View source for Yuanfen

{{Short description|Concept in Chinese culture}}
{{italic title}}{{Chinese folk religion}}
{{Love sidebar|cultural}}
'''''Yuán''''' ({{lang-zh|t=緣|zh|s=缘|first=t|poj=iân|p=yuán|j=jyun4}}) or '''''Yuanfen''''' ({{lang-zh|t=緣分|zh|s=缘分|first=t|poj=iân-hūn|p=yuánfèn|j=jyun4fan6}}), "fateful coincidence," is a concept in Chinese society describing good and bad chances and potential relationships.<ref>Fan, Chen. 2013. p. 23</ref> It can also be translated as "destiny, luck as conditioned by one's past", or "natural affinity among friends."<ref>''Lin Yutang's Chinese English Dictionary of Modern Usage'' (Hong Kong: The Chinese University Press of Hong Kong, 1972) p. 1432.</ref> It is comparable to the concept of ''[[karma]]'' in [[Buddhism]], but {{Transliteration|zh|pinyin|yuánfèn}} is interactive rather than individual.  The driving forces and causes behind {{Transliteration|zh|pinyin|yuánfèn}} are said to be actions done in previous [[reincarnation|incarnation]]s.

Scholars [[Yang Kuo-shu]] and David Ho have analysed the psychological advantages of this belief: by assigning causality of negative events to {{Transliteration|zh|pinyin|yuánfèn}} beyond personal control, people tend to maintain good relationships, avoid conflict, and promote social harmony; likewise, when positive events are seen as a result of {{Transliteration|zh|pinyin|yuánfèn}}, personal credit is not directly assigned, which reduces pride on one side of the relationship and envy and resentment on the other.<ref>Fan, Chen. 2013. p. 24</ref><ref name=":0">Yang, Ho pp. 269, 280.</ref>

==Role in society==
[[Yang Kuo-shu]] and David Ho trace the origins of the term to traditional Buddhism and observe that ''yuan ''or {{Transliteration|zh|pinyin|yuánfèn}} are important concepts. Yang and Ho's research found that these concepts are still very much alive in Chinese social life and culture among university students. The concepts of ''yuan ''and {{Transliteration|zh|pinyin|yuánfèn}} and beliefs in predestination and fatalism have waned, and belief in yuan has waned as well, but continuity with past conceptions is still strong.<ref name=":0" />

Marc Moscowitz, an anthropologist, finds that ''yuanfen'' appears frequently in [[Mandopop|contemporary popular music]]. Here {{Transliteration|zh|pinyin|yuánfèn}} refers to a "karmic relationship" with someone who was known in a previous life and is used to explain the end of a relationship that was not destined to work out.<ref>Moscowitz p. 76</ref>

==Popular usage==

* The proverbial saying "have fate without destiny" ({{lang|zh|有緣無分}}) refers to couples who were fated to ''come'' together, but not destined to ''stay'' together, and as such is sometimes used as a break-up line.
* Upon meeting a person who is hard to find, one might aptly exclaim: "It is {{Transliteration|zh|pinyin|yuánfèn}} that has brought us together!"
* When one encounters another repeatedly in various locations such that it seems to be more than coincidence, one can refer to {{Transliteration|zh|pinyin|yuánfèn}}.
* As a counter-example, when two people know each other, e.g. as [[penpal]]s, but never have the opportunity to meet face-to-face, it can be said that their {{Transliteration|zh|pinyin|yuánfèn}} is too superficial or thin ({{zhi|t=百世修來同船渡，千載修得共枕眠|s=百世修来同船渡，千载修得共枕眠 |p=bǎi shì xiū lái tóng chuán dù, qiān zǎi xiū dé gòng zhěn mián}}). Literally: It takes hundreds of rebirths to bring two persons to ride in the same boat; it takes a thousand eons to bring two persons to share the same pillow. This goes to show just how precious {{Transliteration|zh|pinyin|yuánfèn}} is.
* An alternative of this proverb is: {{zhi|c=十年修得同船渡，百年修得共枕眠|p=shí nián xiū dé tóng chuán dù, bǎi nián xiū dé gòng zhěn mián|out=c}} which means literally: ten years of meditation (or good deeds) bring two people to cross a river in the same ferry, and a hundred years of [[meditation]] (or good deeds) bring two people to rest their heads on the same pillow. It conveys the same message.
* It is important to note that although {{Transliteration|zh|pinyin|yuánfèn}} is often used in the context of lovers' relationships, the concept itself is much broader and can refer to any relationship between people under any circumstance. For example, {{Transliteration|zh|pinyin|yuánfèn}} can be thought of as the mechanism by which family members have been "placed" in each other's lives. On the other hand, even two strangers sitting next to each other on a short-haul plane ride are also thought to have a certain amount of {{Transliteration|zh|pinyin|yuánfèn}}. The line of reasoning follows roughly as such: out of the seven billion or so people living on this planet, the odds of two specific persons riding in an airplane together are astronomically small. Thus, two specific persons riding together on a plane have beaten out all odds to end up in those specific seats. If, in addition to their chance encounter, they happen to strike up an engaging conversation and find that they have common interests—perhaps in cinema, music, and/or photography—it makes their meeting all the more precious, and the depth of their yuanfen all the more noteworthy.

