View source for Yichud

{{short description|Prohibition of seclusion of a man and a woman who are not married to each other}}
{{For|mystical "Yichud - Unification" of male-female divine emanations in Kabbalah|Yichudim}}
{{Italic title}}
{{Infobox Halacha|image=|caption=|verse={{bibleverse||Deuteronomy|13:6|HE}}|talmud=Kiddushin 80b and Sanhedrin 21|sa=Even HaEzer 22 and 24}}
[[File:Guido Reni - Joseph and Potiphar's Wife - WGA19310.jpg|thumb|300px|The Biblical story about [[Joseph (son of Jacob)|Joseph]] and [[Potiphar]]'s wife is an example of the risks with yichud.]]
In [[Judaism|Jewish]] [[religious law]] (''[[halakha]]''), the laws of '''''yichud''''' ({{langx|he|איסור ייחוד|translit=issur yichud|lit=prohibition of seclusion}}) prohibit [[seclusion]] in a private area of a man and a woman who are not married to each other. Such seclusion is prohibited out of fear that sexual intercourse or other, lesser acts may occur. A person who is present in order to prevent ''yichud'' is called a [[shomer]].

The laws of ''yichud'' are typically followed in strict [[Orthodox Judaism]]. Adherents of [[Conservative Judaism|Conservative]] and [[Reform Judaism]] do not generally abide by the laws of ''yichud''.

The term ''"yichud"'' also refers to [[Jewish wedding#Yichud|a ritual during an Ashkenazi Jewish wedding]] in which the newly married couple spends a period secluded in a room by themselves. In earlier historical periods, as early as the talmudic era,<ref>Abraham P. Bloch, ''The Biblical and historical background of Jewish customs and ceremonies'' (KTAV Publishing House, Inc., 1980), p. 32.</ref> the couple would have sexual intercourse at this time, but that practice is no longer current.

== Source of the prohibition ==

[[Deuteronomy]] 13:7 says: <blockquote>If your very own brother, or your son or daughter, or the wife you love, or your closest friend secretly entices you, saying, 'Let us go and worship other gods, gods that neither you nor your ancestors have known...'</blockquote>

The Talmud gives an explanation to the passage, which is supposed to be a hint of ''yichud'':

<blockquote>Said Rabbi Johanan on the authority of Rabbi Ishmael, Where do we find an allusion to ''yihud'' in the Torah? - For it is written: If thy brother, the son of thy mother, entices thee [etc.]: does then only a mother's son entice, and not a father's son? But it is to tell you: a son may be alone with his mother, but not with any other woman interdicted in the Torah.<ref>[http://halakhah.com/pdf/nashim/Kiddushin.pdf Kiddushin] 80b.</ref></blockquote>

[[Image:Amnon and Tamar by an unknown artist, oil on canvas, ca. 1650-1700, High Museum of Art.jpg|thumb|200px|According to Talmud, Amnon's rape of his half-sister Tamar led King David to extend the prohibition of ''yichud'' to unmarried girls. 17th-century painting.]]

The Talmud also claims that after the rape of [[Tamar (daughter of David)|Tamar]], daughter of [[David]], when she was left alone with her half-brother Amnon, David and his high court extended this prohibition to unmarried girls as well. Later, in the times of [[Shammai]] and [[Hillel the Elder]], the prohibition was extended to include a non-Jewish woman. These rules are discussed in the [[Talmud]].<ref name=ly0>Rabbi N. D. Dubov: [http://www.sichosinenglish.org/books/the-laws-of-yichud/04.htm#n2 Source Material: Gaining The Necessary Background To Understand The Laws] ''The Laws of Yichud: Permissibility and Prohibition Regarding the Seclusion of a Man and Woman''. New York 2006, Sichos in English.</ref>

