View source for Xiao'erjing

{{Short description|Writing system for Chinese in the Perso-Arabic script}}
{{Redirect|Children's script|the television writing award|Writers Guild of America Award for Television: Children's Script}}
{{Infobox Chinese
| showflag = xej
| pic = Xiao-Er-Jin.jpg
| picsize = 300px
| piccap = A Chinese–Arabic–Xiao'erjing dictionary
| s = 小儿经
| t = 小兒經
| p = Xiǎo'érjīng
| l = children's script
| zh-dungan = Щёрҗин
| mi = {{IPAc-cmn|x|iao|3|.|er|2|.|j|ing|1}}
| xej = <ref name=Sobieroj>Sobieroj, Florian (2019). [https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110639063-008 https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110639063-008 "Standardisation in Manuscripts written in Sino-Arabic Scripts and xiaojing]". ''Creating Standards: Interactions With Arabic Script in 12 Manuscript Cultures'', edited by Dmitry Bondarev, Alessandro Gori and Lameen Souag, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, pp. 177–216.</ref> {{script/Arabic|ثِیَوْعَرݣ‌ٍْ}}
| altname = Xiaojing
| s2 = 小经
| t2 = 小經
| l2 = minor script
| p2 = Xiǎojīng
| xej3 = <ref name=Sobieroj/> {{script/Arabic|ثِیَوْݣ‌ٍْ}}
| altname3 = Xiaojing
| s3 = 消经
| t3 = 消經
| l3 = revised script
| p3 = Xiāojīng
}}
{{RCL}}
{{Alphabet}}
{{Islam and China}}
[[File:Book-in-Xiaoerjing.png|thumb|right|A book on law in Arabic, with a parallel Chinese translation in the Xiao'erjing script, published in [[Tashkent]] in 1899. The page on the left side shows the book information in Arabic. The page on the right has mixed lines of Arabic—marked by a continuous black line on top—and their Chinese translation in Xiao'erjing script, that follow the Arabic original on the same line.]]
[[File:Questions and Answers on the Faith in Islam - Muhammad Musa Abdul Haq - Pgs 76-77.jpg|thumb|right|Pages from a Book titled "Questions and Answers on the Faith in Islam", Published in [[Xining]], which includes a Xiao'erjing–Hanji transliteration chart, as well a paragraph that includes Arabic loanwords]]

'''Xiao'erjing''',{{efn|{{IPAc-en|lang|ˌ|ʃ|j|aʊ|ˌ|ɜː|ˈ|dʒ|ɪ|ŋ}}; {{zh|s=小儿经|t=小兒經|p=Xiǎo'érjīng|l=children's script}}}} '''Xiaorjing''', '''Xiaojing'''{{efn|{{zh|s=小经|t=小經|p=Xiǎojīng|l=minor script}}}}{{efn|{{zh|s=消经|t=消經|p=Xiāojīng|l=revised script}}}} or '''Benjing''',{{efn|{{zh|s=本经|t=本經|p=Běnjīng}}; Xiao'erjing: {{lang|zh-Arab|بٌ‌ݣْ‌ٍ}}; {{langx|dng|Бынҗин}}; {{lit|original script}} (being the [[Persian alphabet|Perso-Arabic script]])}} is a [[Arabic script|Perso-Arabic script]] used to write [[Sinitic languages]], including [[Lanyin Mandarin]], [[Zhongyuan Mandarin]], [[Northeastern Mandarin]], and [[Dungan language|Dungan]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BwuSpFiOFfYC&pg=PA154 |title=China's Muslim Hui community: migration, settlement and sects |author=Michael Dillon |year=1999 |publisher=Curzon Press |location=Richmond |page=155 |isbn=0-7007-1026-4 |access-date=2010-06-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nk5R1KarC0oC&pg=PA92 |title=Remapping the past: fictions of history in Deng's China, 1979–1997 |author=Howard Yuen Fung Choy |year=2008 |publisher=Brill |page=92 |isbn=978-90-04-16704-9 |access-date=2010-11-30}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DzwuAQAAIAAJ |title=The Iranian Journal of International Affairs |volume=12 |author=Daftar-i Muṭālaʻāt-i Siyāsī va Bayn al-Milalī (Iran) |year=2000 |publisher=Institute for Political and International Studies |page=52 |access-date=2010-11-30}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UUsKAQAAMAAJ |title=Religion in Communist Lands |volume=31 |author=Centre for the Study of Religion and Communism |year=2003 |publisher=Centre for the Study of Religion and Communism |page=13 |access-date=2010-11-30}}</ref> It is used on occasion by many [[Ethnic minorities in China|ethnic minorities]] who adhere to [[Islam in China]]—mostly the [[Hui people|Hui]], but also the [[Dongxiang people|Dongxiang]] and the [[Salar people|Salar]]—and formerly by their [[Dungan people|Dungan]] descendants in [[Central Asia]]. Orthographic reforms introduced the [[Latin script]] and later the [[Cyrillic script]] to the Dungan language, which continue to be used today.

Xiao'erjing is written from right to left, like other Perso-Arabic writing systems.

Xiao'erjing is unusual among Arabic script-based writing systems in that all vowels, long and short, are explicitly notated with [[Arabic diacritics|diacritics]], making it an [[abugida]]. Some other Arabic-based writing systems in China, such as the [[Uyghur Arabic alphabet]], use letters and not diacritics to mark short vowels.

== Nomenclature ==
Xiao'erjing does not have a single, standard name. In [[Shanxi]], [[Hebei]], [[Henan]], [[Shandong]], and eastern [[Shaanxi]], as well as also [[Beijing]], [[Tianjin]] and the [[Northeast China|northeastern]] provinces, the script is referred to as {{lang|zh-Latn-pinyin|Xiǎo'érjīng}}, which when shortened becomes {{lang|zh-Latn-pinyin|Xiǎojīng}} or {{lang|zh-Latn-pinyin|Xiāojīng}} (the latter {{lang|zh-Latn-pinyin|Xiāo}} has the meaning of "to review" in the aforementioned regions). In [[Ningxia]], [[Gansu]], [[Inner Mongolia]], [[Qinghai]], western [[Shaanxi]] and the [[Northwest China|northwestern]] provinces, the script is referred to as {{lang|zh-Latn-pinyin|Xiǎo'érjǐn}}. The Dongxiang people refer to it as the "Dongxiang script" or the "Huihui script"; The Salar refer to it as the "Salar script"; The Dungan of Central Asia used a variation of Xiao'erjing called the "Hui script", before being made to abandon the Arabic script for [[Latin script|Latin]] and [[Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]]. According to A. Kalimov, a  famous Dungan linguist, the Dungan of the former Soviet Union called this script {{lang|dng-Cyrl|щёҗин}} ({{lang|dng-Latn|şjoⱬin}}, {{lang|dng-Hant|消經}}).

== Origins ==
Since the arrival of [[Islam]] in [[Tang dynasty]] China beginning in the mid-7th century, many Arabic and [[Persian language|Persian]] speaking people migrated into China. Centuries later, these peoples assimilated with the native [[Han Chinese]], forming the [[Hui people|Hui]] ethnicity of today. Many Chinese Muslim students attended [[madrasa]]s to study [[Classical Arabic]] and the [[Qur'an]]. Because these students had a very basic understanding of [[Chinese character]]s but would have a better command of the spoken tongue once assimilated, they started using the Arabic script for Chinese. This was often done by writing notes in Chinese to aid in the memorization of [[sura]]s. This method was also used to write Chinese translations of Arabic vocabulary learned in the madrasas. Thus, a system of writing the Chinese language with Arabic script gradually developed and standardized to some extent. Currently, the oldest known artifact showing signs of Xiao'erjing is a stone stele in the courtyard of {{ill|Daxue Xixiang Mosque|de|Daxue-Xixiang-Moschee|vertical-align=sup}} in [[Xi'an]]. The stele shows inscribed Qur'anic verses in Arabic as well as a short note of the names of the inscribers in Xiao'erjing. The stele was done in the year AH 740 in the [[Islamic calendar]] (between July 9, 1339, and June 26, 1340). Some old Xiao'erjing manuscripts (along with other rare texts including those from [[Dunhuang]]) are preserved in the [[Institute of Oriental Manuscripts of the Russian Academy of Sciences]] in [[St. Petersburg]], Russia.

