alternative to resistance but death, imprisonment, or starvation. There could be no half-measures; the Germans left nothing behind them but a trail of ruin. What in other circumstances might possibly have remained the purely ideological war that reactionaries abroad said it was (and German propaganda did their utmost to support them) became a war for national preservation. So clear was this that no room was left for provincialism; Serbs and Croats and Slovenes, Macedonians, Bosnians, Christian and Moslem, Orthodox and Catholic, sank their differences in the sheer desperation of striving to remain alive.{{sfn|Davidson|1946|loc=[https://znaci.org/00001/3_2_8.htm 2.8 The Sixth Offensive]}}|[[Basil Davidson]]}}

Partisans operated as a regular army that remained highly mobile across occupied Yugoslavia. Partisan units engaged in overt acts of resistance which led to significant reprisals against civilians by Axis forces.{{sfn|Martin|1946|p=174}} The killing of civilians discouraged the Chetniks from carrying out overt resistance, however the Partisans were not fazed and continued overt resistance which disrupted Axis forces, but led to significant civilian casualties.{{sfn|Martin|1946|p=175}}

===Allied support===
{{See also|Yugoslavia and the Allies}}
[[File:148 Squadron Halifax Italy WWII IWM CNA 3231.jpg|thumb|A Royal Air Force [[Halifax bomber]] of [[No. 148 Squadron RAF|148 Squadron]], loaded with parachute canisters containing supplies for the Yugoslav Partisans (1944–1945)]]
Later in the conflict the Partisans were able to win the moral, as well as limited material support of the western [[Allies of World War II|Allies]], who until then had supported General [[Draža Mihailović]]'s Chetnik Forces, but were finally convinced of their collaboration fighting by many military missions dispatched to both sides during the course of the war.<ref>{{cite book|title=Tito|last=Barnett|first=Neil|author-link=Neil Barnett|year=2006|publisher=Haus Publishing|location=London|isbn=978-1-904950-31-8|pages=65–66}}</ref>

To gather [[military intelligence|intelligence]], agents of the western Allies were infiltrated into both the Partisans and the Chetniks. The intelligence gathered by liaisons to the resistance groups was crucial to the success of supply missions and was the primary influence on Allied strategy in [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]]. The search for intelligence ultimately resulted in the demise of the [[Chetniks]] and their eclipse by Tito's Partisans. In 1942, although supplies were limited, token support was sent equally to each. The new year would bring a change. The Germans were executing [[Operation Schwarz]] (the Fifth anti-Partisan offensive), one of a series of offensives aimed at the resistance fighters, when [[William Deakin|F.W.D. Deakin]] was sent by the British to gather information.{{citation needed|date=December 2011}} On April 13, 1941, Winston Churchill sent his greetings to the Yugoslav people. In his greeting he stated:

{{Quote| You are making a heroic resistance against formidable odds and in doing so you are proving true to your great traditions. Serbs, we know you. You were our allies in the last war and your armies are covered with glory. Croats and Slovenes, we know your military history. For centuries you were the bulwark of Christianity. Your fame as warriors spread far and wide on the Continent. One of the finest incidents in the history of Croatia is the one when, in the 16th Century, long before the French Revolution, the peasants rose to defend the rights of man, and fought for those principles which centuries later gave the world democracy. Yugoslavs, you are fighting for those principles today. The British Empire is fighting with you, and behind us is the great democracy of the U.S.A., with its vast and ever-increasing resources. However hard the fight, our victory is assured.{{sfn|Davidson|1946|loc=[https://znaci.org/00001/3_2_8.htm 2.8 The Sixth Offensive]}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gilbert |first1=Martin |title=The Churchill War Papers: The ever-widening war, 1941 |date=1993 |publisher=W. W. Norton & Company |page=490}}</ref>|[[Winston Churchill]]}}

His reports contained two important observations. The first was that the Partisans were courageous and aggressive in battling the German [[1st Mountain Division (Wehrmacht)|1st Mountain]] and 104th Light Division, had suffered significant casualties, and required support. The second observation was that the entire German 1st Mountain Division had traveled from Russia by railway through Chetnik-controlled territory. British intercepts (ULTRA) of German message traffic confirmed Chetnik timidity. All in all, intelligence reports resulted in increased Allied interest in Yugoslavia air operations and shifted policy. In September 1943, at Churchill's request, Brigadier General [[Sir Fitzroy Maclean, 1st Baronet|Fitzroy Maclean]] was parachuted to Tito's headquarters near Drvar to serve as a permanent, formal liaison to the Partisans. While the Chetniks were still occasionally supplied, the Partisans received the bulk of all future support.{{sfn|Martin|1946|p=34}}

Thus, after the [[Tehran Conference]] the Partisans received official recognition as the legitimate national liberation force by the Allies, who subsequently set up the [[RAF]] [[Balkan Air Force]] (under the influence and suggestion of Brigadier-General Fitzroy Maclean) with the aim to provide increased supplies and tactical air support for Marshal Tito's Partisan forces. During a meeting with [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] and the [[Combined Chiefs of Staff]] of 24 November 1943, [[Winston Churchill]] pointed out that:{{quote|It was a lamentable fact that virtually no supplies had been conveyed by sea to the 222,000 followers of Tito.&nbsp;... These stalwarts were holding as many Germans in Yugoslavia as the combined Anglo-American forces were holding in Italy south of Rome. The Germans had been thrown into some confusion after the collapse of Italy and the Patriots had gained control of large stretches of the coast. We had not, however, seized the opportunity. The Germans had recovered and were driving the Partisans out bit by bit. The main reason for this was the artificial line of responsibility which ran through the Balkans. (...&nbsp;) Considering that the Partisans had given us such a generous measure of assistance at almost no cost to ourselves, it was of high importance to ensure that their resistance was maintained and not allowed to flag. |Winston Churchill, 24 November 1943<ref>Walter R. Roberts, ''Tito, Mihailović, and the Allies'' Duke University Press, 1987; {{ISBN|0-8223-0773-1}}, p. 165</ref>}}

===Activities increase (1943–1945)===
[[File:Mlada partizanka.jpg|thumb|A Partisan woman fighter in occupied Yugoslavia]]
[[File:Partisans in liberated Novi Sad 1944.jpg|thumb|7th Vojvodina Brigade entering liberated [[Novi Sad]], 1944]]
{{Quote|The partisan army had long since grown into a regular fighting formation comparable to the armies of other small States, and infinitely superior to most of them, and especially to the pre-war Jugoslav army, in tactical skill, fieldcraft, leadership, fighting spirit and fire-power.{{sfn|Davidson|1946|loc=[https://znaci.org/00001/3_4_2.htm 4.2 Course of the War]}}|[[Basil Davidson]]}} With Allied air support (''Operation Flotsam'') and assistance from the [[Red Army]], in the second half of 1944 the Partisans turned their attention to Serbia, which had seen relatively little fighting since the fall of the Republic of Užice in 1941. On 20 October, the Red Army and the Partisans liberated [[Belgrade]] in a joint operation known as the [[Belgrade Offensive]]. At the onset of winter, the Partisans effectively controlled the entire eastern half of Yugoslavia – Serbia, [[Vardar Macedonia]] and [[Montenegro]], as well as the [[Dalmatia]]n coast.{{citation needed|date=December 2011}}

In 1945, the Partisans, numbering over 800,000 strong<ref name=perica/> defeated the [[Armed Forces of the Independent State of Croatia]] and the [[Wehrmacht]], achieving a hard-fought breakthrough in the [[Syrmia]]n front in late winter, taking [[Sarajevo]] in early April, and the rest of the NDH and Slovenia through mid-May. After taking [[Rijeka]] and [[Istria]], which were part of Italy before the war, they beat the Allies to [[Trieste]] by two days.{{sfn|Roberts|1973|p=319}} The "last battle of World War II in Europe", the [[Battle of Poljana]], was fought between the Partisans and retreating [[Wehrmacht]] and [[quisling]] forces at Poljana, near [[Prevalje]] in [[Slovenian Carinthia|Carinthia]], on 14–15 May 1945.{{citation needed|date=December 2011}}

==Overview by post-war republic==

===Serbia===
<!-- [[Serbian Partisans]] redirects here -->
 [[File:Flag of the Serbian Partisans.svg|thumb|right|Flag of Serbian and Montenegrin Partisans used in the [[Territory of the Military Commander in Serbia]], [[Italian governorate of Montenegro]] and in areas of the [[Independent State of Croatia]] where Serbs lived]]

The [[Invasion of Yugoslavia|Axis invasion]] led to the division of Yugoslavia between the Axis powers and the [[Independent State of Croatia]]. The largest part of Serbia was organized into the [[Territory of the Military Commander in Serbia]] and as such it was the only example of military regime in occupied Europe.{{sfn|Petranović|1992}} The Military Committee of the [[Provincial Committee for Serbia|Provincial Committee of the Communist Party for Serbia]] was formed in mid-May 1941. The Central Committee of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia arrived in Belgrade in late May, and this was of great importance for the development of the resistance in Yugoslavia. After their arrival, the Central Committee held conferences with local party officials. The decision for preparing the struggle in Serbia issued on June 23, 1941 at the meeting of the Provincial Committee for Serbia. On July 5, a Communist Party proclamation appeared that called upon the Serbian people to struggle against the invaders. Western Serbia was chosen as the base of the [[Uprising in Serbia (1941)|uprising]], which later spread to other parts of Serbia. A [[Republic of Užice|short-lived republic]] was created in the liberated west, the first liberated territory in Europe. The uprising was suppressed by German forces by 29 November 1941. The [[Main National Liberation Committee for Serbia]] is believed to have been founded in Užice on 17 November 1941. It was the body of the Partisan resistance in Serbian territory.

The [[Anti-fascist Assembly for the National Liberation of Serbia]] was held 9–12 November 1944.

Tito's post-war government built numerous [[List of Yugoslav World War II monuments and memorials in Serbia|monuments and memorials]] in Serbia after the war.