Most [[rishonim]] define the prohibition of ''yichud'' as a [[Torah]] law. Although [[Maimonides]] writes that the prohibition of ''yichud'' is derived from ''divrei kabbalah'' (Bible texts later than the [[Pentateuch]]), many interpret his words as meaning that it is a Torah law, though some regard it as a rabbinic prohibition.<ref name=ly0 /><ref name=shoftim1>Rabbi Yehoshua Pfeffer: [http://www.dinonline.org/files/newsletter/en_74.pdf Shoftim: Halachos of Seclusion (1)] ''Torah & Horaah'', Re'eh 5771 (2011).</ref><ref name=jachter2>Rabbi [[Howard Jachter]]: [http://www.koltorah.org/ravj/The%20Yichud%20Prohibition%20-%20Part%202.htm Yichud - Part Two] Rabbi Jachter's Halacha Files Vol.12 No. 7. 18 Kislev 5763/November 23, 2002.</ref>

[[Rashi]] maintained that insofar as the prohibition of ''yichud'' is mandated by the Torah, it is an essential prohibition, whereas rabbinical extensions of the prohibition are enacted as a fence meant to distance a person from forbidden relationships. Hence, leniencies would apply only to the rabbinic additions to the laws of ''yichud''. [[Halakha|Halachic]] consensus, following Maimonides, is, though, that leniencies apply even to Torah-mandated ''yichud'' laws.<ref name=shoftim1 />

== Laws ==

[[File:PL Eliza Orzeszkowa-Meir Ezofowicz page 0069.png|thumb|200px|''Yichud'' also applies outdoors. Illustration from [[Eliza Orzeszkowa]]'s novel ''Meir Ezofowicz'', which deals with the conflict between Jewish orthodoxy and modern liberalism.]]
The laws of ''yichud'' provide for strong restrictions on unrelated members of the opposite sex being secluded together, and milder ones for close family members. Different opinions exist regarding application of these laws both in terms of situation and in terms of the individuals involved. Prohibition of ''yichud'' applies to men over 13 years and, generally, girls over three, and a woman over twelve may not be alone with a boy over nine.<ref name=wh>Rabbi Doniel Neustadt: [http://www.torah.org/advanced/weekly-halacha/5757/achrei.html Hilchos Yichud: Rulings of Harav M. Feinstein] Weekly Halacha (1997) torah.org.</ref> Even seclusion of short duration is forbidden, if it could potentially last longer.<ref name=ly1>Rabbi N. D. Dubov: [http://www.sichosinenglish.org/books/the-laws-of-yichud/05.htm Yichud—What, Where And With Whom] ''The Laws of Yichud: Permissibility and Prohibition Regarding the Seclusion of a Man and Woman''. Chapter 1. New York 2006, Sichos in English.</ref>

== Leniencies ==

There are a number of circumstances under which the prohibition of ''yichud'' may be circumvented. Typically, these apply fully to ''yichud'' with an observant Jew. Meeting a non-Jew or a secular Jew may require more scrupulousness.<ref name=wh />

=== Baaloh B'ir &ndash; in town ===

If the husband is in town (''Baaloh B'ir'', or ''Baala Bair'') or, more precisely, if it is possible that he can appear suddenly, a woman may be secluded with another man in her home. The fear of his sudden appearance is considered a deterrent to engaging in illicit behavior. If the husband works fixed hours, or if they meet where they are not likely to be found, the husband's presence in town does not circumvent ''yichud''. A close, long-standing relationship (''Libo Gas Boh'') between the wife and another man also proscribes ''yichud'' in spite of the husband's presence in town. The lenience caused by the man's presence in town does not, however, apply to his being secluded with another woman when his wife may appear suddenly.<ref name=wh /> Paradoxically, if a husband gives his wife permission to be secluded with a man, the lenience no longer applies, since she does not fear his sudden entrance.<ref name=shoftim1 />

[[Rashi]] believes that the husband’s presence in town only mitigates the prohibition rather than abrogating it. The [[Shulchan Aruch]], following [[Tosafot]], however, rule that when the husband is in town, the ''yichud'' restriction does not apply at all.<ref name=jachter2 />

