View source for Yaghnobi language

{{cleanup lang|date=July 2021}}
{{short description|East Iranian language spoken in Tajikistan}}
{{Infobox language
| name             = Yaghnobi
| nativename       = {{lang|yai-cyrl|Яғнобӣ зивок}}<br>{{small|{{lang|yai-latn|Yaghnobī zivok}}}}
| states           = [[Tajikistan]]
| region           = originally from [[Yagnob Valley|Yaghnob Valley]], in 1970s relocated to [[Zafarobod District, Tajikistan|Zafarobod]], in 1990s some speakers returned to Yaghnob
| ethnicity        = [[Yaghnobi people]]
| speakers         = 12,000
| date             = 2004
| ref              = e23
| familycolor      = Indo-European
| fam2             = [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]]
| fam3             = [[Iranian languages|Iranian]]
| fam4             = [[Eastern Iranian languages|Eastern]]
| fam5             = Northern<ref>Gernot Windfuhr, 2009, "Dialectology and Topics", ''The Iranian Languages'', Routledge</ref>
| ancestor         = [[Sogdian language|Sogdian]]<ref>{{cite book|author=Paul Bergne|title=The Birth of Tajikistan: National Identity and the Origins of the Republic|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3coojMwTKU8C&pg=PA6|date=15 June 2007|publisher=I.B.Tauris|isbn=978-1-84511-283-7|pages=6–}}</ref>
| script           = [[Cyrillic script]]<br />[[Latin script]]<br />[[Arabic script|Perso-Arabic script]]
| dia1             = Eastern Yaghnobi
| dia2             = Western Yaghnobi
| iso3             = yai
| glotto           = yagn1238
| glottorefname    = Yagnobi
| lingua           = 58-ABC-a
| notice           = IPA
| map2             = Lang Status 60-DE.svg
| mapcaption2      = {{center|{{small|Yaghnobi is classified as Definitely Endangered by the [[UNESCO]] ''[[Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger]]'' (2010)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Atlas of the world's languages in danger |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000187026 |access-date=2023-03-02 |website=unesdoc.unesco.org |page=40}}</ref>}}}}
| map              = Yaghnobi regions.jpg
| mapcaption       = Yaghnobi-speaking areas and enclaves of Yaghnobi-speakers among a Tajik majority
| minority         = {{flag|Tajikistan}} (in [[Gorno-Badakhshan]])
}}

'''Yaghnobi'''{{efn|Also rendered as '''Yaghnabi''', '''Yagnobi''' or '''Yagnabi'''; {{langx|yai|Яғнобӣ зивок|Yaɣnobī́ zivók|label=[[Endonym and exonym|endonym]]}}, {{IPA|yai|jaʁnɔːˈbiː zɪ̆ˈvoːkʰ|pron}}; {{langx|tg|Забони яғнобӣ|Zaboni yaghnobī}}, {{IPA|tg|zɐˈbɔːnɪ jɐʁnɔːˈbiː|pron}}}}{{efn|Linguistic abbreviation: YAGH}} is an [[Eastern Iranian language]] spoken in the [[Yaghnob Valley|upper valley]] of the [[Yaghnob River]] in the [[Zarafshan, Tajikistan|Zarafshan]] area of [[Tajikistan]] by the [[Yaghnobi people]]. It is considered to be a direct descendant of [[Sogdian language|Sogdian]] and has sometimes been called '''Neo-Sogdian''' in academic literature.<ref>[http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/yaghnobi Bielmeier. R. Yaghnobi in Encyclopedia Iranica]</ref> There are some 12,500 Yaghnobi speakers, divided into several communities. The principal group lives in the [[Zafarobod]] area. There are also resettlers in the [[Yagnob Valley|Yaghnob Valley]]. Some communities live in the villages of Zumand and Kůkteppa and in [[Dushanbe]] or its vicinity.

Most Yaghnobi speakers are bilingual in [[Tajik language|Tajik]], a dialect of Persian.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kazakevich |first1=Olga |last2=Kibrik |first2=Aleksandr |chapter=Language Endangerment in the CIS |title=Language Diversity Endangered |editor-first=Matthias |editor-last=Brenzinger |location=Berlin, New York |publisher=De Gruyter Mouton |date=2007 |page=238 |doi=10.1515/9783110197129.233}}</ref> Yaghnobi is mostly used for daily family communication, and Tajik is used by Yaghnobi-speakers for business and formal transactions. A Russian ethnographer was told by nearby Tajiks, long hostile to the Yaghnobis, who were late to adopt Islam, that the Yaghnobis used their language as a "secret" mode of communication to confuse the Tajiks. The account led to the belief by some that Yaghnobi or some derivative of it was used as a [[Cant (language)|secret code]].<ref>See С. И. Климчицкий: Секретный язык у ягнобцев и язгулёмцев. In: Академия наук СССР – Труды Таджикистанской базы, т. IX – 1938 – История – язык – литература. Akademijaji Fanho SSSR: Asarhoji ʙazaji Toçikiston, çildi IX – Tarix – zaʙon – adaʙijot. Москва – Ленинград (: Издательство Академии наук СССР), 1940. 104–117.</ref>

The language is taught in elementary school within the ethnic community, and Tajikistan has also enacted legislation to support education in minority languages, including Yaghnobi.<ref>[https://en.fergana.news/articles/120786/ The two deportations of Yaghnob]</ref>

There are two main dialects: a western and an eastern one. They differ primarily in phonetics. For example, historical ''*θ'' corresponds to ''t'' in the western dialects and ''s'' in the eastern: ''met'' – ''mes'' 'day' from Sogdian ''mēθ'' {{angbr|myθ}}. Western ''ay'' corresponds to Eastern ''e'': ''wayš'' – ''weš'' 'grass' from Sogdian ''wayš'' or ''wēš'' {{angbr|wyš}}. The early Sogdian group ''θr'' (later ''ṣ̌'') is reflected as ''sar'' in the east but ''tir'' in the west: ''saráy'' – ''tiráy'' 'three' from Sogdian ''θrē''/''θray'' or ''ṣ̌ē''/''ṣ̌ay'' {{angbr|δry}}. There are also some differences in verbal endings and the [[Lexis (linguistics)|lexicon]]. In between the two main dialects is a transitional dialect that shares some features of both other dialects.