===Bosnia and Herzegovina===
Serbian Partisan detachments entered Bosnian territory after the [[Operation Uzice]] which saw the [[Uprising in Serbia (1941)|Serbian uprising]] quelled. The Bosnian Partisans were heavily reduced during [[Operation Trio]] (1942) on the resistance in eastern Bosnia.{{Citation needed|date=February 2020}}

===Croatia===
{{main|Croatian Partisans}}
[[File:Flag of the Federal State of Croatia.svg|thumb|right|Flag of the Federal State of Croatia, used by Croatian Partisans and National Liberation Movement]]

The [[National Liberation Movement in Croatia]] was part of the anti-fascist National Liberational Movement in the [[World War II in Yugoslavia|Axis-occupied Yugoslavia]] which was the most effective anti-Nazi [[Resistance during World War II|resistance movement]]<ref name="JJR2013_OxfordPress">[[Rhodri Jeffreys-Jones|Jeffreys-Jones, R.]] (2013): ''In Spies We Trust: The Story of Western Intelligence'', Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|9780199580972}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=3gK7e8LpXvcC&pg=PA87 p. 87]</ref><ref name="AS_2005">Adams, Simon (2005): ''The Balkans'', Black Rabbit Books, {{ISBN|9781583406038}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=Cmm4J2Ug4o8C&pg=PA1981 p. 1981]</ref> led by [[Democratic Federal Yugoslavia|Yugoslav]] [[Revolutionary movement|revolutionary]] communists<ref name="Dennison I. Rusinow 1978, p. 2"/> during the Second World War. NOP was under the leadership of the [[League of Communists of Yugoslavia]] (KPJ) and supported by many others, with [[Croatian Peasant Party]] members contributing to it significantly. NOP units were able to temporarily or permanently liberate large parts of Croatia from occupying forces. Based on the NOP, the Federal Republic of Croatia was founded as a constituent of the [[Democratic Federal Yugoslavia]].

==Services==
[[File:BAF Vis Reviw.jpg|thumb|left|Aircraft and men of the [[Balkan Air Force]] during a review by Marshal [[Josip Broz Tito]]]]
Aside from ground forces, the Yugoslav Partisans were the only [[resistance movement]] in occupied Europe to employ significant air and naval forces.{{citation needed|date=December 2011}}

===Partisan Navy===
Naval forces of the resistance were formed as early as 19 September 1942, when Partisans in [[Dalmatia]] formed their first naval unit made of fishing boats, which gradually evolved into a force able to engage the [[Regia Marina|Italian Navy]] and [[Kriegsmarine]] and conduct complex amphibious operations. This event is considered to be the foundation of the [[Yugoslav Navy]]. At its peak during World War II, the Yugoslav Partisans' Navy commanded 9 or 10 armed ships, 30 patrol boats, close to 200 support ships, six coastal batteries, and several Partisan detachments on the islands, around 3,000 men.{{Citation needed|date=December 2011}} Their main base was the small port of [[Podgora, Split-Dalmatia County|Podgora]], which was bombarded several times by Italian naval forces.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://issuu.com/rivista.militare1/docs/dalmazia-1943-44-1-parte-singola-testo |title=Dalmazia: Una cronaca per la Storia 1943–1944 Parte I|year=1994|page=357|author=Talpo, Oddone|publisher=Ufficio Storico SME|accessdate=4 May 2024}}</ref> On 26 October 1943, it was organized first into four, and later into six, Maritime Coastal Sectors (''Pomorsko Obalni Sektor'', POS). The task of the naval forces was to secure supremacy at sea, organize defense of coast and islands, and attack enemy sea traffic and forces on the islands and along the coasts.{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}

===Partisan Air Force===
The Partisans gained an effective air force in May 1942, when the pilots of two aircraft belonging to the [[Air Force of the Independent State of Croatia]] (French-designed and Yugoslav-built [[Potez 25]], and [[Breguet 19]] [[biplane]]s, themselves formerly of the [[Royal Yugoslav Air Force]]), [[Franjo Kluz]] and [[Rudi Čajavec]], defected to the Partisans in Bosnia.<ref name= donlagic>{{cite book|last1=Đonlagić|first1=Ahmet|last2=Atanacković|first2=Žarko|last3=Plenča|first3=Dušan|title=Yugoslavia in the Second World War|publisher=Međunarodna štampa Interpress|page= 85|year=1967}}</ref> Later, these pilots used their aircraft against Axis forces in limited operations. Although short-lived due to a lack of infrastructure, this was the first instance of a resistance movement having its own air force. Later, the air force would be re-established and destroyed several times until its permanent institution. The Partisans later established a permanent air force by obtaining aircraft, equipment, and training from captured Axis aircraft, the British [[Royal Air Force]] (see [[Balkan Air Force|BAF]]), and later the [[Soviet Air Force]].{{Citation needed|date=December 2011}}

==Composition==
 [[File:Jajce poslije oslobođenja.jpg|thumb|right|Soldiers of the 4th Montenegrin Proletarian Brigade]]
Yugoslav Partisans were predominantly Serb in composition into 1943.{{sfn|Milazzo|1975|p=186}}<ref name="Pinson1996"/> Also, it should be kept in mind that until the middle of the war the Partisans were in control of relatively large liberated areas only in parts of Bosnia.{{sfn|Milazzo|1975|p=186}} Over the entirety of the war according to the records of recipients of Partisan pensions from 1977, the ethnic composition of the Partisans was 53.0% Serb, 18.6% Croat, 9.2% Slovene, 5.5% Montenegrin, 3.5% Bosnian Muslim, and 2.7% Macedonian.{{sfn|Hoare|2011|p=207}}<ref>Lenard J Cohen, Paul V Warwick (1983) 
''Political Cohesion In A Fragile Mosaic: The Yugoslav Experience'' p. 64; Avalon Publishing, the University of Michigan; {{ISBN|0865319677}}</ref> Much of the remainder of the NOP's membership was made up of Albanians, Hungarians and those self-identifying as Yugoslavs.{{sfn|Hoare|2011|p=207}}{{sfn|Calic|2019|p=463}}{{sfn|Hoare|2002|p=4}} At the moment of the capitulation of Italy to the Allies, the Serbs and Croats were participating equally according to their respective population sizes in Yugoslavia as a whole.{{sfn|Hoare|2002|p=30}} According to Tito, by May 1944, the ethnic composition of the Partisans was 44% Serb, 30% Croat, 10% Slovene, 5% Montenegrin, 2.5% Macedonian and 2.5% Bosnian Muslim.<ref name="Ramet 153">[[#refRamet2006|Ramet 2006]], p. 153.</ref> Italians were also in the army: more than 40,000 Italian fighters were in several military formations such as [[9th Corps (Yugoslav Partisans)]], [[Partisan Battalion Pino Budicin]], [[Partisan Division "Garibaldi"]] and [[Division Italia (Yugoslavia)]] later and others.<ref>Giacomo Scotti ''Ventimila caduti. Italiani in Iugoslavia 1943–45'', printed by Mursia in Milan, 1970: in page 492 there is text regarding division Italia</ref><ref> 
{{Cite web|url=https://www.anpi.it/media/uploads/patria/2013/militari_partigiani_in_jugoslavia_scotti_aprile.pdf|title=article by Giacomo Scotti}}</ref>
Following the Soviet-Bulgarian offensive in Serbia and North Macedonia in the autumn of 1944, mass Partisan conscription of Serbs, Macedonians and eventually Kosovo Albanians increased. The number of Serbian Partisan brigades went up from 28 in June 1944 to 60 by the end of the year. In regional terms, the Partisan movement was therefore disproportionately west Yugoslav, particularly from Croatia, while until the autumn of 1944, Serbia's contribution was disproportionately small.{{sfn|Hoare|2002|p=28}} During 1941 until September 1943 from Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina 1,064 of Jews joined the Partisans, and largest part of Jews joined the Partisans after the capitulation of Italy in 1943. At the end of the war, 2,339 of Jewish Partisans from Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina survived while 804 were killed.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vecernji.hr/vijesti/spasonosni-bijeg-u-antifasisticke-odrede-moj-tata-je-partizan-1267831|title = Spasonosni bijeg u antifašističke odrede: Moj tata je partizan!}}</ref> Most of the Jews who joined the Yugoslav Partisans were from Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina. According to Romano this number is 4,572; 1,318 of them were killed.{{sfn|Tomasevich|2001|p=671}}

According to the Encyclopedia of the Holocaust of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum,
<blockquote>In partitioned Yugoslavia, partisan resistance developed among the Slovenes in German-annexed Slovenia, engaging mostly in small-scale sabotage. In Serbia, a cetnik resistance organization developed under a former Yugoslav Army Colonel, Draža Mihailovic. After a disastrous defeat in an uprising in June 1941, this organization tended to withdraw from confrontation with the Axis occupying forces. The communist-dominated Partisan organization under the leadership of Josef Tito was a multi-ethnic resistance force – including Serbs, Croats, Montenegrins, Bosniaks, Jews, and Slovenes. Based primarily in Bosnia and northwestern Serbia, Tito's Partisans fought the Germans and Italians most consistently and played a major role in driving the German forces out of Yugoslavia in 1945.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10007332|title=Encyclopedia of the Holocaust, the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum|publisher=Ushmm.org|date=6 January 2011|access-date=19 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111120214424/http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10007332|archive-date=20 November 2011|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref></blockquote>