Maimonides and Shulchan Aruch write that the rationale for Baaloh B'ir is that "her husband's fear is upon her." This does not imply a concrete fear that her husband will enter unexpectedly, but rather that she feels a natural inhibition in the knowledge that her husband is close by. As a consequence of this, she can be in ''yichud'' with another man in a large city, like London or New York, where the chance that he suddenly appears is non-existent. Neither does her husband's permission undermine the leniency, according to this interpretation. Rashi interprets Baalo B'ir as referring to a concrete fear of sudden exposure. So does rabbi [[Moshe Feinstein]], who consequently rules in a stricter way.<ref name=shoftim1 /> Another issue of debate is whether cities that have grown together to form a continuous area are to be treated as one city. Rabbi [[Shlomo Zalman Auerbach]] argues that if the wife is in [[Ramat Gan]] and the husband is in [[Tel Aviv]], he is still considered to be "in town". Since there are no significant uninhabited areas separating these cities, they are defined as one city from a Halachic perspective.<ref name=jachter2 />

=== Pesach Posuach &ndash; open door ===
[[File:Haps, blason sur la porte de l'ancien maison du maire.JPG|thumb|200px|The door is considered open as long as it is not locked, and the prohibition of ''yichud'' is circumvented.]]
''Yichud'' is alleviated when the door is open. This principle is known as ''pesach pasuach lireshus harabim'' (lit. an open doorway to the public domain). The Shulchan Aruch rules: "If the door is open to the public domain, there is no concern of yichud."<ref name=shoftim2>Yehoshua Pfeffer: [http://www.dinonline.org/files/newsletter/en_75.pdf Shoftim: Halachos of Seclusion (2)] ''Torah & Horaah'', Shofetim 5771 (2011).</ref> This ruling has been interpreted and enlarged in various ways: 1. the door is actually open<ref>Pitchei Teshuva 22:8 quoting the Beit Meir and rabbi Akiva Eiger (responsa 100)</ref> 2. when the door is closed but unlocked 3. then door is locked, but somebody with a key is liable to come in at any time 4. the door is locked, but there is a reasonable possibility that people may knock on the door and expect to be answered (according to Moshe Feinstein). A woman being secluded with another man is also justified when people outside can see through the window what is going on inside the house. In case of a close, long-standing friendship between the man and the woman, however, a more stringent behavior is expected.<ref name=wh /> The leniency usually does not apply late at night, as there is little or no chance that people would come in unexpectedly then.<ref name=shoftim2 />

=== Shomrim &ndash; guards ===
''Yichud'' can be circumvented by the presence of other individuals (''shomrim,'' guards or [[Chaperone (social)|chaperones]]), who would serve to provide a check on the man's behavior. Generally, Torah-observant Jewish men qualify as ''shomrim''. Female relatives that permit ''yichud'' are: a man's mother; his daughter or granddaughter; his sister; his grandmother; and a woman's mother-in-law, daughter-in-law and sister-in-law. Children aged 6–9 also qualify.<ref name=shoftim2 />

[[File:PikiWiki 3620 Settlements in the Golan Heights.jpg|thumb|left|250px|A woman may be secluded with a man if one or more additional men are present.]]
Although ''yichud'' with a woman and two or more men, according to most poskim, is permitted during day time and in the evening, the presence of at least three men is required during nighttime sleeping hours. The same goes for situations when children are present instead of adults.<ref name=wh /> [[Sefardic Jews]] require the presence of the wife of one of the men for a woman to be secluded with them.<ref name=ly1 />

