View source for Yedid Nefesh

{{Short description|Jewish liturgical poem}}
{{JewishMusic}}'''Yedid Nefesh''' ({{langx|he|יְדִיד נֶפֶש||beloved of the soul}}) is the title of a ''[[piyyut]]'' and [[Zemirot|''zemer'']] (Jewish [[hymn]]). It is usually sung on [[Shabbat]].

==Origin==
This poem is commonly attributed to the sixteenth-century [[Sephardic Jews|Sephardic]] [[Kabbalah|kabbalist]] [[Rabbi]] [[Elazar ben Moshe Azikri]] (1533–1600), who first published it in ''Sefer Charedim'' (published in Venice 1601). Still, Azikri did not claim authorship of it, and there have been other suggested authors (e.g., [[Judah Halevi]] or [[Israel ben Moses Najara]]). Azikri's philosophy centred around the intense love one must feel for [[God in Judaism|God]], a theme evident in this ''piyyut'' (see references). The first letters of each of the four verses make up the four-letter name of God, known in English as the [[tetragrammaton]]. Various different textual readings appear in contemporary ''[[siddur]]im''; the version printed in ''Siddur [[Rinat Yisrael]]'' and some other ''siddurim'' is the text that appears in ''Sefer Charedim''.

==Traditions==
There is a custom to sing Yedid Nefesh between [[Minchah]] (afternoon prayer) of Friday and the beginning of [[Kabbalat Shabbat]] (literally: receiving or greeting the Sabbath—a collection of [[psalms]] usually sung to welcome in the [[Shabbat]] queen, as it were, the restful contentment that descends from above during nightfall on Friday).<ref>It is mentioned in the Artscroll Siddur, although it does not appear in any earlier sources.</ref> This custom is believed to have begun in the second half of the 20th century.

It is sung by many Jews during [[Seudah Shlishit]] (the third meal on Shabbat; the first is on Friday night, the second on Saturday lunch, and the third on Saturday before nightfall).<ref>It appears in Benchers and siddurim for this occasion.</ref>

Many Chassidim say or sing it every morning before beginning to the [[Pesukei Dezimra]] section of [[Shacharit]] in order to arouse their love of God in preparation for the praises of Pesukei Dezimra.<ref>As it appears in [[Nusach Sefard]] siddurim.</ref>

==Text==

The words are as follows:<ref>The version appearing in most contemporary Ashkenazic siddurim.  See about for other, older versions.</ref>