== Usage ==
Xiao'erjing can be divided into two sets, the "Mosque system" and the "Daily system". The "Mosque system" is the system used by pupils and [[imam]]s in [[mosque]]s and [[madrasah]]s. It contains much Arabic and Persian religious lexicon, and no usage of Chinese characters. This system is relatively standardised, and could be considered a true [[writing system]]. The "Daily system" is the system used by the less educated for letters and correspondences on a personal level. Often simple Chinese characters are mixed in with the Arabic script, mostly discussing non-religious matters, and therewith relatively little Arabic and Persian loans. This practice can differ drastically from person to person. The system would be devised by the writer himself, with one's own understanding of the Arabic and Persian alphabets, mapped accordingly to one's own dialectal pronunciation. Often, only the letter's sender and the letter's receiver can understand completely what is written, while being very difficult for others to read. Unlike Hui Muslims in other areas of China, Muslims of the northwest provinces of Shaanxi and Gansu had no knowledge of the [[Han Kitab]] or [[Literary Chinese]], they used Xiao'erjing.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7T8MAQAAMAAJ&q=In+Shaanxi+and+Gansu,+other+areas+where+the+educational+network+also+flourished,+Muslim+intellectuals+tended+to+avoid+learning+classical+Chinese+and+since+they+did+not+actively+write+Han+Kitab,+the+specific+notation+of+xiao-er-jing|title=International Journal of Asian Studies |volume=3–5 |author=Tōkyō Daigaku. Tōyō Bunka Kenkyūjo|year=2006|publisher=Cambridge University Press|page=141|access-date=2010-11-30}}</ref> Xiao'erjing was used to annotate foreign language Islamic documents (in languages like Persian) using the Chinese language.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3CUsAQAAIAAJ&q=xiaoerjing|title=World Survey of Islamic Manuscripts. 4. (Supplement; Including Indexes of Languages, Names and Titles of Collections of Volumes I-IV) |volume=1–4|author=Geoffrey Roper|year=1994|publisher=[[Al-Furqan Islamic Heritage Foundation]]|page=96|isbn=1-873992-11-4|access-date=2010-11-30}}</ref>

Xiao'erjing was used mostly by Muslims who could not read Chinese characters. It was imperfect due to various factors. The differing Chinese dialects would require multiple different depictions with Xiao'erjing. Xiao'erjing cannot display the [[Tone (linguistics)|tones]] present in Chinese, syllable endings are indistinguishable, i.e. [[Xi'an#Name|xi'an]] and xian.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=90CN0vtxdY0C&q=chinese+arabic+alphabet+xiaoerjin&pg=PA51|title=Familiar strangers: a history of Muslims in Northwest China|author=Jonathan Neaman Lipman|year=2004|publisher=University of Washington Press|location=Seattle|page=51|isbn=0-295-97644-6|access-date=2010-11-28}}</ref> Xiao'erjing was much simpler than Chinese characters for representing Chinese.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3CUsAQAAIAAJ&q=17+Use+of+Xiaoerjing+script+Some+Islamic+manuscripts,+particularly+those+where+parts+of+the+original+text+and+interpretations++To+transliterate+Chinese+into+Arabic+script+was+easier+than+writing+characters+for+some+Chinese+Muslims|title=World survey of Islamic manuscripts. 4. (Supplement; including indexes of languages, names and titles of collections of volumes I-IV), Volumes 1–4|author=Geoffrey Roper|year=1994|publisher=Al-Furqan Islamic Heritage Foundation|page=71|isbn=1-873992-11-4|access-date=2010-11-28}}</ref>

=== Modern usage ===
In recent years, the usage of Xiao'erjing is nearing extinction due to the growing Chinese economy and the improvement of Chinese character education in rural parts of the country. Chinese characters, along with pinyin, have since replaced Xiao'erjing. Since the mid-1980s, there has been much scholarly work done within and outside China concerning Xiao'erjing. On-location research has been conducted and the users of Xiao'erjing have been interviewed. Written and printed materials of Xiao'erjing were also collected by researchers, the ones at [[Nanjing University]] being the most comprehensive. {{Ill|Kazuhiko Machida|ja|町田和彦}} is leading a project in Japan concerning Xiao'erjing.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IfFtAAAAMAAJ&q=(Xiaoerjin+is+an+Arabic-Persian+alphabetic+transcription+of+the+Chinese+language+,+created+and+used+by+Chinese+Muslims,+who+were+often+illiterate+in+Chinese+%E2%80%94+see+on+this+matter+the+project+led+by+Machida+Kazuhiko,+in+Japan|title=Central Eurasian Reader: a biennial journal of critical bibliography and epistemology of Central Eurasian Studies, Volume 1|author=Stéphane A. Dudoignon|year=2008|publisher=Schwarz|page=12|isbn=978-3-87997-347-7|access-date=2010-11-28}}</ref> Books are printed in Xiao'erjing.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UUsKAQAAMAAJ&q=of+Chinese+in+its+various+regional+dialects.+Although+its+use+is+declining+in+today's+educational+environment,+books+in+xiaoerjin+continue+to+be+reprinted,+while+a+translation+of+the+Quran+into+Chinese+and|title=Religion in communist lands, Volume 31|author=Centre for the Study of Religion and Communism|year=2003|publisher=Centre for the Study of Religion and Communism|page=14|access-date=2010-11-30}}</ref> In Arabic language Qur'ans, Xiao'erjing annotations are used to help women read.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rv0iAQAAIAAJ&q=Meanings+were+written+in+Xiaoerjin+under+every+line+in+the+women's+Qur'an).+With+the+passing+away+of+older+generations,+we+risk+losing+this+knowledge+forever.+A+number+of+women's+mosques+have+in+their+possession+prized+teaching|title=Encyclopedia of women & Islamic cultures, Volume 1|author=Suad Joseph, Afsaneh Najmabadi|year=2003|publisher=Brill|page=126|isbn=90-04-13247-3|access-date=2010-11-30}}</ref> Xiao'erjing is used to explain certain terms when used as annotations.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DzwuAQAAIAAJ&q=xiaoerjing|title=The Iranian Journal of International Affairs |volume=12|author=Daftar-i Muṭālaʻāt-i Siyāsī va Bayn al-Milalī (Iran)|year=2000|publisher=Institute for Political and International Studies|page=42|access-date=2010-11-30}}</ref> Xiao'erjing is also used to write Chinese language Qurans.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zqslAQAAIAAJ&q=Elle+est+en+net+recul+aujourd'hui+du+fait+de+la+g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ralisation+de+l'enseignement,+des+ouvrages+dans+cette+transcription+sont+toutefois+r%C3%A9imprim%C3%A9s,+et+une+traduction+du+Coran+en+chinois+et+en+xiaoerjin+a+vu+le+jour+en+1995+(28|title=Archives de sciences sociales des religions, Volume 46, Issues 113–116|year=2001|publisher=Centre national de la recherche scientifique|page=25|access-date=2010-11-30}}</ref><ref name="VersteeghEid2005">{{cite book|author1=Kees Versteegh|author2=Mushira Eid|title=Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics: A-Ed|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SuNiAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA381|year=2005|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-04-14473-6|pages=381–}}</ref>