==Writing==
Yaghnobi was mostly unwritten until recent times, but according to Andreyev, some of the Yaghnobi scholars used the Persian script for writing the language before 1928, mainly when they needed to hide some information from the Tajiks.<ref>М. С. Андреев, Материалы по этнографии Ягноба, Душанбе (Дониш) 1970, pp. 38–39</ref>

Nowadays, the language is largely transcribed by scholars using a modified [[Latin alphabet]], with the following symbols:
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|a (á)
|b
|č
|d
|e (é)
|f
|g
|-
|ɣ
|h
|ḥ
|i (í)
|ī (ī́)
|ǰ
|k
|-
|q
|l
|m (m̃)
|n (ñ)
|o (ó)
|p
|r
|-
|s
|š
|t
|u (ú)
|ū (ū́)
|ʏ (ʏ́)
|v
|-
|w (u̯)
|x
|x°
|y
|z
|ž
|
|}
In the 1990s, Sayfiddin Mirzozoda of the Tajik Academy of Sciences introduced a modified [[Tajik alphabet]] for writing Yaghnobi, in addition to several textbooks intended to for elementary school students.<ref name=bird2007thesis>{{cite thesis|last=Bird|first=Brian A.|year=2007|title=Aspects of Yaghnobi Grammar|url=https://yaghnobi.wordpress.com/yaghnobi-language/aspects-of-yaghnobi-grammar/|degree=MA|publisher=University of Oregon|location=Eugene|access-date=2023-12-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922050138/https://yaghnobi.wordpress.com/yaghnobi-language/aspects-of-yaghnobi-grammar/|archive-date=2022-09-22}}</ref>{{rp|p=23}} The shared orthography between Tajik and Yaghnobi transliterated according to Mirzozoda’s scheme offered the promise of improved literacy among Tajik-literate Yaghnobi youth, but since 2006 the [[Government of Tajikistan|Tajik government]] has stopped providing funding for the printing of Yaghnobi textbooks and the hiring of teachers of Yaghnobi, and so these efforts have largely stagnated.<ref name=bird2007thesis/>{{rp|pp=8-9}} Additionally, Mirzozoda's method of transliteration presents a few notable drawbacks in that it does not distinguish between the short and long forms of every vowel, it does not distinguish between {{IPA|yai|v|label=}} and {{IPA|yai|β|label=}}, and it has no inherent markings for the indication of stress, as can be seen in Mirzozoda's alphabet, reproduced with its IPA correspondences in this table below.<ref name=bird2007thesis/><ref name="novak2018">{{cite journal |last=Novák |first=Ľubomír |date=January 2018 |title=Yaghnobi: An Example of a Language in Contact |url=https://dspace.cuni.cz/bitstream/handle/20.500.11956/104490/Lubomir_Novak_26-50.pdf |journal=Chatreššar |publisher=Univerzita Karlova, Filozofická Fakulta |volume=2 |page=29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231229092324/https://dspace.cuni.cz/bitstream/handle/20.500.11956/104490/Lubomir_Novak_26-50.pdf |archive-date=2023-12-29 |access-date=2023-12-29}}</ref>{{rp|p=24}}
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|'''А а'''
({{IPA|yai|a|label=}}, {{IPA|yai|aː|label=}})
|'''Б б'''
({{IPA|yai|b|label=}})
|'''В в'''
({{IPA|yai|v|label=}}, {{IPA|yai|β|label=}})
|'''Г г'''
({{IPA|yai|g|label=}})
|'''Ғ ғ'''
({{IPA|yai|ʁ|label=}})
|'''Д д'''
({{IPA|yai|d|label=}})
|'''Е е'''
({{IPA|yai|e|label=}}, {{IPA|yai|eː|label=}})
|-
|'''Ё ё'''
({{IPA|yai|jo|label=}}, {{IPA|yai|joː|label=}})
|'''Ж ж'''
({{IPA|yai|ʒ|label=}})
|'''З з'''
({{IPA|yai|z|label=}})
|'''И и'''
({{IPA|yai|i|label=}})
|'''Ӣ ӣ'''
({{IPA|yai|iː|label=}})
|'''й'''
({{IPA|yai|i̯|label=}})
|'''К к'''
({{IPA|yai|k|label=}})
|-
|'''Қ қ'''
({{IPA|yai|q|label=}})
|'''Л л'''
({{IPA|yai|l|label=}}
|'''М м'''
({{IPA|yai|m|label=}})
|'''Н н'''
({{IPA|yai|n|label=}})
|'''О о'''
({{IPA|yai|o|label=}}, {{IPA|yai|oː|label=}})
|'''П п'''
({{IPA|yai|p|label=}})
|'''Р р'''
({{IPA|yai|r|label=}})
|-
|'''С с'''
({{IPA|yai|s|label=}})
|'''Т т'''
({{IPA|yai|t|label=}})
|'''У у'''
({{IPA|yai|u|label=}})
|'''Ӯ ӯ'''
({{IPA|yai|uː|label=}})
|'''Ф ф'''
({{IPA|yai|f|label=}})
|'''Х х''' 
({{IPA|yai|x|label=}})
|'''Ҳ ҳ'''
({{IPA|yai|ħ|label=}})
|-
|'''Ч ч'''
({{IPA|yai|t͡ʃ|label=}})
|'''Ҷ ҷ'''
({{IPA|yai|d͡ʒ|label=}})
|'''Ш ш'''
({{IPA|yai|ʃ|label=}})
|'''Ю ю'''
({{IPA|yai|ju|label=}}, {{IPA|yai|juː|label=}})
|'''Я я'''
({{IPA|yai|ja|label=}})
|'''Ъ ъ'''
({{IPA|yai|ʕ|label=}})
|
|}