[[Shulchan Aruch]], though, follows Maimonides in ruling that ''yichud'' with one woman is prohibited even with many men. The disagreement is based on a passage in [[Gemara]], which states that the permission for two men to be secluded with one woman applies only to [[kosher]] people, and tells a story where two [[acharonim]] met a woman in a secluded place, and one of them preferred to leave, since perchance only [[tzaddik]]im are defined as kosher. [[Nissim of Gerona]] considered this an excessive stringency and thought that regular people are defined as kosher. [[Moses Isserles]] follows this view and states that ''yichud'' with one woman and several men is prohibited only for promiscuous people.<ref>Rav Ofer Livnat: [http://eretzhemdah.org/newsletterArticle.asp?lang=en&pageid=48&cat=7&newsletter=909&article=3485 Hemdat HaDaf Hayomi: The Prohibition of Yichud] eretzhemdah.org, 3 Tishrei 5771/September 11, 2010.</ref>

According to Rashi, ''yichud'' is permitted when at least three women are present, but most poskim follow Maimonides, who ruled that no number of women present circumvents the prohibition of ''yichud''. Many poskim permit ''yichud'' in the presence of the man's grandmother, mother, daughter, granddaughter or sister (over seven years), but do not accept the woman's daughter, granddaughter or sister.<ref name=wh /> [[Avraham Danzig]] writes that the prohibition for one man to be in seclusion with two women is only rabbinic, whereas Torah law only prohibits a man from being secluded with one woman.<ref name=shoftim1 />

There are numerous other exceptions; this article presents the haredi point of view.

== Siblings ==

It is preferable that a brother and sister who have reached the age of six should not sleep in the same room.<ref name=ly11>Rabbi N. D. Dubov: [http://www.sichosinenglish.org/books/the-laws-of-yichud/13.htm Being Careful About Yichud] ''The Laws of Yichud: Permissibility and Prohibition Regarding the Seclusion of a Man and Woman''. Chapter 11. New York 2006, Sichos in English.</ref> ''Yichud'' between a brother and a sister above the age of [[Bar and Bat Mitzvah]] is considered appropriate for a short term, but not when their parents are away for an extended period of time. There are various opinions about the duration of a permitted ''yichud''. Some poskim allow only up to three nights; others allow up to thirty days. If the brother and sister live separately and one comes to visit the other, ''yichud'' is permitted as long as they do not stay longer than the normal stay of a house guest (where circumstances like the distance of their residence is taken into account). However, when a sibling moves in on a permanent basis, ''yichud'' is forbidden even for one day.<ref name=ly1 /><ref name=jachter1 />

==Biological children==

''Yichud'' with biological children is fully permitted. The [[Gemara]] explains that God was moved by the prayers of the [[Great Assembly]] to curtail the ''[[yetzer hara]]'' for incest so there is no need for a prohibition when it comes to biological parents and children.<ref name=jachter1 />

== Adopted children ==

[[File:Hanukkah 18th century.jpg|thumb|250px|''Yichud'' with one's biological children is legitimate, but if they are adopted, restrictions apply. 18th-century painting.]]
Opinions among Poskim are divided about ''yichud'' between adoptive parents and their children of the opposite gender, who were adopted at a very young age. Rabbis [[Moshe Feinstein]], [[Eliezer Waldenberg]], [[Hayim David HaLevi]], and [[Nahum Rabinovitch]] all ruled that adoptive parents are permitted to engage in ''yichud'' with their adopted children since sexual attraction normally does not occur in such situations. Feinstein, though, restricts the permission to situations when both adoptive parents are alive and married to each other, and Waldenberg only permits ''yichud'' if a girl was adopted before the age of three and a boy was adopted before the age of nine. [[Ovadia Yosef]] is essentially lenient about this issue, though he believes that it is preferable to adopt a girl so that the wife who is home most of the time can prevent ''yichud'' with the husband from occurring.