A [[Dachang Hui Autonomous County|Dachang]] Hui Imam, Ma Zhenwu, wrote a Qur'an translation into Chinese including Chinese characters and Xiao'erjing.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Garnaut  |first1=Anthony|date=March 2006 |title=The Islamic Heritage in China: A General Survey |url=http://www.muslimheritage.com/article/islamic-heritage-china |journal=China Heritage Newsletter |issue=5}}</ref>

== Alphabet ==
Xiao'erjing has 31 letters, 4 of which are used to represent [[vowel]] sounds. The 31 letters consists of 28 letters borrowed from Arabic, 4 letters borrowed from Persian along with 2 modified letters and 1 extra letter unique to Xiao'erjing.
{{clear}}

=== Initials and consonants ===

Below table demonstrates the list of consonants, and cases in which two consonants represent the same initial, in the [[bopomofo]] order.<ref name=Sobieroj/>

{| style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS; font-size:1.4em; border-color:#000000; border-width:1px; border-style:solid; border-collapse:collapse; background-color:#F8F8EF"
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | ب<br />B b
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | پ<br />P p
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | م<br />M m
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | ف<br />F f
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | د<br />D d
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | ت / ط<br />T t
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | ن<br />N n
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | ل<br />L l
|-
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | ق<br />G g
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | ک<br />K k
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | ح / خ<br />H h
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | ݣ‌ (د)<sup>1</sup><br />J j
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | ک (ٿ)<sup>2</sup><br />Q q
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | ث<br />X x
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | ج<br />Zh zh
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | چ<br />Ch ch
|-
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | ش<br />Sh sh
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | ژ / ر<br />R r
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | ز / ظ<br />Z z
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | ڞ<br />C c
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | س / ص<br />S s
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | ی<br />Y y
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | و<br />W w
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | ء / ا / ع<br />[[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|}
Note:
# {{angbr|د}} is more commonly used instead of {{angbr|ݣ‌}} in [[Linxia City|Linxia]] manuscripts to better closely match the local dialect's pronunciation.
# {{angbr|ٿ}} is more commonly used instead of {{angbr|ک}} in Linxia manuscripts to better closely match the local dialect's pronunciation.

Below is the list of initials and consonants used in Xiao'erjing.