===Cyrillic script===
The Yaghnobi Alphabet was same as Tajik but with [[Ԝ]].
{| style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS; font-size:1.4em; border-color:black; border-width:1px; border-style:solid; border-collapse:collapse; background-color:#F8F8EF"
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | А а
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Б б
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | В в
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ԝ ԝ
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Г г
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ғ ғ
|-
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Д д
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Е е
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ё ё
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ж ж
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | З з
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | И и
|-
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ӣ ӣ
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Й й
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | К к
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Қ қ
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Л л
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | М м
|-
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Н н
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | О о
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | П п
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Р р
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | С с
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Т т
|-
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | У у
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ӯ ӯ
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ф ф
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Х х
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ҳ ҳ
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ч ч
|-
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ҷ ҷ
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ш ш
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ъ ъ
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Э э
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ю ю
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Я я
|}
Notes to [[Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]]:
# The letter ''й'' never appears at the beginning of a word. Words beginning with ''ya-'', ''yo-'' and ''yu-/yū-/yʏ'' are written as ''я-'', ''ё-'' and ''ю-'', and the combinations are written in the middle of the word: ''viyóra'' is ''виёра'' {{IPA|[vɪ̆ˈjoːra]}}.
# Use of ''ӣ'' and ''ӯ'' is uncertain, but they seem to distinguish two similar-sounding words: {{lang|yai|иранка}} and {{lang|yai|ӣранка}}, {{lang|yai|рупак}} and {{lang|yai|рӯпак}}. Perhaps ''ӣ'' is also used as a stress marker as it is also in [[Tajik alphabet|Tajik]], and ''ӯ'' can also be used in [[Tajik language|Tajik]] loanwords to indicate a [[Tajik language|Tajik]] vowel {{angbr|ů}} {{IPA|[ɵː]}}, but it can have some other unknown use.{{cn|date=June 2023}}
# In older texts, the alphabet did not use letters ''Ъ ъ'' and ''Э э''. Instead of Tajik ''ъ'', Yaghnobi ''’'' and ''е'' covered both [[Tajik alphabet|Tajik]] ''е'' and ''э'' for {{IPAslink|e}}. Later, the letters were integrated into the alphabet so the older {{lang|yai|етк}} was changed into {{lang|yai|этк}} to represent the pronunciation {{IPA|[ˈeːtkʰ]}} (and not {{IPA|*[ˈjeːtkʰ]}}). Older {{lang|yai|ша’мак}} was changed to {{lang|yai|шаъмак}} {{IPA|[ʃʲɑʕˈmak]}}.
# {{IPA|/je/}} and {{IPA|/ji/}} are written ''е'' and ''и''. Yaghnobi ''и'' can be {{IPA|*/ji/}} after a vowel like in [[Tajik alphabet|Tajik]], and ''ӣ'' after a vowel is {{IPA|*/jiː/}}. Also, ''е'' has two values: word-initially and after a vowel, it is pronounced {{IPA|[jeː]}}, but after a consonant, it is {{IPA|[eː]}}. {{IPA|/je/}} is rare in Yaghnobi and is only in [[Tajik language|Tajik]] or [[Russian language|Russian]] loans, the only example for {{IPA|/je/}} is {{lang|yai|Европа}} {{IPA|[ˈjeːvrɔpa]}}, a [[Russian language|Russian]] loanword.
# [[Russian alphabet|Russian]] letters ''Ц ц'', ''Щ щ'', ''Ы ы'' and ''Ь ь'', which can be used in [[Tajik language|Tajik]] loans from [[Russian language|Russian]], are not used in Yaghnobi. They are written as they are pronounced by the Yaghnobi speakers, not as they are written originally in [[Russian alphabet|Russian]]: ''aeroplane'' is {{lang|ru|самолет/самолёт}} in [[Russian alphabet|Russian]], written {{lang|tg|самолёт}} in [[Tajik language|Tajik]] and pronounced {{IPA|[səmɐˈlʲɵt]}} in [[Russian language|Russian]] and in Tajik. In Yaghnobi, it is written as {{lang|yai|самалиёт}} and follows the Yaghnobi pronunciation {{IPA|[samalɪˈjoːtʰ]}} or {{IPA|[samajˈloːtʰ]}}. The word ''concert'' is borrowed from [[Russian language|Russian]] {{lang|ru|концерт}} {{IPA|[kɐnˈtsɛrt]}} in the form {{lang|yai|кансерт}} {{IPA|[kʰanˈseːrtʰ]}}). Compare with Tajik {{lang|tg|консерт}}.

==Phonology==
Yaghnobi includes 9 monophthongs (3 short, 6 long), 8 diphthongs, and 27 consonants.

===Vowels===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="3" |[[Front vowel|Front]]
! colspan="2" |[[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
!{{small|short}}
! colspan="2" |{{small|long}}
!{{small|short}}
!{{small|long}}
|-
![[Close vowel|Close]]
|и {{IPAslink|ɪ}}
|и/ӣ {{IPAslink|iː}}
|у/ӯ {{IPAslink|yː}}
|у {{IPAslink|ʊ}}
|у/ӯ {{IPAslink|uː}}
|-
![[Mid vowel|Mid]]
|
| colspan="2" |е/э {{IPAslink|eː}}
|
|о {{IPAslink|ɔː}}
|-
![[Open vowel|Open]]
|а {{IPAslink|a}}
| colspan="2" |а {{IPAslink|ɑː}}
|
|
|}
The diphthongs in Yaghnobi are {{IPA|/ai̯, ɔːi̯, ʊi̯, uːi̯, yːi̯, ɪi̯, ɔːu̯, au̯/}}. {{IPA|/ai̯/}} only appears in native words in the western dialects, eastern dialects have {{IPAslink|eː}} in its place, except in loanwords.