The lenient view is strongly opposed by others, particularly in [[Haredi Judaism]]. [[Menachem Mendel Schneerson]] vigorously argued that ''yichud'' is forbidden in the adoptive situation. He insists that this was common custom in earlier generations. [[Dov Berish Weidenfeld]], [[Yaakov Yisrael Kanievsky]], Ezra Ettiah, [[Avrohom Yeshaya Karelitz]], and [[Shmuel Wosner]] take the same position.<ref name=jachter1>Rabbi [[Howard Jachter]]: [http://www.koltorah.org/ravj/The%20Yichud%20Prohibition%20-%20Part%201.htm Yichud - Part One] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130702194150/http://koltorah.org/ravj/The%20Yichud%20Prohibition%20-%20Part%201.htm |date=2013-07-02 }} Rabbi Jachter's Halacha Files Vol.12 No. 6. 11 Kislev 5763/November 6, 2002.</ref>

== Unmarried couples ==

A man and woman who are engaged to be married may not dwell together unless other people are in the same house, and the door is unlocked. Leaving the door slightly ajar is commendable. They may not stay together even on a temporary basis, such as in a hotel.<ref name=ly1 /><ref name=ly11 /> According to some poskim, sleeping in the same house if other family members are present does not violate ''yichud'' laws, but should be avoided due to [[tzniut]] considerations.<ref name=ly11 /> Others, including Moses Isserles and [[Joseph B. Soloveitchik|Joseph Soloveitchik]], however, disagree about this and would not permit sleeping in the home of their future in-laws.<ref name=jachter2 />

Although mingling of men and women does not violate the prohibition of ''yichud'', it should nonetheless be avoided, even if it is for the purpose of fulfilling a mitzvah.<ref name=ly1 /><ref>[http://www.dinonline.org/2013/12/09/social-mingling-between-genders/ Social Mingling between Genders] 5 Tevet 5774/8 December 2013.</ref> Regardless of whether ''yichud'' takes place or not, girlfriend/boyfriend relationships are forbidden, since dating, according to halacha, should not serve other purposes than finding a suitable marriage partner.<ref>Mordechai Becher and Moshe Newman: [https://books.google.com/books?id=l7vP5Dm-DAC ''After the Return: Maintaining Good Family Relations and Adjusting to Your New Lifestyle—a Practical Halachic Guide for the Newly Observant''] p. 103. Feldheim Publishers 1994.</ref> Notwithstanding the above, some may consider modern boyfriend/girlfriend relationships as analogous to [[pilegesh]] relationships.

== Babysitting and caregiving ==

[[File:Fotothek df n-07 0000219.jpg|thumb|250px|Visiting a doctor's or dentist's office has to occur during regular office hours, when people may enter unexpectedly.]]
Unless it is one's own child, grandchild or sibling, a female over the age of 12 should not babysit a boy 9 or older, and a male over the age of 13 should not babysit a girl 3 or older. The prohibition of ''yichud'' makes some natural solutions problematic, e.g. when a teenage girl who might babysit her sister's son has to consider the possibility of getting into ''yichud'' with her brother-in-law. The situation may be evaded by the presence of another boy or girl aged 6–9, or, such children lacking, by giving a key to the neighbors and asking them to come in unexpectedly.<ref name=ly9>Rabbi N. D. Dubov: [http://www.sichosinenglish.org/books/the-laws-of-yichud/11.htm Babysitting] ''The Laws of Yichud: Permissibility and Prohibition Regarding the Seclusion of a Man and Woman''. Chapter 9. New York 2006, Sichos in English.</ref><ref>Rabbi N. D. Dubov: [http://www.sichosinenglish.org/books/the-laws-of-yichud/07.htm "Ishto Meshamroso"—His Wife Guards Him] ''The Laws of Yichud: Permissibility and Prohibition Regarding the Seclusion of a Man and Woman''. Chapter 4. New York 2006, Sichos in English.</ref> If a father is single, or his wife is away, and he employs a female babysitter, he has to take care that he does not enter the house before the babysitter has exited, unless there are shomrim present; or else, at least he should leave the door open.<ref name=ly9 />