By April 1945, there were some 800,000 soldiers in the Partisan army. Composition by region (ethnicity is not taken into account) from late 1941 to late 1944 was as follows:<ref>[[#refCohen1996|Cohen 1996]], p. 96.</ref>
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:right;" width="500px"
!!! Late 1941 !! Late 1942 !! Sept. 1943 !! Late 1943 !! Late 1944
|-
|align=left|Bosnia and Herzegovina || 20,000 || 60,000 || 89,000 || 108,000 || 100,000
|-
|align=left|Croatia || 7,000 || 48,000 || 78,000 || 122,000 || 150,000
|-
|align=left|Serbia (Kosovo) || 5,000 || 6,000 || 6,000 || 7,000 || 20,000
|-
|align=left|Macedonia || 1,000 || 2,000 || 10,000 || 7,000 || 66,000
|-
|align=left|Montenegro || 22,000 || 6,000 || 10,000 || 24,000 || 30,000
|-
|align=left|Serbia (proper) || 23,000 || 8,000 || 13,000 || 22,000 || 204,000
|-
|align=left|Slovenia{{nowrap|<ref>{{cite book|title=Razdvojeni narod: Slovenija 1941–1945: okupacija, kolaboracija, državljanska vojna, revolucija|language=sl|trans-title=Divided Nation: Slovenia 1941–1945: Occupation, Collaboration, Civil War, Revolution|first=Tamara|last=Griesser-Pečar|publisher=Mladinska knjiga|year=2007|isbn=978-961-01-0208-3|pages=345–346}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=http://dk.fdv.uni-lj.si/diplomska/pdfs/pirc-primoz.pdf|title=Slovensko in italijansko odporniško gibanje – strukturna primerjava: diploma thesis|trans-title=Slovene and Italian Resistance Movement – Structural Comparison: diploma thesis|language=sl|year=2008|pages=59–62|publisher=Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Ljubljana|id={{COBISS|ID=27504733}}|access-date=2 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130619153816/http://dk.fdv.uni-lj.si/diplomska/pdfs/pirc-primoz.pdf|archive-date=19 June 2013|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.resistance-archive.org/en/resistance/slovenia|title=Slovenia|work=European Resistance Archive|access-date=2 March 2012|publisher=ERA Project|first=Damijan|last=Guštin|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020214408/http://www.resistance-archive.org/en/resistance/slovenia|archive-date=20 October 2013|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>}} || 2,000 || 4000 || 6000 || 34,000 || 38,000
|-
|align=left|Serbia (Vojvodina) ||1,000 || 1,000 || 3,000 || 5,000 || 40,000
|-
! Total || 81,000 || 135,000 || 215,000 || 329,000 || 648,000
|}
 
According to Fabijan Trgo in the summer of 1944 the National Liberation Army had about 350,000 soldiers in 39 divisions, which were grouped into 12 Corps. In September 1944 about 100,000 soldiers in 17 divisions were ready to enter the final phase of the battle for the liberation of Serbia, overall in all Yugoslav areas the National Liberation Army had about 400,000 armed soldiers. That is, 15 corps, i.e. 50 divisions, 2 operational groups, 16 independent brigades, 130 partisan detachments, the navy and the first aviation formations. At the beginning of 1945, the number of soldiers was about 600,000. On March 1, the Yugoslav Army had more than 800,000 soldiers, grouped in 63 divisions.<ref>Fabijan Trgo; (1975) ''Oslobođenje Jugoslavije (1944–1945)'' Liberation of Yugoslavia (1944–1945) pp. 30–36, [https://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=315748]</ref>

The Chetniks were a mainly Serb-oriented group and their Serb nationalism resulted in an inability to recruit or appeal to many non-Serbs. The Partisans played down communism in favour of a [[Popular Front]] approach which appealed to all Yugoslavs. In Bosnia, the Partisan rallying cry was for a country which was to be neither Serbian nor Croatian nor Muslim, but instead to be free and brotherly in which full equality of all groups would be ensured.<ref>[[#refJudah2000|Judah 2000]], p. 120.</ref> Nevertheless, Serbs remained the dominant ethnic group in the Yugoslav Partisans throughout the war.<ref>''Century of genocide: critical essays and eyewitness accounts'', Samuel Totten, William S. Parsons, p. 430.</ref><ref>Biljana Vankovska, Håkan Wiberg, ''Between past and future: civil-military relations in the post-communist Balkans'', p. 197.</ref> Italian collaboration with Chetniks in northern Dalmatia resulted in atrocities which further galvanized support for the Partisans among Dalmatian Croats. Chetnik attacks on [[Gata, Croatia|Gata]], near [[Split (city)|Split]], resulted in the slaughter of some 200 Croatian civilians.<ref>[[#refJudah2000|Judah 2000]], p. 128.</ref>

In particular, Mussolini's policy of forced [[Italianization]] ensured the first significant number of Croats joining the Partisans in late 1941. In other areas, recruitment of Croats was hindered by some Serbs' tendency to view the organisation as exclusively Serb, rejecting non-Serb members and raiding the villages of their Croat neighbours.<ref name="Cohen 95"/> A group of Jewish youths from Sarajevo attempted to join a Partisan detachment in Kalinovnik, but the Serbian Partisans turned them back to Sarajevo, where many were captured by the Axis forces and perished.<ref>[[#refCohen1996|Cohen 1996]], p. 77.</ref> Attacks from Croatian [[Ustaše]] on the Serbian population was considered to be one of the important reasons for the rise of guerrilla activities, thus aiding an ever-growing Partisan resistance.<ref>[[#refJudah2000|Judah 2000]], pp.&nbsp;127–128.</ref> Following the capitulation of Italy and subsequent [[Belgrade Offensive]], many members of the Ustaše joined the partisans.{{sfn|Martin|1946|p=233}}

===Bosnia and Herzegovina===
[[File:Bosnian-Herzegovinian Partisans flag.svg|thumb|right|Flag of the [[Federal State of Bosnia and Herzegovina]], used by Partisans in Bosnia and Herzegovina]]
{{See also|Federal State of Bosnia and Herzegovina}}
At the beginning of the war, the dominant Serb composition of the Partisan rank and file and alliance with the Chetniks, who were engaged in atrocities and killing of Croat and Muslim civilians, forced Croats and Muslims not to join the Bosnian Partisans.{{sfn|Hoare|2013|p=23}} Until early 1942, the Partisans in Bosnia and Herzegovina, who were almost exclusively Serbs, cooperated closely with the Chetniks, and some Partisans in eastern Herzegovina and western Bosnia refused to accept Muslims into their ranks. For many Muslims, the behavior of these Serb Partisans towards them meant that there was little difference for them between the Partisans and Chetniks. However, in some areas of Bosnia and Herzegovina the Partisans were successful in attracting both Muslims and Croats from the beginning, notably in the [[Kozara (mountain)|Kozara]] Mountain area in north-west Bosnia and the [[Romanija]] Mountain area near Sarajevo. In the Kozara area, Muslims and Croats made up 25 percent of Partisan strength by the end of 1941.{{sfn|Tomasevich|2001|pp=506–507}}

According to Hoare, by late 1943, 70% of the Partisans in Bosnia and Herzegovina were Serb and 30% were Croat and Muslim.<ref name="Hoare 10">[[#refHoare2006|Hoare 2006]], p. 10.</ref>  At the end of 1977, Bosnian recipients of war pensions were 64.1% Serb, 23% Muslim, and 8.8% Croat.{{sfn|Hoare|2002|p=}}

===Croatia===
{{See also|Federal State of Croatia}}
[[File:Partizanski plakat.jpg|thumb|right|Croatian Partisan [[propaganda poster]]: ''Everybody into the fight for the freedom of [[Croatia]]!'']]
In 1941–42, the majority of Partisans in Croatia were Serbs. However, by October 1943, the majority were Croats. This change was partly due to the decision of a key [[Croatian Peasant Party]] member, [[Božidar Magovac]], to join the Partisans in June 1943, and partly due to the surrender of Italy.{{sfn|Tomasevich|2001|pp=362–363}} At the moment of the capitulation of Italy to the Allies the Serbs and Croats were participating equally according to their respective population sizes in Yugoslavia as a whole.{{sfn|Hoare|2002|p=30}} According to Goldstein, among Croatian partisans at the end of 1941, 77% were Serbs and 21.5% were Croats, and others as well as unknown nationalities. The percentage of Croats in the Partisans had increased to 32% by August 1942, and 34% by September 1943. After the capitulation of Italy, it increased further. At the end of 1944 there were 60.4% Croats, 28.6% Serbs and 11% of other nationalities (2.8% Muslims, Slovenes, Montenegrins, Italians, Hungarians, Czechs, Jews and Germans) in Croatian partisan units.<ref name="Ramet 153"/><ref>Goldstein. ''Serbs and Croats in the national liberation war in Croatia''. , p.&nbsp;266–267.</ref> According to [[Ivo Banac]], the Croatian Partisan movement in the second half of 1944 had about 150,000 combatants under arms, while 100,070 were in operative units where Croats numbered 60,703 (60.7%), Serbs 24,528 (24.5%), Slovenes 5,113 (5.1%), and others.<ref>Ivo Banac; (1992) ''The Fearful Asymmetry of War: The Causes and Consequences of Yugoslavia's Demise'' p. 154;  MIT Press on behalf of American Academy of Arts & Sciences, {{doi|10.2307/20025437}}</ref> The Serb contribution to Croatian Partisans represented more than their proportion of the local population.<ref name="Cohen 95"/><ref name=strugar>{{cite book|last=Strugar|first=Vlado|title=Jugoslavija 1941–1945|publisher= Vojnoizdavački zavod|year=1969}}</ref>{{sfn|Anić|Joksimović|Gutić|1982|p=}}<ref name=vukovic>{{cite book|last1=Vuković| first1=Božidar|last2=Vidaković|first2=Josip|title=Putevim Glavnog štaba Hrvatske|year=1976}}</ref>

Croatian Partisans were integral to overall Yugoslav Partisans with ethnic Croats in prominent positions in the movement since the very beginning of the war; According to some researchers writing during 1990s, like Cohen, by the end of 1943, Croatia proper, with 24% of the Yugoslav population, provided more Partisans than Serbia, Montenegro, Slovenia and Macedonia combined (though not more than Bosnia and Herzegovina).<ref name="Cohen 95"/> In early 1943 Partisans took steps to establish [[ZAVNOH]] (National Anti-Fascist Council of the People's Liberation of Croatia) to act as a parliamentary body for all of Croatia – the only one of its kind in occupied Europe. ZAVNOH held three plenary sessions during the war in areas which remained surrounded by Axis troops. At its fourth and last session, held on 24–25 July 1945 in Zagreb, ZAVNOH proclaimed itself as the Croatian Parliament or [[Sabor]].<ref name=Jelic>{{cite book|last1=Jelic|first1=Ivan| title=Croatia in War and Revolution 1941–1945|location=Zagreb|publisher=[[Školska knjiga]]|year=1978}}</ref>