{| class="wikitable"
!width=1%|
!width=3%|Symbol
!width=3%|Final–Medial–Initial
!width=5%|[[Standard Chinese]]
!width=5%|[[Bopomofo]]
!width=5%|[[Pinyin]]
!width=5%|[[Modern Standard Arabic|Arabic]]
!width=5%|[[Persian language|Persian]]
!width=5%|Example
!width=5%|Notes
|-
|align=center|'''''1'''''
|align=center|[[File:Alif-individua.svg|30px]]<br />(ا)
|align=center|[[File:Alif-fina.svg|30px]]<br />(ـا)
|align=center|/a/ {{IPA|[ɑ]}}, {{IPA|[a]}}
|align=center|ㄚ
|align=center|a, a-, -a, -a-
|align=center|{{IPA|[ʔ]}}, {{IPA|[æː~aː]}}, {{IPA|[ɑː]}}
|align=center|{{IPA|[ʔ]}}, {{IPA|[ɔ]}}, {{IPA|[æ]}}
|align=center|<span style="font-size:250%;">{{script/Arabic|اَ}}</span><br />(阿 ''ā'')
|align=center|Vowel sound
|-
|align=center|'''''2'''''
|align=center|[[File:Baa-individua.svg|30px]]<br />(ب)
|align=center|[[File:Baa-finamezakomenca.svg|100px]]<br />(ببب)
|align=center|/p/ {{IPA|[p]}}, {{IPA|[b]}}-
|align=center|ㄅ
|align=center|b-
|align=center|{{IPA|[b]}}
|align=center|{{IPA|[b]}}
|align=center|<span style="font-size:250%;">{{script/Arabic|بَا}}</span><br />(爸 ''bà'')
|align=center|
|-
|align=center|'''''3'''''
|align=center|[[File:Paa-individua.svg|30px]]<br />(پ)
|align=center|[[File:Paa-finamezakomenca.svg|100px]]<br />(پپپ)
|align=center|/pʰ/ {{IPA|[pʰ]}}-
|align=center|ㄆ
|align=center|p-
|align=center|none
|align=center|{{IPA|[p]}}
|align=center|<span style="font-size:250%;">{{script/Arabic|پُوَ}}</span><br />(婆 ''pó'')
|align=center|Borrowed from Persian
|-
|align=center|'''''4'''''
|align=center|[[File:Taa-individua.svg|30px]]<br />(ت)
|align=center|[[File:Taa-finamezakomenca.svg|100px]]<br />(تتت)
|align=center|/tʰ/ {{IPA|[tʰ]}}-
|align=center|ㄊ
|align=center|t-
|align=center|{{IPA|[t]}}
|align=center|{{IPA|[t]}}
|align=center|<span style="font-size:250%;">{{script/Arabic|تَا}}</span><br />(塔 ''tǎ'')
|align=center| Used before syllable with all Hanyu Pinyin finals except for -ong, -uan, -ui, -un, -uo
|-
|align=center|'''''5'''''
|align=center|[[File:THaa-individua.svg|30px]]<br />(ث)
|align=center|[[File:THaa-finamezakomenca.svg|100px]]<br />(ثثث)
|align=center|{{IPA|[tɕʰ]}}-, {{IPA|[ɕ]}}-
|align=center|ㄑ、ㄒ
|align=center|x-
|align=center|{{IPA|[θ]}}
|align=center|{{IPA|[s]}}
|align=center|<span style="font-size:250%;">{{script/Arabic|ثِیَ}}</span><br />(些 ''xiē'')
|align=center|Historically, manuscripts have also used س and ش
|-
|align=center|'''''6'''''
|align=center|[[File:Jiim-individua.svg|30px]]<br />(ج)
|align=center|[[File:Jiim-finamezakomenca.svg|100px]]<br />(ججج)
|align=center|/ʈ͡ʂ/ {{IPA|[ʈ͡ʂ]}}, {{IPA|[ɖ͡ʐ]}}
|align=center|ㄓ
|align=center|zh-
|align=center|{{IPA|[dʒ]}}|{{IPA|[ɡ]}}
|align=center|{{IPA|[dʒ]}}
|align=center|<span style="font-size:250%;">{{script/Arabic|جَ}}</span><br />(这/這 ''zhè'')
|align=center|Sound change occurs when representing Chinese
|-
|align=center|'''''7'''''
|align=center|[[File:CHaa-individua.svg|30px]]<br />(چ)
|align=center|[[File:CHaa-finamezakomenca.svg|100px]]<br />(چچچ)
|align=center|/ʈ͡ʂʰ/ {{IPA|[ʈ͡ʂʰ]}}
|align=center|ㄔ
|align=center|ch-
|align=center|none
|align=center|{{IPA|[tʃ]}}
|align=center|<span style="font-size:250%;">{{script/Arabic|چَ}}</span><br />(车/車 ''chē'')
|align=center|Borrowed from Persian
|-
|align=center|'''''8'''''
|align=center|[[File:HHaa-individua.svg|30px]]<br />(ح)
|align=center|[[File:HHaa-finamezakomenca.svg|100px]]<br />(ححح)
|align=center|/x/ {{IPA|[x]}}-
|align=center|ㄏ
|align=center|h-
|align=center|{{IPA|[ħ]}}
|align=center|{{IPA|[h]}}
|align=center|<span style="font-size:250%;">{{script/Arabic|حَ}}</span><br />(河 ''hé'')
|align=center|Used before syllable with the Hanyu Pinyin finals -e, -ei, -en, -eng
|-
|align=center|'''''9'''''
|align=center|[[File:KHaa-individua.svg|30px]]<br />(خ)
|align=center|[[File:KHaa-finamezakomenca.svg|100px]]<br />(خخخ)
|align=center|/x/ {{IPA|[x]}}-
|align=center|ㄏ
|align=center|h-
|align=center|{{IPA|[x]}}
|align=center|{{IPA|[x]}}
|align=center|<span style="font-size:250%;">{{script/Arabic|خُ}}</span><br />(湖 ''hú'')
|align=center|Used before syllable with all Hanyu Pinyin finals except for  -e, -ei, -en, -eng
|-
|align=center|'''''10'''''
|align=center|[[File:Daal-individua.svg|30px]]<br />(د)
|align=center|[[File:Daal-fina.svg|30px]]<br />(د)
|align=center|/t/ {{IPA|[t]}}, {{IPA|[d]}}-; {{IPA|[tɕ]}}-
|align=center|ㄉ
|align=center|d-
|align=center|{{IPA|[d]}}
|align=center|{{IPA|[d]}}
|align=center|<span style="font-size:250%;">{{script/Arabic|دٍ}}</span><br />(钉/釘 ''dīng'')
|align=center|Used by some manuscripts to represent a few syllables with the Hanyu Pinyin initial j-. More commonly "ݣ" was used
|-
|align=center rowspan=2|'''''11'''''
|align=center rowspan=2|[[File:Raa-individua.svg|30px]]<br />(ر)
|align=center rowspan=2|[[File:Raa-fina.svg|30px]]<br />(ر)
|align=center|/ɻ/ {{IPA|[ɻ]}}, {{IPA|[ʐ]}}-
|align=center|ㄖ 
|align=center|r-
|align=center rowspan=2|{{IPA|[r]}}
|align=center rowspan=2|{{IPA|[ɾ]}}
|align=center|<span style="font-size:250%;">{{script/Arabic|رٍ}}</span><br />(仍 ''réng'')
|align=center|Used before syllables with the Hanyu Pinyin finals -eng, -un, -uo
|-
|align=center|/ɻ/ -{{IPA|[ɻ]}}
|align=center|ㄦ
|align=center|-r
|align=center|<span style="font-size:250%;">{{script/Arabic|عَر}}</span><br />(二 ''èr'')
|align=center|Represents the rhotic final -r sound
|-
|align=center|'''''12'''''
|align=center|[[File:Zai-individua.svg|30px]]<br />(ز)
|align=center|[[File:Zai-fina.svg|30px]]<br />(ز)
|align=center|/ʦ/ {{IPA|[t͡s]}}, {{IPA|[d͡z]}}-
|align=center|ㄗ
|align=center|z-
|align=center|{{IPA|[z]}}
|align=center|{{IPA|[z]}}
|align=center|<span style="font-size:250%;">{{script/Arabic|زَیْ}}</span><br />(在 ''zài'')
|align=center|Used before syllable with all Hanyu Pinyin finals except for  -ong, -ui, -un, -uo<br />"ذ" is used by some manuscripts instead 
|-
|align=center|'''''13'''''
|align=center|[[File:Jaa-individua.svg|30px]]<br />(ژ)
|align=center|[[File:Jaa-fina.svg|30px]]<br />(ژ)
|align=center|/ɻ/ {{IPA|[ɻ]}}, {{IPA|[ʐ]}}-
|align=center|ㄖ
|align=center|r-
|align=center|none
|align=center|{{IPA|[ʒ]}}
|align=center|<span style="font-size:250%;">{{script/Arabic|ژَ}}</span><br />(热/熱 ''rè'')
|align=center|Used before syllable with all Hanyu Pinyin finals except for  -eng, -un, -uo
|-
|align=center|'''''14'''''
|align=center|[[File:Siin-individua.svg|30px]]<br />(س)
|align=center|[[File:Siin-finamezakomenca.svg|100px]]<br />(سسس)
|align=center|/s/ {{IPA|[s]}}-, {{IPA|[ɕ]}}-
|align=center|ㄙ
|align=center|s-
|align=center|{{IPA|[s]}}
|align=center|{{IPA|[s]}}
|align=center|<span style="font-size:250%;">{{script/Arabic|سْ‌ِ}}</span><br />(四 ''sì'')
|align=center|Used before syllable with all Hanyu Pinyin finals except for -ua, -ui, -un, -uo.<br />Historically, manuscripts have also used this letter for Hanyu Pinyin initial x-
|-
|align=center|'''''15'''''
|align=center|[[File:SHiin-individua.svg|30px]]<br />(ش)
|align=center|[[File:SHiin-finamezakomenca.svg|100px]]<br />(ششش)
|align=center|/ʂ/ {{IPA|[ʂ]}}-, {{IPA|[ɕ]}}-
|align=center|ㄕ
|align=center|sh-
|align=center|{{IPA|[ʃ]}}
|align=center|{{IPA|[ʃ]}}