Visiting a doctor's office is allowed during regular office hours, when people may enter unexpectedly. Otherwise, a shomer is required. Mortal danger always overrides ''yichud'' laws, although there are authorities who disagree with this.<ref name=jachter2 /><ref name=ly10>Rabbi N. D. Dubov: [http://www.sichosinenglish.org/books/the-laws-of-yichud/12.htm Medical Personnel] ''The Laws of Yichud: Permissibility and Prohibition Regarding the Seclusion of a Man and Woman''. Chapter 10. New York 2006, Sichos in English.</ref> Serious illness, on the other hand, does not alleviate the prohibition of ''yichud''. An exception is, according to Moshe Feinstein, a male patient who has been diagnosed as impotent, but in this case [[marit ayin]] calls for carefulness. A dependent adult person in need of care should take a caregiver of the same gender. This applies also to very old men.<ref name=ly10 /> During daytime, an opposite gender housekeeper and medical staff may visit if the door is unlocked, or the neighbors have a key and are asked to come in unannounced from time to time.<ref name=ly1 /> Some poskim are lenient when it comes to a doctor's interaction with his patients, since he is supposedly consumed by his work and not likely to think sinful thoughts. They invoke Gemara, which applies this reasoning to allow a professional to mate animals, although it is otherwise forbidden to watch animals mate.<ref name=jachter2 />

Therapists of the same sex are preferable, but when there is no one else as qualified as a therapist of the opposite gender, there is green light as long as leniences of ''yichud'' are in place. Since the client develops a close relationship with the therapist, Baaloh B'ir does not count.<ref name=ly10 />

== Transportation ==

[[File:Monumento Trolebuses de Valparaíso 3.jpg|thumb|250px|''Yichud'' situations may arise if other passengers get off the bus or taxi, and a woman is left alone with the driver.]]
Two unrelated, opposite-gender persons may travel in a vehicle together within the local area, but should not take out-of-town trips together, particularly if they are traveling to an area where they are not known to anyone, and will not be able to return on the same day. For tzniut considerations, the woman had better sit in the rear if the man is driving (or vice versa), and engaging in prolonged conversation is not advisable.<ref name=ly7>Rabbi N. D. Dubov: [http://www.sichosinenglish.org/books/the-laws-of-yichud/09.htm Transportation] ''The Laws of Yichud: Permissibility and Prohibition Regarding the Seclusion of a Man and Woman''. Chapter 7. New York 2006, Sichos in English.</ref>

If a woman is traveling in a bus or taxi, and the other passengers get off, leaving her alone with the driver, she should leave the vehicle, unless they drive where there are passersby or a steady stream of traffic.<ref name=ly7 /> On a bus, train or airplane, sitting adjacent to a member of the opposite gender is permitted, but many Orthodox Jews follow [[chumrah|stringencies]] to avoid this due to the laws of [[negiah]] and tzniut.<ref>Rabbi Ari Enkin: [http://www.torahmusings.com/2013/06/book-review-guidelines-questions-and-answers-about-the-laws-of-yichud/ Book Review: Guidelines – Questions and Answers About the Laws of Yichud] Review of Rabbi Elozor Barclay and rabbi Yitzchok Jaeger: ''Guidelines – Questions and Answers About the Laws of Yichud'', Menucha. Torahmusings.com 18 June 2013.</ref>
According to most ''poskim'', there are no restrictions on being secluded together momentarily in a temporary environment, such as an elevator. Since elevators are boarded constantly, there is always a chance that anyone could enter without warning.<ref name=ly6>Rabbi N. D. Dubov: [http://www.sichosinenglish.org/books/the-laws-of-yichud/08.htm Common Yichud Situations] ''The Laws of Yichud: Permissibility and Prohibition Regarding the Seclusion of a Man and Woman''. Chapter 6. New York 2006, Sichos in English.</ref>