By the end of 1941 in the territory of the NDH, Serbs comprised approximately one-third of the population but about 95% of all Partisans.{{sfn|Hoare|2002|p=27}} This numerical dominance lessened later, but until 1943 Serbs formed a majority of Partisans in Croatia (including Dalmatia).{{sfn|Hoare|2002|p=27}} Territories in Croatia proper with a substantial number of Serb inhabitants (Lika, Banija, Kordun) formed the most important source of manpower for the Partisans.{{sfn|Hoare|2002|p=28}} In May 1941 the Ustasha regime ceded northern Dalmatia to Fascist Italy, which caused increasingly massive support for the Partisans among the Croats of Dalmatia. In other parts of Croatia Croat support toward the Partisans gradually increased due to Ustasha and Axis violence and misrule, but much more slowly than in Dalmatia.{{sfn|Hoare|2002|p=30}} There were only 1,492 Partisans from Serbia out of the 22,148 Partisans of Tito's Main Operational Group ({{langx|sh|Glavna operativna grupa}}) at the Battle of the River Sutjeska in June 1943, and 8,925 were from Croatia (of which 5,195 were from Dalmatia), but in ethnic terms, 11,851 were Serbs beside 5,220 Croats.{{sfn|Hoare|2002|p=30}} At the end of 1943 all 13 Dalmatian Partisan brigades had a Croat majority, but among the 25 Partisan brigades from Croatian proper (without Dalmatia) only 7 had a Croat majority (17 had a Serb majority and one had a Czech majority).{{sfn|Hoare|2002|p=30}} According to historians [[Tvrtko Jakovina]] and [[Davor Marijan]] the main reason for massive participation of Croats in Battle of the Sutjeska in June 1943 was ongoing terror of Italian fascists.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vecernji.hr/premium/bitka-na-sutjesci-partizanski-pokret-komunisticka-partija-luka-bebic-tvrtko-jakovina-1184327|title=Bitka na Sutjesci bila je 'hrvatska bitka'. Tu je poginulo 3000 Dalmatinaca|website=www.vecernji.hr|language=hr|access-date=2020-01-05}}</ref>

According to Tito, one-quarter of [[Zagreb]]'s population (i.e. more than 50,000 citizens) participated in the Partisan struggle during which over 20,000 of them were killed (half of them as active fighters).<ref>Institut za historiju radničkog pokreta Hrvatske (Institute for the History of the Croatian Workers' Movement) (1982)  ''Zbornik sjećanja Zagreb 1941–1945'' (Speech by President Tito on the occasion of the handover of the Order of the People's Hero to Zagreb, "Borba", September 1975) p. 6; [https://znaci.org/00001/126.pdf]</ref> As Partisan combatants 4,709 citizens of Zagreb were killed while 15,129 were killed in Ustasha and Nazi prisons and concentration camps, and another 6,500 were killed during anti-insurgency operations.{{sfn|Hoare|2002|p=28}}

In the final offensive for the liberation of Yugoslavia, from Croatia was engaged 165,000 soldiers mostly for the liberation of Croatia. On Croatian territory after 30 November 1944 in combat with the enemy participated 5 corps, 15 divisions, 54 brigades and 35 Partisan detachments, a total of 121,341 soldiers (117,112 men and 4239 woman) which at the end of 1944 made up about third of the entire armed forces of the National Liberation Army. At the same time, on the territory of Croatia there was 340,000 of German soldiers, 150,000 of Ustasha and Home Guard soldiers while the Chetniks at beginning of 1945 withdrew towards Slovenia. According to the ethnic composition of Partisans, most were Croats 73,327 or 60.4%, followed by Serbs 34,753 or 28.6%, Muslims 3,316 or 2.8%, Jews 284 or 0.3% and Slovenes, Montenegrins and others with 9,671 or 8.0%, (number of Partisans and ethnic composition does not include 9 brigades which were engaged outside of Croatia).<ref>Nikola Anić; (1985) ''Oružane snage NOP-a Hrvatske u vrijeme njezina oslobođenja potkraj 1944. i na početku 1945. godine'' pp. 103–104, 136–138;
Vojno istorijski institut (Military History Institute), Beograd, Časopis za suvremenu povijest, Vol. 17, No. 1, [https://hrcak.srce.hr/215773]</ref>

===Serbia===
By the end of September 1941, 24 detachments have been established with approximately 14,000 soldiers.{{sfn|Anić|Joksimović|Gutić|1982|pp=25-27}} By the end of 1943, 97 Partisan brigades existed overall, while in the eastern parts of Yugoslavia (Vojvodina, Serbia, Montenegro, Kosovo and Macedonia) 18 Partisan brigades existed.<ref name="anubih.ba-Hoare">{{cite web |author1=Marko Attila Hoare |author1-link=Marko Attila Hoare |title=The Great Serbian threat, ZAVNOBiH and Muslim Bosniak entry into the People's Liberation Movement |url=https://publications.anubih.ba/bitstream/handle/123456789/52/Zbornik%20ZAVNOBiH%20sve%2015-04-2019-4-115-130.pdf?sequence=7&isAllowed=y |website=anubih.ba |publisher=Posebna izdanja ANUBiH |access-date=21 December 2020 |pages=122 |language=en}}</ref> In Serbia during the spring and summer of 1944, many Chetnik deserters and prisoners joined Partisans units.<ref>Milan Radanović; ''(2015) Kazna i zločin: Snage kolaboracije u Srbiji: odgovornost za ratne zločine (1941–1944) i vojni gubici''(in Serbian) p. 205, Rosa Luxemburg Stiftung {{ISBN|8688745153}}</ref>
When the Soviets liberated Serbia at the end of 1944, mass Partisan mobilization of Serbians, Macedonians and eventually Kosovo Albanians began, which led to a balanced geographical contribution between the eastern and western Yugoslav Partisan movements. Serbia's contribution to the Partisan movement prior to the autumn of 1944 was disproportionately small.{{sfn|Hoare|2002|p=6}} At the end of September 1944, Serbia had about 70,000 soldiers under the command of the [[Main Staff of the National Liberation Army and Partisan Detachments of Serbia|Main Staff of Serbia]] of which in the 13th Corps were about 30,000 soldiers, in the 14th Corps 32,463 soldiers and in the 2nd Proletarian Division 4,600 soldiers.{{sfn|Anić|Joksimović|Gutić|1982|pp=369–378}}

===Slovenia===
[[File:Flag of the Liberation Front.gif|thumb|right|Flag of the [[Liberation Front of the Slovene Nation]], used by Partisans in Slovenia]]

[[File:Triglavka.jpg|thumb|right|The ''[[Triglavka]]'' cap]]

{{See also|Slovene Partisans|Federal State of Slovenia}}

During World War II, Slovenia was in a unique situation in Europe. Only Greece shared its experience of being trisected; however, Slovenia was the only country that experienced a further step – absorption and annexation into neighboring [[Nazi]] Germany, Fascist [[Kingdom of Italy|Italy]], and [[Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)|Hungary]].<ref>Gregor Joseph Kranjc (2013). [https://www.amazon.com/Walk-Devil-Collaboration-Occupation-1941-1945/dp/1442613300/ref=sr_1_1/180-8718746-1176833?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1378491455&sr=1-1&keywords=1442613300#reader_1442613300 To Walk with the Devil], University of Toronto Press, Scholarly Publishing Division, p. 5 (introduction)</ref> As the very existence of the Slovene nation was threatened, the Slovene support for the Partisan movement was much more solid than in Croatia or Serbia.{{sfn|Hoare|2002|p=}} An emphasis on the defence of ethnic identity was shown by naming the troops after important Slovene poets and writers, following the example of the [[Ivan Cankar]] battalion.<ref name="Slovene_History">[http://sistory.si/publikacije/prenos/?urn=SISTORY:ID:2250 Štih, P.; Simoniti, V.; Vodopivec, P. (2008) ''A Slovene History: Society, politics, culture''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020172003/http://sistory.si/publikacije/prenos/?urn=SISTORY:ID:2250 |date=20 October 2013 }}, Inštitut za novejšo zgodovino. Ljubljana, p. 426.<!-- ISSN/ISBN needed, if any --></ref>

At the very beginning, the Partisan forces were small, poorly armed and without any infrastructure. However, the Spanish Civil War veterans amongst them had some experience with [[guerrilla warfare]]. The Partisan movement in Slovenia functioned as the military arm of the [[Liberation Front of the Slovene Nation]], an Anti-Fascist resistance platform established in the [[Province of Ljubljana]] on 26 April 1941, which originally consisted of multiple groups of left wing orientation, most notable being Communist Party and Christian Socialists. During the course of the war, the influence of the [[Communist Party of Slovenia]] started to grow, until its supremacy was officially sanctioned in the [[Dolomiti Declaration]] of 1 March 1943.{{sfn|Gow|Carmichael|2010|p=48}} Some of the members of Liberation Front and partisans were ex-members of the [[TIGR]] resistance movement.