{| style="border: 1px solid;"
! Transliteration
! English translation
! Original Hebrew
|-
|
|<div style='text-align: center;'>
'''Verse 1'''
</div>
|
|-
| '''Yedid Nefesh''' av haraḥaman,
| Beloved of the soul, the Father of Compassion,
| align="right" | {{Script/Hebrew| יְדִיד נֶפֶשׁ אַב הָרַחְמָן}}
|-
| meshokh 'avddekha el retzonekha,
| draw Your servant to Your Will;
| align="right" | {{Script/Hebrew|מְשׁוֹךְ עַבְדְּךָ אֶל רְצוֹנֶךָ}}
|-
| yarutz 'avddekha kk'mo ayyal,
| Your servant will hurry like a hart
| align="right" | {{Script/Hebrew|יָרוּץ עַבְדְּךָ כְּמוֹ אַיָּל}}
|-
| yishttaḥave mul hadarekha,
| to bow before Your majesty;
| align="right" | {{Script/Hebrew|יִשְׁתַּחֲוֶה מוּל הֲדָרֶךָ}}
|-
| kee ye'erav lo yedidotekha,
| to him Your friendship will be sweeter
| align="right" | {{Script/Hebrew|כִּי יֶעֱרַב לוֹ יְדִידוֹתֶךָ}}
|-
| minofet tzuf v'khol ṭa'am.
| than the dripping of the honeycomb and any taste.
| align="right" | {{Script/Hebrew|מִנוֹפֶת צוּף וְכָל טָעַם}}
|-
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|
|
|-
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|<div style='text-align: center;'>
'''Verse 2'''
</div>
|
|-
| '''H'''adur nae ziv ha'ōlam,
| Majestic, Beautiful, Radiance of the universe,
| align="right" | {{Script/Hebrew|הָדוּר נָאֶה זִיו הָעוֹלָם}}
|-
| nafshi ḥolat ahavatekha,
| my soul pines [lit: is sick for] for your love.
| align="right" | {{Script/Hebrew|נַפְשִׁי חוֹלַת אַהֲבָתֶךָ}}
|-
| anna el na refa na lahh,
| Please, O God, heal her now
| align="right" | {{Script/Hebrew|אָנָּא אֵל נָא רְפָא נָא לָהּ}}
|-
| beharot lahh no'am zivakha,
| by showing her the pleasantness of Your radiance;
| align="right" |{{Script/Hebrew|בְּהַרְאוֹת לָהּ נֹעַם זִיוֶךָ}}
|-
| az teetiḥazzeiq v'teetrapei,
| then she will be strengthened and healed,
| align="right" |{{Script/Hebrew|אָז תִּתְחַזֵּק וְתִתְרַפֵּא}}
|-
| v'hayta lahh simḥat 'olam
| and eternal gladness will be hers.
| align="right" |{{Script/Hebrew|וְהָיְתָה לָהּ שִׂמְחַת עוֹלָם}}
|-
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|-
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| <div style='text-align: center;'>
'''Verse 3'''
</div>
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|-
| '''V'''atiq yehemu na raḥamekha,
| Enduring One, may Your mercy be aroused
| align="right" | {{Script/Hebrew|וָתִיק יֶהֱמוּ נָא רַחֲמֶיךָ}}
|-
| v'ḥusah nna 'al bein ahuvekha,
| and please take pity on the son of Your beloved,
| align="right" | {{Script/Hebrew|וְחוּסָה נָּא עַל בֵּן אֲהוּבֶךָ}}
|-
| kee ze kamme nikhsof nikhsaftti,
| because it is so very long that I have yearned intensely
| align="right" | {{Script/Hebrew|כִּי זֶה כַּמֶּה נִכְסוֹף נִכְסַפְתִּי}}
|-
| lir'ot b'teef'eret 'uzekha,
| to see speedily the splendour of Your strength;
| align="right" | {{Script/Hebrew|לִרְאוֹת בְּתִפְאֶרֶת עֻזֶּךָ}}
|-
| anna elleh ḥamedah leebee,
| only these my heart desired,
| align="right" | {{Script/Hebrew|אָנָּא אֵלֶּה חָמְדָה לִבִּי}}
|-
| v'chusa nna v'al tit'allam.
| so please take pity and do not conceal Yourself
| align="right" | {{Script/Hebrew|חוּסָה נָּא וְאַל תִּתְעַלָּם}}
|-
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|-
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| <div style='text-align: center;'>
'''Verse 4'''
</div>
|
|-
| '''H'''iggale na ufros ḥavivi 'alai,
| Please, my Beloved, reveal Yourself and spread upon me
| align="right" | {{Script/Hebrew|הִגָּלֶה נָא וּפְרוֹשׂ חֲבִיבִי עָלַי}}
|-
| et sukat sh'lomekha,
| the shelter of Your peace;
| align="right" | {{Script/Hebrew|אֶת סֻכַּת שְׁלוֹמֶךָ}}
|-
| ta'eer eretz mikh'vodekha,
| illuminate the Earth with Your glory,
| align="right" | {{Script/Hebrew|תָּאִיר אֶרֶץ מִכְּבוֹדֶךָ}}
|-
| nagila v'nism'cha bakh.
| that we may rejoice and be glad with You;
| align="right" | {{Script/Hebrew|נָגִילָה וְנִשְׂמְחָה בָךְ}}
|-
| Maheir ehov kee va mo'ed,
| hasten, show love, for the time has come,
| align="right" | {{Script/Hebrew|מַהֵר אֱהוֹב כִּי בָא מוֹעֵד}}
|-
| v'ḥonneinu keemei 'olam.
| and show us grace as in days of old.
| align="right" | {{Script/Hebrew|וְחָנֵּנוּ כִּימֵי עוֹלָם}}
|-
|
|
|}
{{Wikisourcelang|he|ידיד נפש}}

== Notes on the text ==
{{Refimprove section|date=May 2014}}
The text above is the "conventional" text appearing in most Ashkenaz liturgies (including the ArtScroll siddur, with minor changes) down to our day. There have been, over the centuries, many variants in different published prayerbooks. The conventional text differs from the text first printed in 1601, and both the conventional and the 1601 texts differed from Azikri's manuscript (both the manuscript and the 1601 printing were in [[Hebrew diacritics|unvocalized Hebrew]]).