|align=center|<span style="font-size:250%;">{{script/Arabic|شِ}}</span><br />(是 ''shì'')
|align=center|Historically, manuscripts have also used this letter for Hanyu Pinyin initial x-
|-
|align=center|'''''16'''''
|align=center|[[File:SSaad-individua.svg|30px]]<br />(ص)
|align=center|[[File:SSaad-finamezakomenca.svg|100px]]<br />(صصص)
|align=center|/s/ {{IPA|[s]}}-
|align=center|ㄙ
|align=center|s-
|align=center|{{IPA|[sˤ]}}|{{IPA|[sˠ]}}
|align=center|{{IPA|[s]}}
|align=center|<span style="font-size:250%;">{{script/Arabic|صُوِ}}</span><br />(岁/歲 ''suì'')
|align=center|Used before syllables with the Hanyu Pinyin finals -ua, -ui, -un, -uo
|-
|align=center|'''''17'''''
|align=center|[[File:Caa-individua.svg|30px]]<br />(ڞ)
|align=center|[[File:Caa-finamezakomenca.svg|100px]]<br />(ڞڞڞ)
|align=center|/ʦʰ/ {{IPA|[t͡sʰ]}}-
|align=center|ㄘ
|align=center|c-
|align=center|none
|align=center|none
|align=center|<span style="font-size:250%;">{{script/Arabic|ڞَ}}</span><br />(册/冊 ''cè'')
|align=center|
|-
|align=center|'''''18'''''
|align=center|[[File:TTaa-individua.svg|30px]]<br />(ط)
|align=center|[[File:TTaa-finamezakomenca.svg|100px]]<br />(ططط)
|align=center|/t/ {{IPA|[t]}}, {{IPA|[d]}}-; {{IPA|[tɕ]}}-
|align=center|ㄉ
|align=center|t-
|align=center|{{IPA|[tˤ]}}|{{IPA|[tˠ]}}
|align=center|{{IPA|[t]}}
|align=center|<span style="font-size:250%;">{{script/Arabic|طٌ}}</span><br />(吞 ''tūn'')
|align=center| Used before syllables with the Hanyu Pinyin finals -ong, -uan, -ui, -un, -uo
|-
|align=center|'''''19'''''
|align=center|[[File:ZZaa-individua.svg|30px]]<br />(ظ)
|align=center|[[File:ZZaa-finamezakomenca.svg|100px]]<br />(ظظظ)
|align=center|/ʦ/ {{IPA|[t͡s]}}, {{IPA|[d͡z]}}-
|align=center|ㄗ
|align=center|z-
|align=center|{{IPA|[ðˤ]}}|{{IPA|[ðˠ]}}
|align=center|{{IPA|[z]}}
|align=center|<span style="font-size:250%;">{{script/Arabic|ظُوَ}}</span><br />(作 ''zuò'')
|align=center|Sound change occurs when representing Chinese. Used before syllable with the Hanyu Pinyin finals  -ong, -ui, -un, -uo
|-
|align=center|'''''20'''''
|align=center|[[File:Ain-individua.svg|30px]]<br />(ع)
|align=center|[[File:Ain-finamezakomenca.svg|100px]]<br />(ععع)
|align=center|{{IPA|/ə/}}
|align=center|ㄜ, ㄦ, ㄛ, ㄡ
|align=center|e, er, o, ou
|align=center|{{IPA|[ʕ]}}
|align=center|{{IPA|[ʔ]}}
|align=center|<span style="font-size:250%;">{{script/Arabic|عَ}}</span><br />(恶/惡 ''è'')
|align=center|A vowel when representing Chinese, but considered a [[consonant]] when representing Arabic and Persian loans
|-
|align=center|'''''21'''''
|align=center|[[File:Faa-individua.svg|30px]]<br />(ف)
|align=center|[[File:Faa-finamezakomenca.svg|100px]]<br />(ففف)
|align=center|/f/ {{IPA|[f]}}-
|align=center|ㄈ
|align=center|f-
|align=center|{{IPA|[f]}}
|align=center|{{IPA|[f]}}
|align=center|<span style="font-size:250%;">{{script/Arabic|فِ}}</span><br />(废/廢 ''fèi'')
|align=center|
|-
|align=center|'''''22'''''
|align=center|[[File:Qaaf-individua.svg|30px]]<br />(ق)
|align=center|[[File:Qaaf-finamezakomenca.svg|100px]]<br />(ققق)
|align=center|/k/ {{IPA|[k]}}, {{IPA|[ɡ]}}-
|align=center|ㄍ
|align=center|g-
|align=center|{{IPA|[q]}}
|align=center|{{IPA|[ɣ~ɢ]}}, {{IPA|[q]}}
|align=center|<span style="font-size:250%;">{{script/Arabic|قْ}}</span><br />(个/個 ''ge'')
|align=center|Sound change occurs when representing Chinese
|-
|align=center rowspan=2|'''''23'''''
|align=center rowspan=2|[[File:Kahah-individua.svg|30px]]<br />(ک)
|align=center rowspan=2|[[File:Kahah-finamezakomenca.svg|100px]]<br />(ککک)
|align=center|/kʰ/ {{IPA|[kʰ]}}-
|align=center|ㄎ
|align=center|k-
|align=center rowspan=2|none
|align=center rowspan=2|{{IPA|[k]}}
|align=center|<span style="font-size:250%;">{{script/Arabic|کْ}}</span><br />(可 ''kě'')
|align=center|
|-
|align=center|{{IPA|[tɕʰ]}}-
|align=center|ㄑ
|align=center|q-
|align=center|<span style="font-size:250%;">{{script/Arabic|کِیٌ}}</span><br />(穷/窮 ''qióng'')
|align=center|Historically, in [[Linxia City|Linxia]] manuscripts, '''ٿ''' is more commonly used to represent Hanyu Pinyin initial q-, to more closely match the local dialect's pronunciation<ref name=Sobieroj/>
|-
|align=center|'''''24'''''
|align=center|[[File:NGaa-individua.svg|30px]]<br />(ݣ)
|align=center|[[File:NGaa-finamezakomenca.svg|100px]]<br />(ݣݣݣ)
|align=center|{{IPA|[tɕ]}}-
|align=center|ㄐ
|align=center|j-
|align=center|none
|align=center|none
|align=center|<span style="font-size:250%;">{{script/Arabic|ڭِیُوَ}}</span><br />(脚/腳 ''jiǎo'')
|align=center|Used in most manuscripts to represent "j-". Some manuscripts drop the three dots and simply use "ک"<ref name=Sobieroj/>
|-
|align=center|'''''25'''''
|align=center|[[File:Laam-individua.svg|30px]]<br />(ل)
|align=center|[[File:Laam-finamezakomenca.svg|100px]]<br />(للل)
|align=center|/l/ {{IPA|[l]}}-
|align=center|ㄌ
|align=center|l-
|align=center|{{IPA|[l]}}
|align=center|{{IPA|[l]}}
|align=center|<span style="font-size:250%;">{{script/Arabic|لِ}}</span><br />(里 ''lǐ'')
|align=center|
|-
|align=center|'''''26'''''
|align=center|[[File:Miim-individua.svg|30px]]<br />(م)
|align=center|[[File:Miim-finamezakomenca.svg|100px]]<br />(ممم)
|align=center|/m/ {{IPA|[m]}}-
|align=center|ㄇ
|align=center|m-
|align=center|{{IPA|[m]}}
|align=center|{{IPA|[m]}}
|align=center|<span style="font-size:250%;">{{script/Arabic|مِ}}</span><br />(秘 ''mì'')
|align=center|
|-
|align=center|'''''27'''''
|align=center|[[File:Nuun-individua.svg|30px]]<br />(ن)
|align=center|[[File:Nuun-finamezakomenca.svg|100px]]<br />(ننن)
|align=center|/n/ {{IPA|[n]}}-
|align=center|ㄋ
|align=center|n-
|align=center|{{IPA|[n]}}
|align=center|{{IPA|[n]}}
|align=center|<span style="font-size:250%;">{{script/Arabic|نِ}}</span><br />(你 ''nǐ'')
|align=center|
|-
|align=center|'''''28'''''
|align=center|[[File:Waau-individua.svg|30px]]<br />(و)
|align=center|[[File:Waau-fina.svg|30px]]<br />(و)
|align=center|/u/ {{IPA|[u]}}, {{IPA|[ʊ]}}
|align=center|ㄨ
|align=center|wu, wa, wai, wang, wan, wei, wen, weng, wo, u-, -u, -u-
|align=center|{{IPA|[w]}}, {{IPA|[uː]}}
|align=center|{{IPA|[v]}}, {{IPA|[u]}}, {{IPA|[o]}}, {{IPA|[ow]}}
|align=center|<span style="font-size:250%;">{{script/Arabic|وُ}}</span><br />(无/無 ''wú'')
|align=center|Vowel sound
|-
|align=center|'''''29'''''
|align=center|[[File:Yaa-Persa-individua.svg|30px]]<br />(ی)
|align=center|[[File:Yaa-Persa-finamezakomenca.svg|100px]]<br />(ییی)
|align=center|/i/ {{IPA|[i]}}, {{IPA|[ɪ]}}
|align=center|ㄧ
|align=center|yi, i-, -i, -i-
|align=center|{{IPA|[j]}}, {{IPA|[iː]}}, {{IPA|[æː~ɑː]}}
|align=center|{{IPA|[j]}}, {{IPA|[i]}}, {{IPA|[e]}}
|align=center|<span style="font-size:250%;">{{script/Arabic|یَا}}</span><br />(呀 ''ya'')
|align=center|Borrowed from Persian and a vowel sound. <small>(See [[Yodh#Perso-Arabic ye|Perso-Arabic ''ye'']])</small>
|-
|align=center|'''''30'''''
|align=center|[[File:Hamzah-individua.svg|30px]]<br />(ء)
|align=center|[[File:Hamzah-individua.svg|30px]]<br />(ء)
|align=center|{{IPA|[i]}}, {{IPA|[ɪ]}}, {{IPA|[ɥ]}}
|align=center|ㄩ
|align=center|yi, yin, yun
|align=center|{{IPA|[ʔ]}}
|align=center|{{IPA|[ʔ]}}
|align=center|<span style="font-size:250%;">{{script/Arabic|ءٌ}}</span><br />(孕 ''yùn'')
|align=center|
|}