Representatives of all political groups in Liberation Front participated in Supreme Plenum of Liberation Front, which led the resistance efforts in Slovenia. Supreme Plenum was active until 3 October 1943 when, at the [[Kočevski zbor|Assembly of the Slovenian Nation's Delegates]] in Kočevje, the 120-member Liberation Front Plenum was elected as the supreme body of the Slovenian Liberation Front. The plenum also functioned as Slovenian National Liberation Committee, the supreme authority in Slovenia. Some historians consider the Kočevje Assembly to be the first Slovene elected parliament and Slovene Partisans as its representatives also participated on [[2nd session of the AVNOJ]] and were instrumental in adding the self-determination clause to the resolution on the establishment of a new federal Yugoslavia. The Liberation Front Plenum was renamed the [[SNOS|Slovenian National Liberation Council]] at the conference in Črnomelj on 19 February 1944 and transformed into the Slovenian parliament.{{citation needed|date=July 2015}}

The Slovene Partisans retained their specific organizational structure and [[Slovene language]] as the commanding language until the last months of World War II, when their language was removed as the commanding language. From 1942 till after 1944, they wore the ''[[Triglavka]]'' cap, which was then gradually replaced with the ''[[Titovka (cap)|Titovka]]'' cap as part of their uniform.{{sfn|Vukšić|2003|p=21}} In March 1945, the Slovene Partisan Units were officially merged with the [[Yugoslav People's Army|Yugoslav Army]] and thus ceased to exist as a separate formation.{{citation needed|date=July 2015}}

The partisan activities in Slovenia started in 1941 and were independent of Tito's partisans in the south. In autumn 1942, Tito attempted for the first time to control the Slovene resistance movement. [[Arsa Jovanović|Arso Jovanović]], a leading Yugoslav communist who was sent from Tito's Supreme Command of Yugoslav partisan resistance, ended his mission to establish central control over the Slovene partisans unsuccessfully in April 1943. The merger of the Slovene Partisans with Tito's forces happened in 1944.{{sfn |Stewart |2006 |p=15}}{{sfn |Klemenčič |Zagar |2004 |pp=167–168}}

In December 1943, [[Franja Partisan Hospital]] was built in difficult and rugged terrain, only a few hours from Austria and the central parts of Germany. The partisans broadcast their own radio program called ''Radio Kričač'', the location of which never became known to occupying forces, although the receiver antennas from the local population had been confiscated.{{citation needed|date=July 2015}}

==Casualties==
Despite their success, the Partisans suffered heavy casualties throughout the war. The table depicts Partisan losses, 7 July 1941&nbsp;– 16 May 1945:<ref name=strugar/>{{sfn|Anić|Joksimović|Gutić|1982|p=}}<ref name= vukovic/>
{| class="wikitable"  style="text-align:right; width:500px;"
|-
!!! 1941 !! 1942 !! 1943 !! 1944 !! 1945 !! Total
|-
|align=left|Killed in action || 18,896 || 24,700 || 48,378 || 80,650 || 72,925 || 245,549
|-
|align=left|Wounded in action || 29,300 || 31,200 || 61,730 || 147,650 || 130,000 || 399,880
|-
|align=left|Died from wounds || 3,127 || 4,194 || 7,923 || 8,066 || 7,800 || 31,200
|-
|align=left|Missing in action || 3,800 || 6,300 || 5,423 || 5,600 || 7,800 || 28,925
|}

According to [[Ivo Goldstein]], 82,000 Serbs and 42,000 Croats were killed on NDH territory as partisan combatants.<ref>Bideleux, Robert; Jeffries, Ian (2017) ''The Balkans: A Post-Communist History'' p. 191; Routledge, {{ISBN|978-1-13458-328-7}}</ref>

==Rescue operations==
The Partisans were responsible for the successful and sustained evacuation of downed Allied airmen from the Balkans. For example, between 1 January and 15 October 1944, according to statistics compiled by the US Air Force Air Crew Rescue Unit, 1,152 American airmen were airlifted from Yugoslavia, 795 with Partisan assistance and 356 with the help of the Chetniks.{{sfn |Leary |1995|p=34}} Yugoslav Partisans in Slovene territory rescued 303 American airmen, 389 British airmen and prisoners of war, and 120 French and other prisoners of war and slave laborers.{{sfn|Tomasevich|2001|p=115}}

The Partisans also assisted hundreds of Allied soldiers who succeeded in escaping from German POW camps (mostly in southern Austria) throughout the war, but especially from 1943 to 1945. These were transported across Slovenia, from where many were airlifted from [[Semič]], while others made the longer overland trek down through Croatia for a boat passage to [[Bari]] in Italy. In the spring of 1944, the British military mission in Slovenia reported that there was a "steady, slow trickle" of escapes from these camps. They were being assisted by local civilians, and on contacting Partisans on the general line of the River [[Drava]], they were able to make their way to safety with Partisan guides.{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}

===Raid at Ožbalt===
{{Main|Raid at Ožbalt}}
A total of 132 Allied prisoners of war were rescued from the Germans by the Partisans in a single operation in August 1944 in what is known as the [[Raid at Ožbalt]]. In June 1944, the Allied escape organization began to take an active interest in assisting prisoners from camps in southern Austria and evacuating them through Yugoslavia. A post of the Allied mission in northern [[Slovenia]] had found that at [[Ožbalt]], just on the Austrian side of the border, about {{convert|50|km|mi|abbr=on}} from [[Maribor]], there was a poorly guarded working camp from which a raid by [[Slovene Partisans]] could free all the prisoners. Over 100 POWs were transported from [[Stalag XVIII-D]] at [[Maribor]] to Ožbalt each morning to do railway maintenance work, and returned to their quarters in the evening. Contact was made between Partisans and the prisoners with the result that at the end of August a group of seven slipped away past a sleeping guard at 15:00, and at 21:00 the men were celebrating with the Partisans in a village, {{convert|8|km|mi|abbr=on}} away on the Yugoslav side of the border.{{sfn|Mason|1954|p=[https://web.archive.org/web/20181006052844/http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz//tm/scholarly/tei-WH2Pris-_N95868.html#n383 383]}}

The seven escapees arranged with the Partisans for the rest of the camp to be freed the following day. Next morning, the seven returned with about a hundred Partisans to await the arrival of the work-party by the usual train. As soon as work had begun the Partisans, to quote a New Zealand eye-witness, "swooped down the hillside and disarmed the eighteen guards". In a short time prisoners, guards, and civilian overseers were being escorted along the route used by the first seven prisoners the previous evening. At the first headquarters camp reached, details were taken of the total of 132 escaped prisoners for transmission by radio to England. Progress along the evacuation route south was difficult, as German patrols were very active. A night ambush by one such patrol caused the loss of two prisoners and two of the escort. Eventually they reached [[Semič]], in [[White Carniola]], Slovenia, which was a Partisan base catering for POWs. They were flown across to [[Bari]] on 21 September 1944 from the airport of [[Otok, Metlika|Otok]] near [[Gradac, Metlika|Gradac]].{{sfn|Mason|1954|p=[https://web.archive.org/web/20181006052844/http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz//tm/scholarly/tei-WH2Pris-_N95868.html#n383 383]}}

==Post-war==
{{Main|Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia}}
SFR Yugoslavia was one of only two European countries that were largely liberated by its own forces during World War II. It received significant assistance from the Soviet Union during the [[Belgrade Offensive|liberation of Serbia]], and substantial assistance from the [[Balkan Air Force]] from mid-1944, but only limited assistance, mainly from the British, prior to 1944. At the end of the war no foreign troops were stationed on its soil. Partly as a result, the country found itself halfway between the two camps at the onset of the [[Cold War]].

In 1947–48, the Soviet Union attempted to command obedience from Yugoslavia, primarily on issues of foreign policy, which resulted in the [[Tito–Stalin split]] and almost ignited an armed conflict. A period of very cold [[Soviet Union–Yugoslavia relations|relations with the Soviet Union]] followed, during which the U.S. and the UK considered courting Yugoslavia into the newly formed [[NATO]]. This however changed in 1953 with the Trieste crisis, a tense dispute between Yugoslavia and the Western Allies over the eventual Yugoslav-Italian border (see [[Free Territory of Trieste]]), and with Yugoslav-Soviet reconciliation in 1956. This ambivalent position at the start of the Cold War matured into the [[Non-Aligned Movement|non-aligned]] foreign policy which Yugoslavia actively espoused until its dissolution.

===Atrocities===
The Partisans massacred civilians during and after the war.<ref>{{harvnb|Jonassohn|Björnson|1998|p=285}}: "There is no doubt that Partisans participated in the massacre of civilians during and after the war"</ref> On 27 July 1941, Partisan-led units massacred around 100 Croat civilians in [[Bosansko Grahovo massacre|Bosansko Grahovo]] and 300 in [[Trubar massacre|Trubar]] during the [[Drvar uprising]] against the NDH.{{citation needed|date=March 2025}} Between 5–8 September 1941, some 1,000–3,000 Muslim civilians and soldiers, including 100 Croats were massacred by the Partisan Drvar Brigade.{{sfn|Hoare|2006|pp=106–108}} A number of Partisan units, and the local population in some areas, engaged in [[Allied war crimes during World War II#Yugoslavia|mass murder]] in the immediate postwar period against [[POW]]s and other perceived Axis sympathizers, collaborators, and/or fascists along with their relatives, including children.{{citation needed|date=March 2023}} These infamous massacres include the [[Foibe massacres]], [[Tezno massacre]], [[Macelj massacre]], [[Kočevski Rog massacre]], [[Barbara Pit massacre]] and the [[communist purges in Serbia in 1944–45]].

The [[Bleiburg repatriations]] of retreating columns of the [[Armed Forces of the Independent State of Croatia]], [[Chetnik]] and [[Slovene Home Guard]] troops, thousands of civilians heading or retreating towards Austria to surrender to western Allied forces, resulted in mass executions with tens of thousands of victims.<ref name=":9">{{Cite book |last=Moore |first=Bob |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/43087 |title=Prisoners of War: Europe: 1939-1956 |date=2022-05-05 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-187597-7 |language=en |doi=10.1093/oso/9780198840398.001.0001}}</ref>{{Rp|page=281}} The "foibe massacres" draw their name from the "foibe" pits in which Croatian Partisans of the [[8th Dalmatian Corps]] (often along with groups of angry civilian locals) shot Italian fascists, and suspected collaborationists and/or separatists. According to a mixed Slovene-Italian historical commission<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kozina.com/premik/indexeng_porocilo.htm|title=Slovene-Italian historical commission|publisher=Kozina.com|access-date=19 November 2011|archive-date=8 April 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080408133844/http://www.kozina.com/premik/indexeng_porocilo.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> established in 1993, which investigated only on what happened in places included in present-day Italy and Slovenia, the killings seemed to proceed from endeavors to remove persons linked with fascism (regardless of their personal responsibility), and endeavors to carry out mass executions of real, potential or only alleged opponents of the communist government. The [[1944–1945 killings in Bačka]] were similar in nature and entailed the killing of suspected Hungarian, German and Serbian fascists, and their suspected affiliates, without regard to their personal responsibility. During this purge, a large number of civilians from the associated ethnic group were also killed.{{sfn|Matuska|1991|p=}}{{page needed|date=February 2020}}

The Partisans did not have an official agenda of liquidating their enemies and their cardinal ideal was the "[[brotherhood and unity]]" of all Yugoslav nations (the phrase became the motto for the new Yugoslavia). The country suffered between 900,000 and 1,150,000 civilian and military dead during the Axis occupation.{{sfn|Tomasevich|2001|p=737}} Between 80,000 and 100,000 people were killed in the partisan purges and at least 30,000 people were killed in the Bleiburg killings, according to Marcus Tanner in his work, ''Croatia: a Nation Forged in War''.{{Full citation needed|date=March 2023}}

This chapter of Partisan history was a taboo subject for conversation in the [[SFR Yugoslavia]] until the late 1980s, and as a result, decades of official silence created a reaction in the form of numerous data manipulation for nationalist propaganda purposes.{{sfn|MacDonald|2002|p=}}

==Equipment==
{{see also|List of World War II weapons of Yugoslavia}}
The first small arms for the Partisans were acquired from the defeated [[Royal Yugoslav Army]], like the [[FN Model 24 and Model 30|M24 Mauser rifle]]. Throughout the war the Partisans used any weapons they could find, mostly weapons captured from the [[Wehrmacht|Germans]], [[Royal Italian Army|Italians]], [[Croatian Home Guard (Independent State of Croatia)|Army of the NDH]], [[Ustaše]] and the [[Chetniks]], such as the [[Karabiner 98k]] rifle, [[MP 40]] submachine gun, [[MG 34]] machine gun, [[Carcano]] rifle and carbine, and [[Beretta]] submachine gun. The other way that the Partisans acquired weapons was from supplies given to them by the [[Soviet Union]] and the United Kingdom, including the [[PPSh-41]] and the [[Sten]] MKII submachine guns respectively. Additionally, Partisan workshops created their own weapons modelled on factory-made weapons already in use, including the so-called "Partisan rifle" and the anti-tank "Partisan mortar".