Verse 3, line 2: בּן אהובך (''bein ahuvekha''), translated here as "the son of Your beloved" is, in other translations of the same text, rendered as "your beloved son" (or child) or "your loving son". Some Sefardic/Mizrahi prayerbooks rewrite this phrase as עם אהוּבך (''am ahuvakh''), "your beloved people" (e.g. ''The Orot Sephardic Shabbat Siddur'', ed by Rabbi Eliezer Toledano (1995) p. 571). But the first printing and Azikri's manuscript both have ''bein ahuvekha''.

In 1985, the Rabbinical Assembly of the Conservative Momement included a version of the hymn in ''Siddur Sim Shalom'' based on the author’s autograph manuscript, found in the library of the Jewish Theological Seminary. Rabbi Azikri's manuscript of this song (viewable [https://opensiddur.org/prayers/solilunar/shabbat/kabbalat-shabbat/yedid-nefesh-a-piyyut-by-elazar-ben-moshe-azikri-ca-16th-c-translated-by-sara-lapidot/ on opensiddur.org]) varies in several spots from the conventional text. The Hebrew and English text used in the ''[[Koren Sacks Siddur]]'' (2009) followed this manuscript—although the ''[[Authorised Daily Prayer Book]]'' (4th ed. 2006, pages 576–577) translated and annotated by the same Rabbi [[Jonathan Sacks]] used the conventional printed text. The significant changes include: Verse 2, line 6, שׁפחת ''shifḥat'' (your maidservant) replacing ''simḥat'' (gladness, joy), and the pronoun "her" with "your", so the line would read "She will be your maidservant for eternity," mirroring the phrasing in {{bibleverse||Deuteronomy|15:17}}, והיה לך עבד עולם (he will be your slave forever), but in feminine. (This was also the reading found in the first publication in 1601 and in Siddur Sim Shalom.)

Verse 3, line 4, both the manuscript and first printing omit ''m'heirah'' (speedily), but in line 6 חוּשׁה ''ḥushah'' (hasten) in the manuscript and 1601 publication was replaced in the later printings by ''v'ḥusah'' (take pity).

Verse 3, line 5, both the manuscript and the 1601 printing had אנא אלי ''An[n]a Eli'' instead of ''Eileh'', so the line changes from "These are my heart's desire" to "Please, My God, [You are] my heart's desire". So the manuscript says, for verse 3 lines 4 & 5, "O, my Lord, [You who are] my heart's desire, hurry please." But the conventional printings (such as ArtScroll) have it, "My heart desired only these, so please have pity."

The 1601 printing indicated that the last line of each verse (in the printing above, the fifth and sixth lines of each verse) was to be repeated. Jacobson mentions an earlier (apparently circa 1870) prayerbook that similarly attempted to restore the text according to the 1601 printing, which met with such condemnation (mostly over the substitution of "maidservant" for "gladness", though both the 1601 printing and Azikri's manuscript support this) from influential Hasidic rabbis that the editor was forced to print replacement pages with the conventional (if erroneous) text.<ref>Silverman, Morris, ''Further Comments on the Text of the Siddur'', Journal of Jewish Music & Liturgy, vol. 13 (1991-1992) page 39, which favors "maidservant", and "Those are my heart's desires".</ref>

Azikri's handwritten manuscript of this poem was discovered by {{ill|Meir Benayahu|he|מאיר בניהו}} in the library of [[Jewish Theological Seminary of America]] in the mid-20th century. As a result, the Siddur [[Rinat Yisrael]] (Ashkenaz ed. by Rabbi Shlomo Tal, 1977) p. 189, the Koren-Sacks, and the Conservative movement's Siddur Sim Shalom, used the same Hebrew text as handwritten original. In a subsequent commentary to his prayerbook, Rabbi Tal published a photocopy of that handwritten original (Tal, ''Ha-Siddur Be-histalsheluto'', 1984, page 68). Tal also noted that a few earlier prayerbooks (Livorno 1910 and Jerusalem 1953) also printed versions that restored "maidservant" from the 1601 edition.