* The monophthongs have these allophonic variants:
** {{IPAslink|ɪ}}: {{IPA|[i~ɪ~e]}}
** {{IPAslink|a}}: {{IPA|[(æ~)a(~ɑ)]}}
** {{IPAslink|ʊ}}: {{IPA|[(y~)u~ʊ~o]}}
** {{IPAslink|iː}}: {{IPA|[iː]}}
** {{IPAslink|eː}}: {{IPA|[ɛː~eː]}}
** {{IPAslink|ɑː}}: {{IPA|[(aː~)ɑː]}}
** {{IPAslink|ɔː}}: {{IPA|[(ɒː~)ɔː(~oː~uː)]}}
** {{IPAslink|uː}}: {{IPA|[uː]}}
** {{IPAslink|yː}}: {{IPA|[(uː~)yː(~iː)]}}
* {{IPAslink|ɑː}} was the result of compensatory lengthening ({{IPA|/dʒɑːm < dʒaʕm < dʒamʕ/}}).
* In recent loans from Tajik {{IPAblink|ɵː}} and/or [[Uzbek language|Uzbek]] {{IPA|[{{IPAplink|ɵ}}, {{IPAplink|ø}}]}} can also appear, but its pronunciation usually merges to {{IPAslink|uː}}.
* {{IPAslink|yː}} is only recognised by some authorities. It seems that it is an [[allophone]] of {{IPAslink|uː}}, originating from historical stressed *''ū'', but historical *''ō'', changed in Yaghnobi to ''ū'', remains unchanged. It seems that {{IPAslink|yː}} is unstable, and it is not recorded in all varieties of Yaghnobi. It is often realised as {{IPA|[uː(j), uːʲ, ʊj, ʊʲ]}}, as well as {{IPAslink|yː}}. By summary: *''ū́'' ''(under stress)'' > ''ū/ūy/uy/ʏ'' or ''ū'', *''ō'' > ''ū'' ({{lang|yai|вуз}} {{IPA|[vyːz~vuːz]}} "goat"; {{langx|tg|буз|buz}}, {{langx|ae|𐬠𐬏𐬰𐬀|būza}}). 
* Before a nasal, {{IPAslink|ɔː}} can change to {{IPAslink|uː}}, e.g. {{lang|yai|Тоҷикистун}} {{IPA|[tɔːdʒɪkɪsˈtɔːn~tɔːdʒɪkɪsˈtuːn]}} "Tajikistan", {{lang|yai|нум}} {{IPA|[nɔːm~nuːm]}} "name".
* {{IPAslink|eː}} is considered as a long vowel, however before {{IPA|/h, ʕ/}}, its pronunciation is somewhat shorter, and is realised as a half-short (or even short) vowel. Etymologically, the "short" ''e'' before {{IPA|/h, ʕ/}} comes from older *''i'' (there is an alternation ''e/i'' before {{IPA|/h, ʕ/}}) if the historical cluster ''*ih'' or ''*iع'' appears in a closed syllable, and ''*i'' changes to ''e''. In open syllables, the change did not take place (that is similar to Tajik). The change can be seen in the verb ''dih-/deh-'': infinitive {{IPA|[ˈdɪhak]}} vs. 3rd sg. present {{IPA|[ˈdɛ(ˑ)htʃɪ]}}.
* In Yaghnobi dialects, there can be seen a different development of historical [[epenthesis|svarabhakti vowel]]: in the Western and Transitional dialects, it is rendered as {{IPAslink|ɪ}} (or {{IPAslink|ʊ}} under certain circumstances), but in the Eastern dialects it changes to {{IPAslink|a}} (but also {{IPAslink|ɪ}} or {{IPAslink|ʊ}}): ''*θray'' > ''*θəráy'' > W./Tr. ''tiráy'' vs. E. ''saráy'' but ''*βrāt'' > ''*vərāt'' > W./Tr./E. ''virót''.<br>When the second vowel is a back vowel, ''*ə'' usually changes to {{IPAslink|ʊ}} in Western or Transitional dialects: ''*(čə)θβār'' > ''*tfār'' > ''*təfór'' > W./Tr. ''tufór'' (but also ''tifór'') vs. E. ''tafór'', ''*pδūfs-'' > ''*bədū́fs'' > W./Tr./E. ''budū́fs-''. The later change appears also in morphology: verb ''tifárak'' (the form is same in all three dialects) has form in 3rd sg. present ''tufórči'' < ''*təfár-'' < ''*tfar-'' < ''*θβar-''. The alternation {{IPA|/ɪ~a/}} can be seen also in Tajik loans where an unstressed vowel can undergo this change: W./Tr. ''širī́k'' vs. E. ''šarī́k'' < Tajik {{lang|tg|шарик}} ''/š<sup>a</sup>rīk/'' "partner", W./Tr. ''xipár'' vs. E. ''xapár'' < Tajik {{lang|tg|хабар}} ''/x<sup>a</sup>bar/'' "news". The former svarabhakti vowels are often ultra-short or reduced in pronunciation, and they can even disappear in fast speech: ''xišáp /xišáp'' vs. ''xⁱšáp'' vs. ''xšap/'' < ''*xəšáp'' < ''*xšap''.
* The {{IPAslink|a}} changes to {{IPAslink|ɔː}} in verbal stems of type -Car- if an ending containing historic ''*θ'' or ''*t'' is added: ''tifár-'', infinitive ''tifárak'', 1st sg. present ''tifarómišt'' but 3rd sg. present ''tufórči'' (ending ''-či'' comes from older ''-tišt''), 2nd pl. present W./Tr. ''tufórtišt'' E. ''tufórsišt'', ''x°ar-: x°árak : x°arómišt : xórči : xórtišt/xórsišt'' (when {{IPAslink|a}} changes to {{IPAslink|ɔː}} after {{IPAslink|χʷ}}, {{IPAslink|χ}} loses its labilisation). The change takes place with all verbs of Yaghnobi origin and also with older loans from Tajik. For new loans, ''a'' remains unchanged.: ''gudár(ak) : gudórči'' vs. ''pár(ak) : párči'': the first verb is an old loan from Tajik ''guzaštan < guδaštan'', the later a recent loan from ''parrīdan''.