==Ranks==
{{see also|Military ranks of Socialist Yugoslavia}}
===Officer ranks===
The rank insignia of [[commissioned officer]]s.
{| style="border:1px solid #8888aa; color:inherit; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px;"
{{Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Armed Forces/OF/Blank}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
| rowspan=2| June 1941–December 1942<ref name="Ranks">{{cite book |last1=Thomas |first1=Nigel |last2=Abbott |first2=Peter |editor1-last=Windrow |editor1-first=Martin |title=Partisan Warfare 1941-45 |series=Men-at-Arms |date=1983 |publisher=Osprey Publishing |location=Hong Kong |isbn=0-85045-513-8}}</ref>
| colspan=8 rowspan=2|
| colspan=2| [[File:blank.svg|50px]]
| colspan=4 rowspan=2|
| colspan=2| [[File:blank.svg|50px]]
| colspan=2 rowspan=2|
| colspan=4| [[File:blank.svg|50px]]
| colspan=2| [[File:blank.svg|50px]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| colspan=2| {{lang|sr-Latn|[[Kombrig|Komandant brigade]]}}
| colspan=2| {{lang|sr-Latn|Komendant odrede}}
| colspan=4| {{lang|sr-Latn|[[Kombat (military rank)|Komandant bataljona]]}}
| colspan=2| {{lang|sr-Latn|[[Company commander|Komandir čete]]}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
| rowspan=2| December 1942–April 1943<ref name="Ranks" />
| colspan=2 rowspan=2|
| colspan=2| [[File:blank.svg|50px]]
| colspan=2| [[File:blank.svg|50px]]
| colspan=2| [[File:blank.svg|50px]]
| colspan=2| [[File:blank.svg|50px]]
| colspan=2| [[File:blank.svg|50px]]
| colspan=2| [[File:blank.svg|50px]]
| colspan=1| [[File:blank.svg|50px]]
| colspan=1| [[File:blank.svg|50px]]
| colspan=2| [[File:blank.svg|50px]]
| colspan=2| [[File:blank.svg|50px]]
| colspan=2| [[File:blank.svg|50px]]
| colspan=2| [[File:blank.svg|50px]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| colspan=2| {{lang|sr-Latn|Komandant glavnog štaba}}
| colspan=2| {{lang|sr-Latn|Komandant operative zone}}
| colspan=2| {{lang|sr-Latn|Zamenik operative komandanta zone}}
| colspan=2| {{lang|sr-Latn|[[Kombrig|Komandant brigade]]}}
| colspan=2| {{lang|sr-Latn|Načelnik štaba brigade}}
| colspan=2| {{lang|sr-Latn|Zamenik komandanta brigade}}
| colspan=1| {{lang|sr-Latn|Komendant odrede}}
| colspan=1| {{lang|sr-Latn|Zamenik komendanta odrede}}
| colspan=2| {{lang|sr-Latn|Načelnik štaba odrede}}
| colspan=2| {{lang|sr-Latn|Komandant bataljona}}
| colspan=2| {{lang|sr-Latn|Zamenik komandanta bataljona}}
| colspan=2| {{lang|sr-Latn|Komandir čete}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
| rowspan=2| May 1943–May 1945<ref name="Ranks" />
| colspan=2| [[File:Yugoslavia-Army-OF-10 (1943–1947).svg|51px]]
| colspan=2 rowspan=2| <!--None-->
| colspan=2| [[File:Yugoslavia-Army-OF-8 (1943–1947).svg|50px]]
| colspan=2| [[File:Yugoslavia-Army-OF-7 (1943–1947).svg|50px]]
| colspan=2| [[File:Yugoslavia-Army-OF-6 (1943–1947).svg|50px]]
| colspan=2| [[File:Yugoslavia-Army-OF-5 (1943–1947).svg|50px]]
| colspan=2| [[File:Yugoslavia-Army-OF-4 (1943–1947).svg|50px]]
| colspan=2| [[File:Yugoslavia-Army-OF-3 (1943–1947).svg|50px]]
| colspan=2| [[File:Yugoslavia-Army-OF-2 (1943–1947).svg|50px]]
| colspan=2| [[File:Yugoslavia-Army-OF-1b (1943–1947).svg|50px]]
| colspan=2| [[File:Yugoslavia-Army-OF-1a (1943–1947).svg|50px]]
| colspan=2|[[File:Yugoslavia-Army-OF-(D) (1943–1947).svg|50px]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| colspan=2| {{lang|sr-Latn|[[Marshal of Yugoslavia|Maršal Jugoslavije]]}}
| colspan=2| {{lang|sr-Latn|[[Colonel General|General-pukovnik]]}}
| colspan=2| {{lang|sr-Latn|[[Lieutenant general|General-lajtant]]}}
| colspan=2| {{lang|sr-Latn|[[Major General|General-major]]}}
| colspan=2| {{lang|sr-Latn|[[Colonel|Pukovnik]]}}
| colspan=2| {{lang|sr-Latn|[[Potpukovnik]]}}
| colspan=2| {{lang|sr-Latn|[[Major (rank)|Major]]}}
| colspan=2| {{lang|sr-Latn|[[Captain|Kapetan]]}}
| colspan=2| {{lang|sr-Latn|[[Lieutenant|Poručnik]]}}
| colspan=2| {{lang|sr-Latn|[[Potporučnik]]}}
| colspan=2| {{lang|sr-Latn|[[Zastavnik]]}}
{{Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Armed Forces/OF/Blank}}
|}

===Other ranks===
The rank insignia of [[non-commissioned officer]]s and [[Enlisted rank|enlisted personnel]].
{| style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; color:inherit; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px;"
{{Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Armies/OR/Blank}}
|- style="text-align:center; color:inherit;"
| rowspan=2| June 1941–December 1942<ref name="Ranks" />
| colspan=16 rowspan=2| <!--None-->
| colspan=6| [[File:blank.svg|50px]]
| colspan=4 rowspan=2| <!--None-->
| colspan=2| [[File:blank.svg|50px]]
| colspan=6 rowspan=2| <!--None-->
| colspan=2| '''No insignia'''
|- style="text-align:center;"
| colspan=6| {{lang|sr-Latn|[[Sergeant|Vodnik]]}}
| colspan=2| {{lang|sr-Latn|[[Lance corporal|Desetar]]}}
| colspan=2| {{lang|sr-Latn|[[Private (rank)|Borac]]}}
|- style="text-align:center; color:inherit;"
| rowspan=2| December 1942–April 1943<ref name="Ranks" />
| colspan=10 rowspan=2| <!--None-->
| colspan=6| [[File:blank.svg|50px]]
| colspan=6| [[File:blank.svg|50px]]
| colspan=4 rowspan=2| <!--None-->
| colspan=2| [[File:blank.svg|50px]]
| colspan=6 rowspan=2| <!--None-->
| colspan=2| '''No insignia'''
|- style="text-align:center;"
| colspan=6| {{lang|sr-Latn|Zamenik komandira čete}}
| colspan=6| {{lang|sr-Latn|[[Sergeant|Vodnik]]}}
| colspan=2| {{lang|sr-Latn|[[Lance corporal|Desetar]]}}
| colspan=2| {{lang|sr-Latn|[[Private (rank)|Borac]]}}
|- style="text-align:center; color:inherit; "
| rowspan=2| May 1943–May 1945<ref name="Ranks" />
| colspan=10 rowspan=2| <!--None-->
| colspan=6| [[File:Yugoslavia-Army-OR-5 (1943–1947).svg|50px]]
| colspan=6| [[File:Yugoslavia-Army-OR-4 (1943–1947).svg|50px]]
| colspan=4| [[File:Yugoslavia-Army-OR-3 (1943–1947).svg|50px]]
| colspan=2| [[File:Yugoslavia-Army-OR-2 (1943–1947).svg|50px]]
| colspan=6 rowspan=2| <!--None-->
| colspan=2| '''No insignia'''
|-style="text-align:center; color:inherit;"
| colspan=6| {{lang|sr-Latn|[[Senior Sergeant|Stariji vodnik]]}}
| colspan=6| {{lang|sr-Latn|[[Sergeant|Vodnik]]}}
| colspan=4| {{lang|sr-Latn|[[Junior Sergeant|Mlađi vodnik]]}}
| colspan=2| {{lang|sr-Latn|[[Lance corporal|Desetar]]}}
| colspan=2| {{lang|sr-Latn|[[Private (rank)|Vojnik]]}}
{{Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Armies/OR/Blank}}
|}