==References==
<references>
</references>

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* [[Elazar ben Moshe Azikri|Azikri, Elazar ben Moshe]] (Venice 1601), ''[https://www.nli.org.il/en/books/NNL_ALEPH001157324/NLI Sefer Charedim]'' (the original printed version is on page 45; in the flyleaf of this copy someone has pasted what appears{{According to whom|date=May 2014}} to be two pages from the 1984 commentary on the Rinat Yisrael version with a photocopy of Azikri's handwritten copy.
* [http://imhm.blogspot.com/2010_06_01_archive.html Chwat, Dr. Ezra (June 29, 2010). ''Who wrote the poem Yedid Nefesh'']
* Feldheim. ''The Essential Shiron-Birkon'', p.&nbsp;90.
*[http://blogindm.blogspot.com/2009/08/koren-siddur-on-yedid-nefesh.html "Hasidic Musician" (Aug. 4, 2009). ''The Koren Siddur on Yedid Nefesh'']
* Jacobson, B.S. (1981) ''The Sabbath Service:  An exposition and analysis of its structure, contents, language and ideas'', Sinai Publishing, Tel-Aviv, pages 371–374.
* [[Rabbinical Assembly]] and [[United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism]]. ''[[Siddur Sim Shalom]]'', p.&nbsp;252
* Rothman Foundation. ''The NCSY Bencher'', p.&nbsp;51.
* [[Jonathan Sacks|Sacks, Jonathan]] (2009). The ''[[Koren Sacks Siddur]]'', with introduction, translation and commentary by Rabbi Sir Jonathan Sacks. Koren Publishers, Jerusalem, pages 308–309 and 688–689. [https://books.google.com/books?id=xpzEy99oDIYC&dq=%22beloved+of+the+soul%2C+father+of+compassion%22&pg=PA308]
* [[Nosson Scherman|Scherman, Nosson]], [[Meir Zlotowitz]], Sheah Brander. ''The Complete [[Artscroll]] Siddur'' (סדור קול יעקב), Mesorah Publications, p.&nbsp;591.
* [[Nosson Scherman|Scherman, Nosson]], [[Benjamin Yudin]], Sheah Brander. ''Artscroll Transliterated Linear Siddur, Sabbath and Festival'' (סדור זכרון אברהם), Mesorah Publications, p.&nbsp;82.
* Siddur Rinat Yisrael - Hotza'at Moreshet, p.&nbsp;180

==External links==
* [http://www.aish.com/shabbathowto/shabbatday/Shabbat_Afternoon_and_Third_Meal.asp Full transliteration and translation in an article on Shabbos afternoon and the third meal] by [[Lori Palatnik]] for [[Aish HaTorah|Aish.com]]
* [https://www.chabad.org/multimedia/media_cdo/aid/265805/jewish/Ydid-Nefesh.htm Transliteration and translation of Zalman Goldstein and Chaim Fogelman's Ashkenaz-style recording for chabad.org]
* [https://www.hebrewsongs.com/song-yedidnefesh.htm Sephardi transliteration of the first verse]
* [http://neohasid.org/resources/yedid_nefesh/ Downloadable sheet with song and linear transliteration and translation from Siddur Chaverim Kol Yisrael] 

===Recordings===
* [https://zemirotdatabase.org/view_song.php?id=24 Recordings, text, translation, transliteration from The Zemirot Database]
* [http://israelidances.com/Audio/Yedid%20Nefesh_Jonathan%20Gabay%201971_Gadi%20Alon.ram Instrumental accompaniment to the first few lines]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071107103050/http://www.usy.org/songs/view_song.php?songID=40 Details of the first verse with audio from project z'mirot]
* [http://www.neohasid.org/audio/YedidNefeshCataldo.mp3 A polyphonic take on the traditional Ashkenazi tune, sung by Emilia Cataldo]
*[http://www.piyut.org.il/chosen12/english/.index.html#t16  Multiple melodies of various sources.]

{{Shabbat}}

[[Category:Jewish liturgical poems]]
[[Category:Shabbat]]
[[Category:Hebrew words and phrases in Jewish prayers and blessings]]
[[Category:Zemirot]]