===Consonants===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" |[[Labial consonant|Labial]]
! rowspan="2" |[[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! rowspan="2" |[[Postalveolar consonant|Post‐<br />alveolar]]
! rowspan="2" |[[Velar consonant|Velar]]
! colspan="2" |[[Uvular consonant|Uvular]]
! rowspan="2" |[[Pharyngeal consonant|Pharyngeal]]
! rowspan="2" |[[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
!<small>plain</small>
!<small>[[Labialization|lab.]]</small>
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Nasal stop|Nasal]]
|м {{IPAslink|m}}
|н {{IPAslink|n}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Stop consonant|Stop]]
!<small>[[Voicelessness|voiceless]]</small>
|п {{IPAslink|p}}
|т {{IPAslink|t}}
|{{IPAblink|c}}
|к {{IPAslink|k}}
|қ {{IPAslink|q}}
|
|
|
|-
!<small>[[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]</small>
|б {{IPAslink|b}}
|д {{IPAslink|d}}
|{{IPAblink|ɟ}}
|г {{IPAslink|ɡ}}
|
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Affricate]]
!<small>[[Voicelessness|voiceless]]</small>
|
|
|ч {{IPAslink|tʃ}}
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!<small>[[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]</small>
|
|
|ҷ {{IPAslink|dʒ}}
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
!<small>[[Voicelessness|voiceless]]</small>
|ф {{IPAslink|f}}
|с {{IPAslink|s}}
|ш {{IPAslink|ʃʲ}}
|
|х {{IPAslink|χ}}
|хԝ {{IPAslink|χʷ}}
|ҳ {{IPAslink|ħ}}
| rowspan="2" |ҳ {{IPAslink|h}}
|-
!<small>[[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]</small>
|в {{IPAslink|v}}
|з {{IPAslink|z}}
|ж {{IPAslink|ʒʲ}}
|
| rowspan="2" |ғ {{IPAslink|ʁ}}
|
| rowspan="2" |ъ {{IPAslink|ʕ}}
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
|ԝ {{IPAslink|β̞}}
|л {{IPAslink|l}}
|й {{IPAslink|j}}
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Trill consonant|Trill]]
|
|р {{IPAslink|r}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}
* {{IPAslink|k}} and {{IPAslink|ɡ}} are palatalised to {{IPAblink|c}} and {{IPAblink|ɟ}} respectively before a front vowel or after a front vowel word-finally.
* {{IPA|[ɦ]}} appears as an allophone{{of what|date=April 2023}} between vowels or voiced consonants.
* {{IPAslink|m}}, {{IPAslink|n}} both have allophones {{IPAblink|ŋ}} and {{IPAblink|ɱ}} before {{IPA|/k, ɡ/}} and {{IPA|/f, v/}}, respectively
* All voiced consonants are pronounced voiceless at the end of the word when after an unvoiced consonant comes a voiced one. Likewise, unvoiced consonants become voiced by assimilation. In voicing ''q'', the voiced opposition is {{IPAblink|ɣ}}, not {{IPAblink|ɢ}}.
* The consonants {{IPAslink|b}}, {{IPAslink|ɡ}}, {{IPAslink|h}}, {{IPAslink|ħ}}, {{IPAslink|dʒ}}, {{IPAslink|q}}, {{IPAslink|l}}, {{IPAslink|ʕ}} appear mostly in loanwords. Native words with those sounds are rare and mostly [[onomatopoeia|onomatopoeic]].

==Morphology==
''W'', ''E'' and ''Tr.'' refer to the Western, Eastern and Transitional dialects.

===Noun===
Case endings:
{|class="wikitable"
! Case || Stem ending is consonant || Stem ending is vowel other than ''-a'' || Stem ending is ''-a''
|-
| Sg. Direct (Nominative) || – || – || -a
|-
| Sg. Oblique || -i || -y || -ay (W), -e (E)
|-
| Pl. Direct (Nominative) || -t || -t || -ot
|-
| Pl. Oblique || -ti || -ti || -oti
|}

Examples:
* '''kat''': obl.sg. ''káti'', pl. ''katt'', obl.pl. ''kátti''
* '''mayn''' (W) / '''men''' (E) : obl.sg. ''máyni/méni'', pl. ''maynt/ment'', obl.pl. ''máynti/ménti''
* '''póda''' : obl.sg. ''póday/póde'', pl. ''pódot'', obl.pl. ''pódoti''
* '''čalló''' : obl.sg. ''čallóy'', pl. ''čallót'', obl.pl. ''čallóti''
* '''zindagī́''' : obl.sg. ''zindagī́y'', pl. ''zindagī́t'', obl.pl. ''zindagī́ti''
* '''mórti''' : obl.sg. ''mórtiy'', pl. ''mórtit'', obl.pl. ''mórtiti''
* Also, the [[Tajik grammar#Izofa-construction|izofa construction]] is used in Yaghnobi and appears in phrases and constructions adopted from Tajik or with words of Tajik origin.

===Pronouns===
{|class="wikitable"
! Person || Nominative Singular || Oblique Singular || Enclitic Singular || Nominative Plural || Oblique Plural || Enclitic Plural
|-
| 1st || man || man || -(i)m || mox || mox || -(i)mox
|-
| 2nd || tu || taw || -(i)t || šumóx || šumóx || -šint
|-
| 3rd || ax, ''iš'' || áwi, (''aw''), ''íti'', (''īd'') || -(i)š || áxtit, ''íštit'' || áwtiti, ''ítiti'' || -šint
|}

The second person plural, ''šumóx'' is also used as the polite form of the second person pronoun.