==Translations==

"Affinity occasion" could be a good translation of {{Transliteration|zh|pinyin|yuánfèn}}, as {{Transliteration|zh|pinyin|yuánfèn}} depends on the probability, or chance, of meeting (or seeing) someone in the real world at any given time and place, and involves both persons feeling as if they have already known each other for a very long time, even though in reality, they have not.

The concept of "[[serendipity]]" is a good English approximation of {{Transliteration|zh|pinyin|yuánfèn}} in general situations not involving any elements of a romantic relationship. The French writer [[Émile Deschamps]] claims in his memoirs that in 1805, he was treated to some [[Christmas pudding|plum pudding]] by a stranger named Monsieur de Fontgibu. Ten years later, the writer encountered plum pudding on the menu of a Paris restaurant and wanted to order some, but the waiter told him that the last dish had already been served to another customer, who turned out to be de Fontgibu. Many years later, in 1832, Deschamps was at a dinner and once again ordered plum pudding. He recalled the earlier incident and told his friends that only de Fontgibu was missing to make the setting complete—and in the same instant, the now senile de Fontgibu entered the room.<ref>Deschamps, Émile pp. 262-265</ref>

Often {{Transliteration|zh|pinyin|yuánfèn}} is said to be the equivalent of "fate" (as in the title of a 1984 film, {{lang|zh|緣分}}, given the Western name ''[[Behind the Yellow Line]]'', also known as ''Fate'', starring [[Leslie Cheung]]), or "destiny". "Fateful affinity" is the term used to describe {{Transliteration|zh|pinyin|yuánfèn}} by a leading character in [[Hao Jingfang]]'s novel ''Jumpnauts'' in [[Ken Liu]]'s 2024 translation.<ref>Hao, Jingfang p. 43</ref> However, these words do not have the element of the past playing a role in deciding the outcome of the uncertain future. The most common Chinese term for "fate" or "destiny" is {{zhp|p=[[Ming yun|mìngyùn]]|t={{linktext|命運}}|s={{linktext|命运}}|l=the turn of events in life}}.

"[[Divine providence|Providence]]" and "[[predestination]]" are not exact translations, because these words imply that things happen by the will of God or [[Chinese mythology|god]]s, whereas {{Transliteration|zh|pinyin|yuánfèn}} does not necessarily involve divine intervention.

==See also==
* [[Chinese social relations]]
*[[Wu (awareness)|Wu]] — the concept of awareness, consciousness, or spiritual enlightenment
* [[Bao ying]] — the concept of cosmic and moral reciprocity in Chinese folk religion
* [[Ming yun]] — the concept of destiny in Chinese folk religion
* [[Serendipity]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
* Fan, Lizhu, and Chen Na (2013) ''[http://fudan-uc.ucsd.edu/_files/201306_China_Watch_Fan_Chen.pdf The Revival of Indigenous Religion in China]''. [[Fudan University]].
* {{cite book |last = Moskowitz |first = Marc L.  |year = 2010 |title = Cries of Joy, Songs of Sorrow : Chinese Pop Music and Its Cultural Connotations |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=iKolvnUOHegC |publisher = University of Hawai*i Press| location = Honolulu |isbn = 9780824833695|ref = none}}  [https://books.google.com/books?id=iKolvnUOHegC&q=Yuanfen&pg=PA69]
* {{cite journal |last1 =Yang |first1 =K.S. |first2 =David Y. F |last2 =Ho  |title =The Role of ''Yuan ''in Chinese Social Life: A Conceptual and Empirical Analysis |journal =Asian Contributions to Psychology, Edited by Paranjpe, Ho & Rieber, New York: Praeger Publishers |pages =263–281 |date =1988 |url = http://c.ianthro.tw/sites/c.ianthro.tw/files/da/df/408/408457_0001.pdf|ref= none}}.
*{{cite web|title=Œuvres complètes de Émile Deschamps : III : Prose : Première partie|last=Deschamps|first=Émile|editor-last=Lemerre|editor-first=Alphonse|editor-link=Alphonse Lemerre|publisher=[[Alphonse Lemerre]]|location=Paris|date=1873|pages=262–265|url=https://archive.org/details/oeuvrescompltes03descgoog/page/n268/mode/2up|via=Internet Archive|access-date=14 March 2024|language=fr|trans-title=The Complete Works of Émile Deschamps|quote=Trois fois du plum-pudding dans ma vie, et trois fois M. de Fontgibu! Pourquoi cela?{{snd}}Une quatrième fois, et je suis capable de tout, ou je ne suis plus capable de rien.|quote-page=265}}
*{{cite book|title=Jumpnauts: A Novel|author=Hao Jingfang|author-link=Hao Jingfang|translator-last=Liu|translator-first=Ken|translator-link=Ken Liu|date=2024|orig-date=2021|page=43|publisher=Saga Press|location=New York|isbn=9781534422117|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zJP0EAAAQBAJ|via=Google Books|quote=Surely you know that what matters the most in relationships is yuanfen. It's that kind of fateful affinity that brings about unbreakable bonds.}}

[[Category:Concepts in Chinese folk religion]]
[[Category:Chinese culture]]
[[Category:Buddhism in China]]