===Additional consonants===
The consonants in this list are either lesser used alternatives used in regional varieties of Xiao'erjing, or they are common Arabic or Persian letters that are exclusively used for writing loan words in Xiao'erjing texts.

{| class="wikitable"
!width=1%|
!width=3%|Symbol
!width=3%|Final–Medial–Initial
!width=5%|[[Standard Mandarin]]<br />pronunciation
!width=5%|[[Bopomofo]]
!width=5%|[[Pinyin|Hanyu Pinyin]]
!width=5%|[[Modern Standard Arabic|Arabic]]<br />pronunciation
!width=5%|[[Persian language|Persian]]<br />pronunciation
!width=5%|Example
!width=5%|Notes
|-
|align=center|'''''1'''''
|align=center|[[File:Tahah-individua.svg|30px]]<br />(ٿ)
|align=center|[[File:Tahah-finamezakomenca.svg|100px]]<br />(ٿٿٿ)
|align=center|{{IPA|[tɕʰ]}}-
|align=center|ㄑ
|align=center|q-
|align=center|none
|align=center|none
|align=center|<span style="font-size:250%;">{{script/Arabic|ٿِیٌ}}</span><br />(穷/窮 ''qióng'')
|align=center|Unique Xiao'erjing letter. Historically, in [[Linxia City|Linxia]] manuscripts, this letter instead of '''ک''' was used to represent Hanyu Pinyin initial q-, to more closely match the local dialect's pronunciation<ref name=Sobieroj/>
|-
|align=center|'''''2'''''
|align=center|[[File:DHaal-individua.svg|30px]]<br />(ذ)
|align=center|[[File:DHaal-fina.svg|30px]]<br />(ذ)
|align=center|/ʦ/ {{IPA|[t͡s]}}, {{IPA|[d͡z]}}-
|align=center|ㄗ
|align=center|z-
|align=center|{{IPA|[ð]}}
|align=center|{{IPA|[z]}}
|align=center|<span style="font-size:250%;">{{script/Arabic|ذَیْ}}</span><br />(在 ''zài'')
|align=center| Some manuscripts use this letter instead of '''ز'''
|-
|align=center|'''''3'''''
|align=center|[[File:DDaad-individua.svg|30px]]<br />(ض)
|align=center|[[File:DDaad-finamezakomenca.svg|100px]]<br />(ضضض)
|align=center|none
|align=center|
|align=center|none
|align=center|{{IPA|[dˤ]}}
|align=center|{{IPA|[z]}}
|align=center|<span style="font-size:250%;">{{script/Arabic|الْضَّاد}}</span><br />(letter [[ḍād]])
|align=center|Only used with Arabic loans
|-
|align=center|'''''4'''''
|align=center|[[File:GHain-individua.svg|30px]]<br />(غ)
|align=center|[[File:GHain-finamezakomenca.svg|100px]]<br />(غغغ)
|align=center|none
|
|align=center|none
|align=center|{{IPA|[ɣ]}}|{{IPA|[ʁ]}}
|align=center|{{IPA|[ɣ~ɢ]}}
|align=center|<span style="font-size:250%;">{{script/Arabic|غَبْن}}</span><br />(criminal fraud)
|align=center|Only used with Arabic loans
|-
|align=center|'''''5'''''
|align=center|[[File:Gaaf-individua.svg|30px]]<br />(گ)
|align=center|[[File:Gaaf-finamezakomenca.svg|100px]]<br />(گگگ)
|align=center|none
|align=center|ㄍ
|align=center|none
|align=center|none
|align=center|{{IPA|[ɡ]}}
|align=center|<span style="font-size:250%;">{{script/Arabic|گنج}}</span><br />(treasure)
|align=center|Borrowed from Persian and only used with Persian loans
|-
|align=center|'''''6'''''
|align=center|[[File:Haa-individua.svg|30px]]<br />(ه)
|align=center|[[File:Haa-finamezakomenca.svg|100px]]<br />(ههه)
|align=center|/x/ {{IPA|[x]}}-
|align=center|ㄏ
|align=center|h-
|align=center|{{IPA|[h]}}
|align=center|{{IPA|[h]}}, {{IPA|[ɛ]}}, {{IPA|[æ]}}
|align=center|<span style="font-size:250%;">{{script/Arabic|الهواء}}</span><br />(air)
|align=center|Only used with Persian and Arabic loans
|}