===Numerals===
{|class="wikitable"
! || Eastern Yaghnobi || Western Yaghnobi || Tajik loan
|-
| 1 || ī || ī || yak, yag, ya
|-
| 2 || dū<ref>Ronald Emmerick, Iranian, in Indo-European Numerals (1992, →ISBN, edited by Jadranka Gvozdanovic), page 312
</ref>|| dʏ || du
|-
| 3 || saráy || tⁱráy || se, say
|-
| 4 || tᵘfór, tafór || tᵘfór, tⁱfór || čor
|-
| 5 || panč || panč || panǰ
|-
| 6 || uxš || uxš || šiš, šaš
|-
| 7 || avd, aft || aft || haft
|-
| 8 || ašt || ašt || hašt
|-
| 9 || nau̯ || nau̯ || nuʰ
|-
| 10 || das || das || daʰ
|-
| 11 || ''das ī'' || ''das ī'' || yozdáʰ
|-
| 12 || ''das dū'' || ''das dʏ'' || dᵘwozdáʰ
|-
| 13 || ''das saráy'' || ''das tⁱráy'' || senzdáʰ
|-
| 14 || ''das tᵘfór / tafór'' || ''das tᵘfór / tⁱfór'' || čordáʰ
|-
| 15 || ''das panč'' || ''das panč'' || ponzdáʰ
|-
| 16 || ''das uxš'' || ''das uxš'' || šonzdáʰ
|-
| 17 || ''das avd / aft'' || ''das aft'' || habdáʰ, havdáʰ
|-
| 18 || ''das ašt'' || ''das ašt'' || haždáʰ
|-
| 19 || ''das nau̯'' || ''das nau̯'' || nūzdáʰ
|-
| 20 || || || bīst<ref>Ronald Emmerick, Iranian, in Indo-European Numerals (1992, →ISBN, edited by Jadranka Gvozdanovic), page 312.</ref>
|-
| 30 || ''bī́st-at das'' || ''bī́st-at das'' || sī
|-
| 40 || ''dū bīst'' || ''dʏ bīst'' || čil
|-
| 50 || ''dū nī́ma bīst'' || ''dʏ nī́ma bīst'' || pinǰóʰ, panǰóʰ
|-
| 60 || ''saráy bīst'' || ''tⁱráy bīst'' || šast
|-
| 70 || ''saráy nī́ma bīst'' || ''tⁱráy nī́ma bīst'', ''tⁱráy bī́st-u das'' || haftód
|-
| 80 || ''tᵘfór / tafór bīst'' || ''tᵘfór / tⁱfór bīst'' || haštód
|-
| 90 || ''tᵘfór / tafór nī́ma bīst'' || ''tᵘfór / tⁱfór nī́ma bīst'' || navád
|-
| 100 || (sat) || (sat) || sad
|-
| 1000 || || || hazór
|}

===Verb===
Personal endings – present:

{|class="wikitable"
! Person || Singular || Plural
|-
| 1st || -omišt || -īmišt
|-
| 2nd || -īšt || -tišt (W, Tr.), -sišt (E)
|-
| 3rd || -tišt (W), -či (E, Tr.) || -ošt
|}

Personal endings – [[preterite]] (with [[Augment (Indo-European)|augment]] ''a-''):

{|class="wikitable"
! Person || Singular || Plural
|-
| 1st || ''a-'' -im || ''a-'' -om (W), ''a-'' -īm (E, Tr.)
|-
| 2nd || ''a-'' -ī || ''a-'' -ti (W, Tr.), ''a-'' -si (E)
|-
| 3rd || ''a-'' – || ''a-'' -or
|}
By adding the ending ''-išt'' (''-št'' after a vowel; but ''-or+išt'' > ''-ošt'') to the preterite, the durative preterite is formed.

The present [[participle]] is formed by adding ''-na'' to the verbal stem. Past participle (or perfect participle) is formed by addition of ''-ta'' to the stem.

The [[infinitive]] is formed by addition of ending ''-ak'' to the verbal stem.

[[Negation]] is formed by prefix ''na-'', in combination with augment in preterite it changes to ''nē-''.

The [[Copula (linguistics)|copula]] is this:

{|class="wikitable"
! Person || Singular || Plural
|-
| 1st || īm || om
|-
| 2nd || išt || ot (W, Tr.), os (E)
|-
| 3rd || ast, -x, xast, ásti, xásti || or
|}

==Lexicon==
Knowledge of Yaghnobi lexicon comes from three main works: from a Yaghnobi-[[Russian language|Russian]] dictionary presented in ''Yaghnobi Texts'' by Andreyev and Peščereva and then from a supplementary word list presented in ''Yaghnobi Grammar'' by Xromov. The last work is ''Yaghnobi-Tajik Dictionary'' compiled by Xromov's student, Sayfiddīn Mīrzozoda, himself a Yaghnobi native speaker. Persian words represent the majority of the lexicon (some 60%), followed by words of [[Turkic language|Turkic]] origin (up to 5%, mainly from [[Uzbek language|Uzbek]]) and a few [[Russian language|Russian]] words (about 2%; through the [[Russian language]], also many [[Internationalism (linguistics)|international words]] came to Yaghnobi). Only a third of the lexicon is of Eastern-Iranian origin and can be easily comparable to those known from [[Sogdian language|Sogdian]], [[Ossetic language|Ossetian]], the [[Pamir languages]] or [[Pashto language|Pashto]].{{Citation needed|date=September 2021}}

A Yaghnobi-Czech dictionary was published in 2010 by the Charles University Faculty of Arts.<ref>[https://cuni.cz/UKEN-300.html Award-winning Yaghnobi-Czech dictionary captures dying language]</ref>

== Sample texts ==
[[File:12Yagnobi people.jpg|thumb|A group of Yaghnobi-speaking schoolchildren from Tajikistan]]

{| class="wikitable"
! Latin
| Fálɣar-at Yáɣnob asosī́ láfz-šint ī-x gumū́n, néki áxtit toǰīkī́-pi wó(v)ošt, mox yaɣnobī́-pi. 'Mʏ́štif' wó(v)omišt, áxtit 'Muždív' wó(v)ošt.
|-
! Cyrillic
| {{lang|yai|Фалғарат Яғноб асосӣ лафзшинт ӣх гумун, неки ахтит тоҷикипӣ ԝоошт, мох яғнобипӣ. 'Мӯштиф' ԝоомишт, ахтит 'Муждив' ԝоошт.}}
|-
! IPA
| {{IPA|[ˈfalʁɑratʰ ˈjɑʁnɔˑb asɔˑˈsiː ˈlafzʃʲɪntʰ ˈiːχ ɡʊˈmoːn ˈneːcʰe ˈɑχtʰɪtʰ tʰɔˑdʒʲiˑˈcʰiːpʰe ˈβ̞oːˀɔˑʃʲtʰ moːʁ jɑʁnɔˑˈbiːpʰe ˈmyːʃʲtʰɪf ˈβ̞oːˀɔˑmɪʃʲtʰ ˈɑχtʰɪtʰ mʊʒʲˈdɪv ˈβ̞oːˀɔˑʃʲtʰ]}}
|-
! Translation
| In Falghar and in Yaghnob, it is certainly one basic language, but they speak Tajik and we speak Yaghnobi. We say 'Müštif', they say 'Muždiv'.
|}