==Women==
[[File:Kozarčanka - Milja Marin.jpg|thumb|180px|''[[Kozarčanka]]'' by Žorž Skrigin (winter 1943–44)]]
The Yugoslav Partisans mobilized many women.<ref name="BatinićHistory2015">{{cite book |last=Batinic |first=Jelena |title=Women and Yugoslav Partisans |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |year=2015 |isbn=9781316118627 |doi=10.1017/cbo9781316118627 |oclc=910964614}}</ref> The Yugoslav National Liberation Movement claimed 6,000,000 civilian supporters; its two million women formed the [[Women's Antifascist Front of Yugoslavia|Antifascist Front of Women]] (AFŽ), in which the revolutionary coexisted with the traditional. The AFŽ managed schools, hospitals and even local governments.  About 100,000 women served with 600,000 men in Tito's Yugoslav National Liberation Army. It stressed its dedication to women's rights and gender equality and used the imagery of traditional folklore heroines to attract and legitimize the {{lang|sh|partizanka}} ({{Plural form|{{lang|sh|partizanke}}}}; Partisan Woman).<ref name="BatinićHistory2015" /><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Jancar | first1 = Barbara | year = 1981 | title = Women in the Yugoslav National Liberation Movement: An Overview | journal = Studies in Comparative Communism | volume = 14 | issue = 2| pages = 143–164 | doi = 10.1016/0039-3592(81)90004-1 }}</ref> Members included figures such as [[Judita Alargić]].<ref>Bonfiglioli, C. (2012). [https://www.pure.ed.ac.uk/ws/portalfiles/portal/15244066/Revolutionary_Networks.pdf Revolutionary Networks. Women's Political and Social Activism in Cold War Italy and Yugoslavia (1945–1957)] Utrecht University (PhD dissertation)</ref>

After the war, traditional gender roles were reinstated, but Yugoslavia is unique as its historians paid extensive attention to women's roles in the resistance, until the country broke up in the 1990s. Then the memory of the women soldiers faded away.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Drapac | first1 = Vesna | year = 2009 | title = Resistance and the Politics of Daily Life in Hitler's Europe: The Case of Yugoslavia in a Comparative Perspective | journal = Aspasia | volume = 3 | pages = 55–78 | doi = 10.3167/asp.2009.030104 }}</ref>{{sfn|Jancar-Webster|1990|p=}}

==Partisan legacy==

===Political===
[[File:Grave of the marshal Tito in The Haus of Flowers.JPG|thumb|left|Tomb of Marshall [[Josip Broz Tito]], Supreme commander of the Partisans, inside the [[House of Flowers (mausoleum)|House of Flowers]] mausoleum, Belgrade]]
[[File:Свјетлопис спомен комплеса, од комуниста називаног, ослободилаца Београда.jpg|thumb|Liberators of Belgrade memorial in the [[Belgrade New Cemetery]], Belgrade]]
[[File:Grobnica narodnih heroja Zagreb.JPG|thumb|Tomb of the People's Heroes in [[Mirogoj Cemetery]], Zagreb]]

The Partisan legacy is the subject of considerable debate and controversy due to the rise of [[ethnic nationalism]] in the late 1980s and early 1990s.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Đureinović|first=Jelena|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xfe-DwAAQBAJ&q=blic+partizani&pg=PT155|title=The Politics of Memory of the Second World War in Contemporary Serbia: Collaboration, Resistance and Retribution|year=2019|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-000-75438-4|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Ko je za Srbiju pobedio, četnici ili partizani?|url=https://www.dw.com/sr/ko-je-za-srbiju-pobedio-%C4%8Detnici-ili-partizani/a-18450199|access-date=2020-06-13|website=amp.dw.com}}</ref> [[Historical revisionism]] following the [[breakup of Yugoslavia]] has rendered the movement ideologically incompatible within the [[Post-communism|post-communist]] sociopolitical framework. This revisionist historiography has caused the Partisans' role in [[World War II]] to be generally ignored, disparaged or attacked within successor states.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-02-06|title=How Serbia Changed its Mind about World War II History|url=https://balkaninsight.com/2020/02/06/how-serbia-changed-its-mind-about-world-war-ii-history/|access-date=2020-06-13|website=Balkan Insight|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-06-06|title=Serbian Courts Reinterpret History to Forgive Chetniks' Crimes|url=https://balkaninsight.com/2017/06/06/serbian-courts-reinterpret-history-to-forgive-chetniks-crimes-06-06-2017/|access-date=2020-06-13|website=Balkan Insight|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-05-10|title=Kad četnici slave Dan pobjede nad fašizmom|url=http://balkans.aljazeera.net/vijesti/kad-cetnici-slave-dan-pobjede-nad-fasizmom|access-date=2020-06-13|website=Al Jazeera Balkans|language=bs}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-06-07|title=Sutjeska – ogledalo apsurda ovdašnjih antifašizama|url=http://balkans.aljazeera.net/blog/sutjeska-ogledalo-apsurda-ovdasnjih-antifasizama|access-date=2020-06-13|website=Al Jazeera Balkans|language=bs}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-05-13|title=Šta je Hrvatskoj Bleiburg, a šta bitka na Sutjesci?|url=http://balkans.aljazeera.net/vijesti/sta-je-hrvatskoj-bleiburg-sta-bitka-na-sutjesci|access-date=2020-06-13|website=Al Jazeera Balkans|language=bs}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-03-28|title=Kosovo Partisans Set to Lose Their Memorial|url=https://balkaninsight.com/2013/03/28/kosovo-partisans-set-to-lose-their-memorial/|access-date=2020-06-13|website=Balkan Insight|language=en-US}}</ref>

Despite social changes commemorative tributes to the Partisan struggle are still observed throughout the former [[Yugoslavia]], and are attended by veteran associations, descendants, [[Yugo-nostalgia|yugo-nostalgics]], [[Titoism|Titoists]], [[Left-wing politics|leftists]] and sympathisers.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Obilježena 75. godišnjica Bitke na Neretvi|url=https://www.slobodnaevropa.org/a/29210336.html|access-date=2020-06-13|website=www.slobodnaevropa.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Radiosarajevo.ba|title=Spuštanjem 76 karanfila u Neretvu obilježena godišnjica Bitke za ranjenike|url=https://radiosarajevo.ba/metromahala/teme/spustanjem-76-karanfila-u-neretvu-obiljezena-godisnjica-bitke-za-ranjenike/336444|access-date=2020-06-13|website=Radio Sarajevo|date=11 May 2019 |language=bs}}</ref>

The successor branches of the former Association of War Veterans of the People's Liberation War (SUBNOR), represent Partisan veterans in each republic and lobby against political and legal rehabilitation of war collaborators, along with efforts to renamed streets and public squares. These organisation's also maintain monuments and memorials dedicated to the [[World War II in Yugoslavia|People's Liberation War]] and [[Anti-Fascist Council for the National Liberation of Yugoslavia|anti-fascism]] in each respective nation.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-05-21|title=The Struggle to Save Croatia's Vanishing Anti-Fascist Monuments|url=https://balkaninsight.com/2019/05/21/the-struggle-to-save-croatias-vanishing-anti-fascist-monuments/|access-date=2020-06-13|website=Balkan Insight|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=SUBNOR osudio imenovanje ulice u Kragujevcu po Draži Mihailoviću|url=http://rs.n1info.com/Vesti/a541288/SUBNOR-osudio-imenovanje-ulice-u-Kragujevcu-po-Drazi-Mihailovicu.html|access-date=2020-06-13|website=N1 Srbija|date=5 November 2019|language=sr-Latn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Socijalisti glasali za Dražinu ulicu pa se predomislili, sada "u klinču" s POKS|url=http://rs.n1info.com/Vesti/a544693/Socijalisti-glasali-za-Drazinu-ulicu-pa-se-predomislili-sada-u-sukobu-s-POKS.html|access-date=2020-06-13|website=N1 Srbija|date=17 November 2019|language=sr-Latn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Partizani i antifašisti iz bivše Jugoslavije protiv nacionalnih podjela i povampirenja fašizma|url=https://www.portalnovosti.com/partizani-i-antifasisti-iz-bivse-jugoslavije-protiv-nacionalnih-podjela-i-povampirenja-fasizma|access-date=2020-06-13|website=portalnovosti.com|language=en}}</ref>

===Cultural===
According to [[Vladimir Dedijer]], more than 40,000 works of folk poetry were inspired by the Partisans.{{sfn|Dedijer|1980|p=929}}

==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Balkans Campaign (World War II)]]
* [[Bombaši (Yugoslav Partisans)|Bombaši]]
* [[Leftist errors (Yugoslavia)|Leftist errors]]
* [[Order of the People's Hero]]
* [[Po šumama i gorama]]
* [[World War II persecution of Serbs]]
* [[Yugoslav World War II monuments and memorials]]
* [[Partisan Memorial Cemetery in Mostar]]
* [[Partisan cemetery in Livno]]
{{Div col end}}