=== Finals and vowels ===
Below is the list of final and vowel endings in each syllable representing each [[Chinese characters|Hanzi]] in Xiao'erjing.<ref name=Sobieroj/><ref name=Suutarinen>Suutarinen, M. (2015). [https://journal.fi/store/article/view/51814 https://journal.fi/store/article/view/51814 Arabic Script among China's Muslims: A Dongxiang folk story"]. ''Studia Orientalia Electronica'', 113, 197–208.</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
!width=1%|
!width=3%|Script
!width=5%|[[Standard Chinese]]<br />pronunciation
!width=5%|[[Bopomofo]]
!width=5%|[[Pinyin|Hanyu Pinyin]]
!width=5%|Example
!width=5%|Notes
|-
|align=center|'''''1'''''
|align=center|[[File:AlifFatHHah.svg|60px]]
|align=center|{{IPA|[ɑ]}}
|align=center|ㄚ
|align=center|a
|align=center|<span style="font-size:250%; line-height:150%;">{{script/Arabic|اَ}}</span><br />(阿 ''ā'')
|align=center|
|-
|align=center|'''''2'''''
|align=center|[[File:FatHHahAlif-malplena.svg|60px]]
|align=center|-{{IPA|[ɑ]}}
|align=center|ㄚ
|align=center|-a
|align=center|<span style="font-size:250%; line-height:150%;">{{script/Arabic|دَا}}</span><br />(大 ''dà'')
|align=center|
|-
|align=center|'''''3'''''
|align=center|[[File:AlifFatHHahYaaSukuun.svg|60px]]
|align=center|{{IPA|[aɪ]}}
|align=center|ㄞ
|align=center|ai
|align=center|<span style="font-size:250%; line-height:150%;">{{script/Arabic|اَیْ}}</span><br />(爱/愛 ''ài'')
|align=center|
|-
|align=center|'''''4'''''
|align=center|[[File:FatHHahYaaSukuun-malplena.svg|60px]]
|align=center|-{{IPA|[aɪ]}}
|align=center|ㄞ
|align=center|-ai
|align=center|<span style="font-size:250%; line-height:150%;">{{script/Arabic|كَیْ}}</span><br />(凯/凱 ''kǎi'')
|align=center|
|-
|align=center|'''''5'''''
|align=center|[[File:AlifFatHHatan-malplena.png|x36px]]
|align=center|{{IPA|[an]}}
|align=center|ㄢ
|align=center|an
|align=center|<span style="font-size:250%; line-height:150%;">{{script/Arabic|اً}}</span><br />(安 ''ān'')
|align=center|
|-
|align=center|'''''6'''''
|align=center|[[File:FatHHatanAlif-malplena.svg|60px]]
|align=center|-{{IPA|[an]}}
|align=center|ㄢ
|align=center|-an
|align=center|<span style="font-size:250%; line-height:150%;">{{script/Arabic|دًا}}</span><br />(但 ''dàn'')
|align=center|
|-
|align=center|'''''7'''''
|align=center|[[File:AlifFatHHahNuunSukuun-malplena.png|x36px]]
|align=center|{{IPA|[ɑŋ]}}
|align=center|ㄤ
|align=center|ang
|align=center|<span style="font-size:250%; line-height:150%;">{{script/Arabic|اَنْ}}</span><br />(昂 ''áng'')
|align=center|
|-
|align=center|'''''8'''''
|align=center|[[File:FatHHahAlifNuunSukuun-malplena.png|x36px]]
|align=center|-{{IPA|[ɑŋ]}}
|align=center|ㄤ
|align=center|-ang
|align=center|<span style="font-size:250%; line-height:180%;">{{script/Arabic|قَانْ}}</span><br />(刚/剛 ''gāng'')
|align=center|
|-
|align=center|'''''9'''''
|align=center|[[File:AlifFatHHahWaauSukuun.svg|60px]]
|align=center|{{IPA|[aʊ]}}
|align=center|ㄠ
|align=center|ao
|align=center|<span style="font-size:250%; line-height:150%;">{{script/Arabic|اَوْ}}</span><br />(奥/奧 ''ào'')
|align=center|
|-
|align=center|'''''10'''''
|align=center|[[File:FatHHahWaauSukuun-malplena.svg|60px]]
|align=center|-{{IPA|[aʊ]}}
|align=center|ㄠ
|align=center|-ao
|align=center|<span style="font-size:250%; line-height:150%;">{{script/Arabic|قَوْ}}</span><br />(高 ''gāo'')
|align=center|
|-
|align=center|'''''11'''''
|align=center|[[File:AinFatHHah.svg|60px]]
|align=center|{{IPA|[ə]}}|{{IPA|[ɤ]}}
|align=center|ㄜ
|align=center|e
|align=center|<span style="font-size:250%; line-height:150%;">{{script/Arabic|عَ}}</span><br />(恶/惡 ''è'')
|align=center|
|-
|align=center rowspan=2|'''''12'''''
|align=center|[[File:Sukuun-malplena.svg|60px]]
|align=center rowspan=2|-{{IPA|[ə]}}|{{IPA|[ɤ]}}
|align=center rowspan=2|ㄜ
|align=center rowspan=2|-e
|align=center|<span style="font-size:250%; line-height:150%;">{{script/Arabic|دْ}}</span><br />(德 ''dé'')
|align=center| For Hanyu Pinyin initials d-, g-, k, t-
|-
|align=center|[[File:FatHHah-malplena.svg|60px]]
|align=center|<span style="font-size:250%; line-height:150%;">{{script/Arabic|ڞَ}}</span><br />(册/冊 ''cè'')
|align=center|For other Hanyu Pinyin initials
|-
|align=center|'''''13'''''
|align=center|none
|align=center|{{IPA|[eɪ]}}
|align=center|ㄟ
|align=center|ei
|align=center|none
|align=center|Rare, no representation in Xiao'erjing
|-
|align=center rowspan=3|'''''14'''''
|align=center|[[File:DammahWaauKasrah-malplena.svg|60px]]
|align=center rowspan=3|-{{IPA|[eɪ]}}
|align=center rowspan=3|ㄟ
|align=center rowspan=3|-ei
|align=center|<span style="font-size:250%; line-height:150%;">{{script/Arabic|مُوِ}}</span><br />(玫 ''méi''）
|align=center| For Hanyu Pinyin initials b-, l-, m-, n-, p-
|-
|align=center|[[File:Kasrah-malplena.svg|60px]]
|align=center|<span style="font-size:250%; line-height:150%;">{{script/Arabic|فِ}}</span><br />(飞/飛 ''fēi''）
|align=center rowspan=2| For other Hanyu Pinyin initials<br />Arabic diacritic ﹾ is added to letters that don't connect to the following letter, so that the confusion of reading two characters as one syllable can be avoided
|-
|align=center|[[File:SukuunKasrah-malplena.png|x36px]]
|align=center|<span style="font-size:250%; line-height:150%;">{{script/Arabic|دِْ}}</span><br />(得 ''děi'')
|-
|align=center|'''''15'''''
|align=center|[[File:AinKasratan.svg|60px]]
|align=center|{{IPA|[ən]}}
|align=center|ㄣ
|align=center|en
|align=center|<span style="font-size:250%; line-height:150%;">{{script/Arabic|عٍ}}</span><br />(恩 ''ēn'')
|align=center|
|-
|align=center rowspan=2|'''''16'''''
|align=center |[[File:Dammatan-malplena.svg|60px]]
|align=center rowspan=2|-{{IPA|[ən]}}
|align=center rowspan=2|ㄣ
|align=center rowspan=2|-en
|align=center|<span style="font-size:250%; line-height:150%;">{{script/Arabic|مٌ}}</span><br />(们/們 ''mén'')
|align=center| For Hanyu Pinyin initials  b-, f-, m-, n-, p-
|-
|align=center|[[File:Kasratan-malplena.svg|60px]]
|align=center|<span style="font-size:250%; line-height:150%;">{{script/Arabic|قٍ}}</span><br />(根 ''gēn'')
|align=center| For other Hanyu Pinyin initials
|-
|align=center|'''''17'''''
|align=center|none
|align=center|{{IPA|[əŋ]}}
|align=center|ㄥ
|align=center|eng
|align=center|none
|align=center|Rare, no representation in Xiao'erjing
|-
|align=center rowspan=2|'''''18'''''
|align=center|[[File:Kasratan-malplena.svg|60px]]
|align=center rowspan=2|-{{IPA|[ɤŋ]}}
|align=center rowspan=2|ㄥ
|align=center rowspan=2|-eng
|align=center|<span style="font-size:250%; line-height:150%;">{{script/Arabic|رٍ}}</span><br />(仍 ''réng'')
|align=center| Only for Hanyu Pinyin initial r-
|-
|align=center|[[File:SukuunKasratan-malplena.svg|60px]]
|align=center|<span style="font-size:250%; line-height:150%;">{{script/Arabic|قْ‌ٍ}}</span><br />(更 ''gèng'')
|align=center| For all other Hanyu Pinyin initials
|-