=== An anecdote about Nasreddin ===
{| class="wikitable"
! style="width: 17em;" | Latin
! style="width: 17em;" | Cyrillic
! style="width: 17em;" | IPA
! style="width: 17em;" | Translation
|-
| Nasriddī́n ī xūd či bozór uxš tangái axirī́n.
| {{lang|yai|Насриддин ӣ хӯд чи бозор ухш тангаи ахирин.}}
| {{IPA|[nasre̝ˈdːiːn ˈiː ˈχuːd ˈtʃɪ̞ bɔˑˈzoːr ˈʋ̘χʃʲ tʰaŋˈɟa̝jĕ̝ ɑχĕ̝ˈriːn]}}
| [[Nasreddin]] bought a [[tubeteika]] at the [[bazaar]] for six [[Tanga (currency)|tangas]].
|-
| Kaxík woxúrdš avī́, čáwi apursóšt:
| {{lang|yai|Кахик ԝохурдш авӣ, чаԝи апурсошт:}}
| {{IPA|[cʰaˈχecʰ β̞ɔˑˈχʋˑrdʃʲ aˈve̝ː <nowiki>|</nowiki> ˈtʃaβ̞e apʰʋrˈsoːɕt]}}
| Everyone he met asked him:
|-
| "Xūd čof pūl axirī́nī?"
| {{lang|yai|"Худ чоф пул ахиринӣ?"}}
| {{IPA|[ˈχuːd ˈtʃoːf ˈpʰuːl ɑχĕ̝ˈriːne̝ˑ]}}
| "How much money have you bought the tubeteika for?"
|-
| Nasriddī́n ī́ipiš ǰawób atifár, dúipiš ǰawób atifár, tiráyipiš ǰawób atifár, aɣór:
| {{lang|yai|Насриддин ӣипиш ҷаԝоб атифар, дуипиш ҷаԝоб атифар, тирайипиш ҷаԝоб атифар, ағор:}}
| {{IPA|[nasre̝ˈdːiːn ˈiːjĕ̝pʰe̝ʃʲ dʒaˈβ̞oːb atʰĕ̝ˈfar <nowiki>|</nowiki> ˈdʋ̘je̝pʰe̝ʃʲ dʒaˈβ̞oːb atʰĕ̝ˈfar <nowiki>|</nowiki> tʰɪ̆ˈraje̝pʰe̝ʃʲ dʒaˈβ̞oːb atʰĕ̝ˈfar <nowiki>|</nowiki> ɑˈʁoːr]}}
| Nasreddin answered to the first of them, he answered to the second of them, he answered to the third of them, then he said,
|-
| "Hámaipi ǰawób tifaróm, zīq vómišt."
| {{lang|yai|"Ҳамаипӣ ҷаԝоб тифаром, зиқ вомишт."}}
| {{IPA|[ˈhama̝jĕ̝pʰe̝ dʒaˈβ̞oːb tʰĕ̝faˈro̝ːm <nowiki>|</nowiki> ˈze̝ˑqʰ ˈvo̝ːmɪʃʲtʰ]}}
| "If I answer to everyone, I will go crazy."
|-
| Ax xūdš či sarš anós, bozórisa adáu̯, fayród akún:
| {{lang|yai|Ах хӯдш чи сарш анос, бозориса адаԝ, файрод акун:}}
| {{IPA|[ˈaχ ˈχuːdʃʲ ˈtʃɪ̞ ˈsarɪ̆ʃʲ aˈnoːs <nowiki>|</nowiki> bɔˑˈzoːrɪsa aˈdau̯ <nowiki>|</nowiki> fai̯ˈroːd aˈkʰʋn]}}
| He took the tubeteika off his head, ran to the bazaar, and cried,
|-
| "E odámt!
| {{lang|yai|"Э одамт!}}
| {{IPA|[ˈeː ɔˑˈdamtʰ]}}
| "Hey, people! 
|-
| Daràu̯-daráwi maydónisa šau̯t, īyóka ǰām vʏt!
| {{lang|yai|Дараԝ-дараԝи майдониса шаԝт, ӣёка ҷаъм вӯйт!}}
| {{IPA|[darˌau̯-daˈraβ̞e mai̯ˈdoːne̝sa ˈʃʲau̯tʰ <nowiki>|</nowiki> iˑjˈoːcʰa ˈdʒɑːm ˈvyːtʰ]}}
| Go quickly to the square, gather somewhere over there!
|-
| Kattóti šumóxpi árkšint ast!"
| {{lang|yai|Каттоти шумохпӣ аркшинт аст."}}
| {{IPA|[cʰaˈtʰːoːtʰe̝ ʃʲʋ̆ˈmoːχpʰe̝ ˈarcʃʲɪ̞nt ˌastʰ]}}
| The Big Ones have something to deal with you."
|-
| Odámt hamáš maydóni īyóka ǰām avór, áni šáhri hičúxs nàapiráxs.
| {{lang|yai|Одамт ҳамаш майдони ӣёка ҷаъм авор, ани шаҳри ҳичухс наапирахс.}}
| {{IPA|[ɔˑˈdamtʰ haˈmaʃʲ mai̯ˈdoːne̝ iˑjˈoːcʰa ˈdʒɑːm aˈvoːr <nowiki>|</nowiki> ˈane̝ ˈʃʲahrɪ he̝ˑˈtʃʋ̝χs ˌna̝ˀa̝pʰĕ̝ˈraχs]}}
| Everyone had gathered somewhere at the square, no one else had remained in the city.
|-
| Nasriddī́n balandī́i sári asán, fayród akún:
| {{lang|yai|Насриддин баландии сари асан, файрод акун:}}
| {{IPA|[nasre̝ˈdːiːn balanˈdiːjĕ̝ ˈsare̝ aˈsan <nowiki>|</nowiki> fai̯ˈroːd aˈkʰʋn]}}
| Nasreddin came upon a high place, and cried:
|-
| "E odámt, ɣiríft, nihíš xūd man uxš tangái axirī́nim."
| {{lang|yai|"Э одамт, ғирифт, ниҳиш хӯд ман ухш тангаи ахириним."}}
| {{IPA|[ˈeː ɔˑˈdamtʰ <nowiki>|</nowiki> ʁĕ̝ˈre̝ftʰ <nowiki>|</nowiki> nĕ̝ˈhe̝ˑʃʲ ˈχūd ˈman ˈʋ̘χʃʲ tʰaŋˈɟa̝jĕ̝ ɑχĕ̝ˈriːne̝m]}}
| "Hey people, to let you know, I bought this tubeteika for six tangas."
|}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite journal |last=Вenveniste |first=Е. |author-link=Émile Benveniste |date=1955 |title=Une lexique du yagnobi |journal=Journal Asiatique |volume=243 |issue=2 |pages=139–62 |lang=FR}}
* {{ill|Andreev, Mikhail Stepanovich|ru|Андреев, Михаил Степанович}}; {{ill|Peshchereva, Elena Mikhailovna|ru|Пещерева, Елена Михайловна}}. [http://yaghnobi.wordpress.com/2007/07/26/yaghnobi-texts-and-a-dictionary-by-andreyev-and-peshchereva/ Ягнобские тексты с приложением ягнобско-русского словаря]. Москва – Ленинград: 1957.
(M. S. Andrejev, Je. M. Peščereva, Jagnobskije teksty s priloženijem jagnobsko-russkogo slovarja, Moskva – Leningrad 1957) ''(in [[Russian language|Russian]])''