== Business ==

[[File:IIC MUN.jpg|thumb|250px|If a location can be viewed from the outside, there is no concern for ''yichud''.]]
In a location of business, a male and female may be together for business purposes provided that the location where they are has the potential to be viewed from outside. Otherwise, the door has to be unlocked or people with a key allowed to come in unexpectedly. This applies also if they have separate rooms in the same office. A close working relationship excludes the possibility of relying solely on Baaloh B'ir. A man may temporarily be secluded with three women, but not on the basis of a permanent relationship. Two men who are ''prutzim'' (fail to keep the laws of tznius) are not allowed to work with two women. Neither may a woman work together with three non-Jewish men.<ref name=ly8>Rabbi N. D. Dubov: [http://www.sichosinenglish.org/books/the-laws-of-yichud/10.htm Yichud At Work] ''The Laws of Yichud: Permissibility and Prohibition Regarding the Seclusion of a Man and Woman''. Chapter 8. New York 2006, Sichos in English.</ref>

A male teacher should take heed that he does not become overly familiar with the girls. A male teacher who is single should not teach young children of either sex, since he may associate with their mothers when they come and pick up their children. In schools with many staff members, however, one may be lenient, and some ''poskim'' take the position that this halacha applies only to situations where the teaching takes place in the private home of the teacher.<ref name=ly0 /><ref name=ly8 />

== See also ==
{{Portal|Judaism}}

* [[Jewish view of marriage]]
* [[Negiah]] (guidelines for physical contact)
* [[Niddah]] (menstruation laws)
* [[Rebbetzin]] (rabbi's wife)
* [[Role of women in Judaism]]
* [[Shalom Bayit]] (peace and harmony in the relationship between husband and wife)
* [[Shidduch]] (finding a marriage partner)
* [[Tzniut]] (modest behavior)
* [[Billy Graham rule]] (similar practice of some Christians)
* [[Khilwa]] (similar prohibition in Islamic law)

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* Howard Jachter: [http://www.koltorah.org/ravj/The%20Yichud%20Prohibition%20-%20Part%201.htm The Yichud Prohibition - Part One: To Whom Does It Apply?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130702194150/http://koltorah.org/ravj/The%20Yichud%20Prohibition%20-%20Part%201.htm |date=2013-07-02 }} Rabbi Jachter's Halacha Files Vol. 12, No 6. 11 Kislev 5763/November 16, 2002.
* Howard Jachter: [http://www.koltorah.org/ravj/The%20Yichud%20Prohibition%20-%20Part%202.htm The Yichud Prohibition- Part Two: Exceptions and Specific Situations] Rabbi Jachter's Halacha Files Vol. 12, No 7. 18 Kislev 5763/November 23, 2002.
* N.D. Dubov: ''[https://www.sie.org/templates/sie/article_cdo/aid/2309091/jewish/The-Laws-of-Yichud.htm The Laws of Yichud: Permissibility and Prohibition Regarding the Seclusion of a Man and Woman]''
* Yehoshua Pfeffer: [https://dinonline.org/wp-content/uploads/newsletter/en_74.pdf Shoftim: Halachos of Seclusion (1)] ''Torah & Horaah'', Re'eh 5771 (2011).
* Yehoshua Pfeffer: [https://dinonline.org/wp-content/uploads/newsletter/en_75.pdf Shoftim: Halachos of Seclusion (2)] ''Torah & Horaah'', Shofetim 5771 (2011).
* Mordechai Becher and Moshe Newman: [https://books.google.com/books?id=l7vP5Dm-DAC ''After the Return: Maintaining Good Family Relations and Adjusting to Your New Lifestyle—a Practical Halachic Guide for the Newly Observant''] Feldheim Publishers 1994.

{{Halakha}}
{{Marital life in Judaism}}
{{Women in Judaism}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Jewish marital law]]
[[Category:Judaism and sexuality]]
[[Category:Hebrew words and phrases in Jewish law]]