==Footnotes==
{{Reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Bibliography==
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}}
*{{cite book
|last=Calic
|first=Marie-Janine
|year=2019
|title=The Great Cauldron: A History of Southeastern Europe|publisher=Harvard University Press
|location=Cambridge, Massachusetts
|isbn=978-0-67498-392-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cHSPDwAAQBAJ
}}
*{{cite book
|last1=Cohen
|first1=Philip J.
|last2=Riesman
|first2=David
|url=https://archive.org/details/serbiassecretwar0000cohe
|url-access=registration
|title=Serbia's Secret War: Propaganda and the Deceit of History
|publisher=Texas A&M University Press
|year=1996|isbn=978-0-89096-760-7
|ref=refCohen1996}}
* {{cite book
|last=Davidson
|first=Basil
|author-link=Basil Davidson
|url=https://znaci.org/00001/3.htm
|title=Partisan Picture
|year=1946
|publisher=[[Bedford Books]]
|isbn=0900406003
|oclc=2019137
}}
*{{cite book
|last=Dedijer
|first=Vladimir
|title=Novi prilozi za biografiju Josipa Broza Tita
|location=Zagreb
|publisher=Mladost
|year=1980
|oclc=8046985
|language=hr}}
*{{cite book
|last1=Gow
|first1=James
|last2=Carmichael
|first2=Cathie
|title=Slovenia and the Slovenes : a small state and the new Europe
|publisher=Hurst & Company
|location=London
|year=2010
|isbn=978-1-85065-944-0
|oclc=696720605
|orig-year=2000
}}
*{{cite book
|last=Haskin
|first=Jeanne M.
|title=Bosnia And Beyond: The "Quiet" Revolution That Wouldn't Go Quietly
|publisher=Algora Publishing
|year=2006
|isbn=978-0-87586-429-7
|ref=Haskin_2006
}}
*{{cite book
|last=Hirsch
|first=Herbert
|title=Anti-Genocide: Building an American Movement to Prevent Genocide
|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group
|year=2002
|isbn=978-0-275-97676-7
}}
*{{cite journal
|last=Hoare
|first=Marko Attila
|title=Whose is the partisan movement? Serbs, Croats and the legacy of a shared resistance
|journal=The Journal of Slavic Military Studies
|publisher=Informa UK Limited
|volume=15
|issue=4
|year=2002
|issn=1351-8046
|doi=10.1080/13518040208430537
|pages=24–41|s2cid=145127681
}}
*{{cite book
|last=Hoare
|first=Marko Attila
|title=Genocide and Resistance in Hitler's Bosnia: The Partisans and the Chetniks
|year=2006
|publisher=Oxford University Press
|isbn=978-0-19-726380-8
}}
*{{cite book
|last1=Hoare
|first1=Marko Attila
|author-link=Marko Attila Hoare
|editor1-last=Ramet
|editor1-first=Sabrina P.
|editor2-last=Listhaug
|editor2-first=Ola
|year=2011
|title=Serbia and the Serbs in World War Two
|chapter=The Partisans and the Serbs
|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan
|location=London
|isbn=978-0-23034-781-6
|pages=201–224}}
*{{cite book
|last=Jancar-Webster
|first=Barbara
|title=Women & Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941–1945
|publisher=Arden Press
|location=Denver
|year=1990
|isbn=978-0-912869-09-4
|oclc=19553066}}
*{{cite book
|last1=Jonassohn
|first1=Kurt
|last2=Björnson
|first2=Karin Solveig
|title=Genocide and Gross Human Rights Violations: In Comparative Perspective
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jIxCUXI38zcC&pg=PA285
|year=1998
|publisher=Transaction Publishers
|isbn=978-1-4128-2445-3
|oclc=47008422}}
*{{cite book
|last=Judah
|first=Tim
|title=The Serbs: History, Myth and the Destruction of Yugoslavia
|publisher=Yale University Press
|year=2000
|isbn=978-0-300-08507-5
|ref=Judah_2000
}}
*{{cite book
|last1=Klemenčič
|first1=Matjaž
|last2=Zagar
|first2=Mitja
|chapter=Histories of the Individual Yugoslav Nations
|title=The former Yugoslavia's diverse peoples : a reference sourcebook
|publisher=ABC-CLIO
|location=Santa Barbara
|year=2004
|isbn=9781849723152
|oclc=436851074
|url=https://archive.org/details/formeryugoslavia0000klem
}}
*{{cite book
|last1=Kovač
|first1=Tatjana
|last2=Vojnović
|first2=Mijo
|title=U Spomen Revoluciji
|trans-title=In Commemoration of the Revolution
|location=Split
|publisher=Institut za Historiju Radnickog Pokreta Dalmacije
|year=1976
|oclc=442814475
|language=hr}}
* {{cite book
  | editor1-last = Kroener
  | editor1-first = Bernard R.
  | editor2-last = Müller
  | editor2-first = Rolf-Dieter
  | editor3-last = Umbreit
  | editor3-first = Hans
  | title = Germany and the Second World War, Volume 5: Organization and Mobilization of the German Sphere of Power. Part I. Wartime Administration, Economy, and Manpower Resources 1939–1941
  | volume = 5
  | publisher = Oxford University Press
  | location = New York
  | year = 2000
  | isbn = 978-0-19-822887-5
  }}
*{{cite book
|last=Kvesić
|first=Sibe
|title=Dalmacija u Narodnooslobodilackoj Borbi
|trans-title=Dalmatia in the National Liberation Struggle
|year=1960
|oclc=440318980
|language=hr}}
*{{cite book
|last=Leary
|first=William M
|title=Fueling the fires of resistance : Army Air Forces special operations in the Balkans during World War II
|publisher=Air Force History and Museums Program
|year=1995
|oclc=605026973
|url=http://purl.fdlp.gov/GPO/gpo67753
}}
*{{cite book <!-- Citation bot bypass-->
|last=MacDonald
|first=David Bruce
|title=Balkan holocausts? : Serbian and Croatian victim-centred propaganda and the war in Yugoslavia
|publisher=Manchester University Press
|url=http://library.oapen.org/bitstream/id/81b82815-8f4d-43da-a3c4-a9560e49eba4/341321.pdf
|jstor=j.ctt155jbrm
|year=2002
|isbn=978-1-5261-3725-8
|oclc=1125885327}}<!--Do not remove URL or JSTOR; they are different sources.-->
*{{cite book
|last=Mason
|first=W. Wynne
|title=Prisoners of War : official history of New Zealand in the Second World War 1939-45
|publisher=War History Branch, Department of Internal Affairs
|url=https://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-WH2Pris.html
|year=1954
|oclc=1016831078
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200407200723/https://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-WH2Pris.html
|archive-date=2020-04-07
|url-status=dead}}
*{{cite book
|last = Martin
|first = David
|title = Ally betrayed, the uncensored story of Tito and Mihailovich
|publisher = Prentice-Hall
|location = New York
|year = 1946
|isbn = 978-1-2585-0874-6
}}
*{{cite book
|last=Matuska
|first=Márton
|title=A megtorlás napjai : ahogy az emlékezet megőrizte
|trans-title=Days of Revenge: As Preserved by Memory
|publisher=Forum Magyar Szo
|location=Újvidék
|year=1991
|isbn=978-86-323-0312-6
|oclc=27642440
|language=hu}}
* {{cite book
|last=Milazzo
|first=Matteo J.
|title=The Chetnik Movement & the Yugoslav Resistance
|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press
|year=1975
|isbn=978-0-8018-1589-8
}}
*{{cite book
|last=Mulaj
|first=Klejda
|title=Politics of Ethnic Cleansing: Nation-State Building and Provision of In/Security in Twentieth-Century Balkans
|publisher=Lexington Books
|year=2008
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C21t6bdyv3cC
|isbn=9780739117828
}}
*{{cite book
|last=Petranović
|first=Branko
|title=Srbija u Drugom Svetskom Ratu : 1939–1945
|trans-title=Serbia in World War II: 1939–1945
|publisher=Vojnoizdavacki i novinski centar
|year=1992
|oclc=454984864
|language=sr}}
*{{cite book
|last=Ramet
|first=Sabrina P.
|title=The Three Yugoslavias: State-Building and Legitimation, 1918–2004
|year=2006
|publisher=Indiana University Press
|isbn=978-0-271-01629-0
|ref=refRamet2006}}
*{{cite book
|last=Roberts
|first=Walter R.
|title=Tito, Mihailović and the Allies 1941–1945
|publisher=Rutgers University Press
|year=1973
|isbn=0822307731
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=43CbLU8FgFsC
}}
*{{cite book
|last=Stewart
|first=James
|title=Slovenia
|publisher=Cadogan Guides
|location=London
|year=2006
|isbn=978-1-86011-336-9
|oclc=65204021
}}
*{{cite book
|last=Tomasevich
|first=Jozo
|title=War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941–1945: The Chetniks
|volume=1
|publisher=Stanford University Press
|year=1975
|location=San Francisco
|isbn=978-0-8047-0857-9
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yoCaAAAAIAAJ
}}
*{{cite book
|last=Tomasevich
|first=Jozo
|title=War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941–1945: Occupation and Collaboration
|volume=2
|publisher=Stanford University Press
|year=2001
|location=San Francisco
|isbn=978-0-8047-3615-2
}}
*{{cite book
|last=Velikonja
|first=Mitja
|title=Religious separation and political intolerance in Bosnia-Herzegovina
|publisher=Texas A&M University Press
|year=2003
|location=College Station
|isbn=978-1-58544-226-3
|url=https://archive.org/details/religiousseparat0000veli
}}
*{{cite book
|last=Vukšić
|first=Velimir
|title=Tito's partisans 1941–45
|publisher=Osprey
|location=Oxford
|year=2003
|isbn=9781841766751
|oclc=51992441
}}
*{{cite book
|last = Goldstein
|first = Ivo
|author-link = Ivo Goldstein
|title = Croatia: A History
|publisher = C. Hurst & Co.
|location = London
|year = 1999
|isbn = 978-1-85065-525-1
|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=pSxJdE4MYo4C
}}
*{{cite book
|last=Hoare
|first=Marko Attila
|title=The Bosnian Muslims in the Second World War: A History
|year=2013
|publisher=Oxford University Press
|isbn=978-0199327850
|ref=Hoare_2013
}}
{{Refend}}

==Further reading==
{{Refbegin}}
*{{cite book
|last=Bokovoy
|first=Melissa
|title=Peasants and Communists: Politics and Ideology in the Yugoslav Countryside
|year=1998
|publisher=University of Pittsburgh Press
|isbn=978-0-8229-4061-6}}
*{{cite journal <!-- Citation bot bypass-->
|editor-last=Brown
|editor-first=Alec
|title=Diaries from Yugoslav Liberation
|url=https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.185585/2015.185585.The-Slavonic-Reviewvol64#page/n179/mode/2up
|journal=The Slavonic and East European Review
|date=November 1946
|volume=25
|issue=64
|pages=181–205
|jstor=4203806 }}<!--Do not remove URL or JSTOR; they are different sources.-->
*{{cite book
|last=Irvine
|first=Jill
|title=The Croat Question: Partisan Politics in the Formation of the Yugoslav Socialist State
|year=1992
|publisher=Westview Press
|isbn=978-0-8133-8542-6}}
*{{cite book
|last= Jakiša
|first= Miranda
|title=Partisans in Yugoslavia. Literature, Film and Visual Culture
|year=2015
|publisher=transcript Verlag
|isbn=978-3-8376-2522-6}}
{{Refend}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20220729025721/https://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/balkan/intro.htm The German Campaigns in the Balkans (Spring 1941)] reprinted by the [[United States Army Center of Military History]]

{{Resistance in Yugoslavia during Second World War}}
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