* М. Н. Боголюбов, Ягнобский (новосогдийский) язык. Исследование и материалы. Автореферат на соискание ученой степени доктора филологических наук, Ленинград 1956
(M. N.Bogoljubov, Jagnobskij /novosogdijskij/ jazyk. Issledovanija i materialy. Avtoreferat na soiskanije učenoj stepeni doktora filologičeskix nauk, Leningrad 1956) ''(in [[Russian language|Russian]])''
* [http://yaghnobi.wordpress.com/2010/03/17/bogolyubovs-yaghnobi-language-from-the-languages-of-the-ussr/ М. Н. Боголюбов: Ягнобский язык. In. В. В. Виноградов (ed.): Языки народов СССР. Том первый: Индоевропейские языки. Москва, 1966, 342–361.]
(M. N. Bogoljubov: Jagnobskij jazyk. In: V. V. Vinogradov (ed.): Jazyki narodov SSSR. Tom pervyj: Indojevropejskije jazyki. Moskva, 1966, p.&nbsp;342–361) ''(in [[Russian language|Russian]])''

* С. Мирзозода, Яғнобӣ зивок, Душанбе 1998.
(S. Mirzozoda, Yaɣnobī zivok, Dušanbe 1998) ''(in [[Tajik language|Tajik]])''

* С. Мирзозода, Луғати яғнобӣ – тоҷикӣ, Душанбе 2002.
(S. Mirzozoda, Luɣat-i yaɣnobī – tojikī, Dušanbe 2002) ''(in [[Tajik language|Tajik]])''

* [https://www.academia.edu/1552731/Jaghn%C3%B3bsko-%C4%8Desk%C3%BD_slovn%C3%ADk_s_p%C5%99ehledem_jaghn%C3%B3bsk%C3%A9_gramatiky_._%D0%AF%D2%93%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B1%D3%A3-%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%85%D3%A3_%D0%BB%D1%83%D2%93%D0%B0%D1%82_%D1%8F%D2%93%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B1%D3%A3_%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8_%D1%84%D0%B5%D2%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BF%D3%A3_/ Ľ. Novák: Jaghnóbsko-český slovník ''s přehledem jaghnóbské gramatiky''. Яғнобӣ-чехӣ луғат ''яғнобӣ зивоки дастури феҳрастипӣ''. Praha (: Filozofická fakulta Univerzity Karlovy v Praze), 2010.] {{ISBN|978-80-7308-337-3}}
(Ľ. Novák: Yaghnobi-Czech Dictionary with an Outline of Yaghnobi Grammar. [[Prague|Praha]] 2010) ''(in [[Czech language|Czech]])''
* [http://yaghnobi.wordpress.com/2007/03/29/translation-of-a-l-khromovs-yagnobi-language/ А. Л. Хромов, Ягнобский язык, Москва 1972.]
(A. L. Xromov, Jagnobskij jazyk, Moskva 1972) ''(in [[Russian language|Russian]])''
* [http://ironau.ru/khaebic/jaghnob.djvu А. Л. Хромов, Ягнобский язык, In: В. С. Расторгуева (ed.): Основы иранского языкознания. Новоиранские языки II. – Восточная группа. Москва 1987, p. 644-701.]
(A. L. Xromov, Jagnobskij jazyk. In. V. S. Rastorgujeva (ed.): Osnovy iranskogo jazykoznanija. Novoiranskije jazyki II. – Vostočnaja gruppa. Moskva 1987, p.&nbsp;644–701.) ''(in [[Russian language|Russian]])''

* {{cite journal |last=Benkato |first=Adam |title=Recent Work in 'Yaghnobi Studies |journal=[[Iran & the Caucasus]] |volume=19 |issue=3 |date=2015 |pages=283–94 |doi=10.1163/1573384X-20150307 |jstor=43899204}}

==External links==
{{Incubator|code= yai}}
* http://www.eki.ee/books/redbook/yaghnabis.shtml
* https://web.archive.org/web/20060622003001/http://iles.umn.edu/faculty/bashiri/Tajling%20folder/yaghnob.html
* [http://yaghnobi.wordpress.com Yaghnobi blog & online Yaghnobi-Tajik-English lexicon]

{{Languages of Tajikistan}}
{{Iranian languages}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Yaghnobi Language}}
[[Category:Eastern Iranian languages]]
[[Category:Languages of Tajikistan]]
[[Category:Yaghnob]]
[[Category:Sogdian language]]
[[Category:Endangered Iranian languages]]
[[Category:Endangered languages of Tajikistan]]