|align=center|'''''19'''''
|align=center|[[File:AinFatHHahRaa.svg|60px]]
|align=center|{{IPA|[ɑɻ]}}
|align=center|ㄦ
|align=center|er
|align=center|<span style="font-size:250%; line-height:150%;">{{script/Arabic|عَر}}</span><br />(儿/兒 ''er'')
|align=center|
|-
|align=center|'''''20'''''
|align=center|[[File:Raa-malplena.svg|60px]]
|align=center|-{{IPA|[ɻ]}}
|align=center|ㄦ
|align=center|-r
|align=center|<span style="font-size:250%; line-height:150%;">{{script/Arabic|لِر}}</span><br />(粒<small>儿</small>/粒<small>兒</small> ''lìr'')
|align=center|Represents the rhotic final -r sound
|-
|align=center|'''''21'''''
|align=center|[[File:HamzahKasrah.svg|60px]]
|align=center|{{IPA|[i]}}
|align=center|ㄧ
|align=center|yi
|align=center|<span style="font-size:250%; line-height:150%;">{{script/Arabic|ءِ}}</span><br />(意 ''yì'')
|align=center|
|-
|align=center rowspan=2|'''''22'''''
|align=center|[[File:SukuunKasrah-malplena.png|x36px]]
|align=center rowspan=2|-{{IPA|[i]}} / -[ɯ] / -[ɨ]
|align=center rowspan=2|ㄧ
|align=center rowspan=2|-i
|align=center|<span style="font-size:250%; line-height:150%;">{{script/Arabic|سْ‌ِ}}</span><br />(四 ''sì'')
|align=center| Only for Hanyu Pinyin initial s-
|-
|align=center|[[File:Kasrah-malplena.svg|60px]]
|align=center|<span style="font-size:250%; line-height:150%;">{{script/Arabic|کِ}}</span><br />(其 ''qí'')
|align=center|  For all other Hanyu Pinyin initials
|-
|align=center|'''''23'''''
|align=center|[[File:YaaFatHHahAlif.svg|60px]]
|align=center|{{IPA|[iɑ]}}
|align=center|ㄧㄚ
|align=center|ya
|align=center|<span style="font-size:250%; line-height:150%;">{{script/Arabic|یَا}}</span><br />(呀 ''ya'')
|align=center|
|-
|align=center|'''''24'''''
|align=center|[[File:KasrahYaaFatHHahAlif.png|x36px]]
|align=center|-{{IPA|[iɑ]}}
|align=center|ㄧㄚ
|align=center|-ia
|align=center|<span style="font-size:250%; line-height:150%;">{{script/Arabic|ݣِیَا}}</span><br />(家 ''jiā'')
|align=center|Limited to syllables with the Hanyu Pinyin initials d-, j-, q-, x-, l-
|-
|align=center|'''''25'''''
|align=center|[[File:YaaFatHHatanAlif.svg|60px]]
|align=center|{{IPA|[iɛn]}}
|align=center|ㄧㄢ
|align=center|yan
|align=center|<span style="font-size:250%; line-height:150%;">{{script/Arabic|یًا}}</span><br />(严/嚴 ''yán'')
|align=center|
|-
|align=center|'''''26'''''
|align=center|[[File:KasrahYaaFatHHatanAlif-malplena.svg|60px]]
|align=center|-{{IPA|[iɛn]}}
|align=center|ㄧㄢ
|align=center|-ian
|align=center|<span style="font-size:250%; line-height:150%;">{{script/Arabic|لِیًا}}</span><br />(练/練 ''liàn'')
|align=center|
|-
|align=center|'''''27'''''
|align=center|[[File:YaaFatHHahAlifNuunSukuun-malplena.png|x36px]]
|align=center|{{IPA|[iɑŋ]}}
|align=center|ㄧㄤ
|align=center|yang
|align=center|<span style="font-size:250%; line-height:150%;">{{script/Arabic|یَانْ}}</span><br />(羊 ''yáng'')
|align=center|
|-
|align=center|'''''28'''''
|align=center|[[File:KasrahYaaFatHHahAlifNuunSukuun-malplena.png|x36px]]
|align=center|-{{IPA|[iɑŋ]}}
|align=center|ㄧㄤ
|align=center|-iang
|align=center|<span style="font-size:250%; line-height:150%;">{{script/Arabic|لِیَانْ}}</span><br />(良 ''liáng'')
|align=center|
|-
|align=center|'''''29'''''
|align=center|[[File:YaaFatHHahWaauSukuun.svg|60px]]
|align=center|{{IPA|[iaʊ]}}
|align=center|ㄧㄠ
|align=center|yao
|align=center|<span style="font-size:250%; line-height:150%;">{{script/Arabic|یَوْ}}</span><br />(要 ''yào'')
|align=center|
|-
|align=center|'''''30'''''
|align=center|[[File:KasrahYaaFatHHahWaauSukuun-malplena.svg|60px]]
|align=center|-{{IPA|[iaʊ]}}
|align=center|ㄧㄠ
|align=center|-iao
|align=center|<span style="font-size:250%; line-height:150%;">{{script/Arabic|ݣِیَوْ}}</span><br />(教 ''jiào'')
|align=center|
|-
|align=center|'''''31'''''
|align=center|[[File:YaaFatHHah.png|x36px]]
|align=center|{{IPA|[iɛ]}}
|align=center|ㄧㄝ
|align=center|ye
|align=center|<span style="font-size:250%; line-height:150%;">{{script/Arabic|یِ}}</span><br />(耶 ''yē'')
|align=center|
|-
|align=center|'''''32'''''
|align=center|[[File:KasrahYaaHamzah-malplena.svg|60px]]
|align=center|-{{IPA|[iɛ]}}
|align=center|ㄧㄝ
|align=center|-{{Not a typo|ie}}
|align=center|<span style="font-size:250%; line-height:150%;">{{script/Arabic|ݣِیَ}}</span><br />(解 ''jiě'')
|align=center|
|-
|align=center|'''''33'''''
|align=center|[[File:HamzahKasratan.svg|60px]]
|align=center|{{IPA|[in]}}
|align=center|ㄧㄣ
|align=center|yin
|align=center|<span style="font-size:250%; line-height:150%;">{{script/Arabic|ءٍ}}</span><br />(因 ''yīn'')
|align=center|
|-
|align=center|'''''34'''''
|align=center|[[File:Kasratan-malplena.svg|60px]]
|align=center|-{{IPA|[in]}}
|align=center|ㄧㄣ
|align=center|-in
|align=center|<span style="font-size:250%; line-height:180%;">{{script/Arabic|کٍ}}</span><br />(勤 ''qín'')
|align=center|
|-
|align=center|'''''35'''''
|align=center|[[File:YaaSukuunKasratan.svg|60px]]
|align=center|{{IPA|[iŋ]}}
|align=center|ㄧㄥ
|align=center|ying
|align=center|<span style="font-size:250%; line-height:180%;">{{script/Arabic|یْ‌ٍ}}</span><br />(应/應 ''yīng'')
|align=center|
|-
|align=center rowspan=3|'''''36'''''
|align=center|[[File:Kasratan-malplena.svg|60px]]
|align=center rowspan=3|-{{IPA|[iŋ]}}
|align=center rowspan=3|ㄧㄥ
|align=center rowspan=3|-ing
|align=center|<span style="font-size:250%; line-height:180%;">{{script/Arabic|تٍ}}</span><br />(圢 ''tǐng'')
|align=center|After syllables with the Hanyu Pinyin initials d-, t-
|-
|align=center|[[File:SukuunKasratan-malplena.svg|60px]]
|align=center|<span style="font-size:250%; line-height:180%;">{{script/Arabic|ݣْ‌ٍ}}</span><br />(汫 ''jǐng'')
|align=center|After syllables with the Hanyu Pinyin initials j-, q-, x-
|-
|align=center|[[File:KasrahYaaKasratanHamzah-malplena.png|x36px]]
|align=center|<span style="font-size:250%; line-height:180%;">{{script/Arabic|پِیٍٔ}}</span><br />(平 ''píng'')
|align=center|After syllables with the Hanyu Pinyin initials b-, p-, m-, n-, l-
|-
|align=center|'''''37'''''
|align=center|[[File:YaaDammatan.svg|60px]]
|align=center|{{IPA|[yʊŋ]}}
|align=center|ㄩㄥ
|align=center|yong
|align=center|<span style="font-size:250%; line-height:150%;">{{script/Arabic|یٌ}}</span><br />(用 ''yòng'')
|align=center|
|-
|align=center|'''''38'''''
|align=center|[[File:SukuunKasrahWaau-malplena.svg|60px]]or [[File:SukuunWaau-malplena.svg|60px]]
|align=center|-{{IPA|[yʊŋ]}}
|align=center|ㄩㄥ
|align=center|-iong
|align=center|<span style="font-size:250%; line-height:180%;">{{script/Arabic|کِیٌ}}</span><br />(穷/窮 ''qióng'')
|align=center|Limited to syllables with the Hanyu Pinyin initials j-, q-, x-
|-
|align=center|'''''39'''''
|align=center|[[File:YaaKasrahWaauSukuun.svg|60px]]
|align=center|{{IPA|[iəʊ]}}|{{IPA|[iɤʊ]}}
|align=center|ㄧㄡ
|align=center|you
|align=center|<span style="font-size:250%; line-height:150%;">{{script/Arabic|یِوْ}}</span><br />(有 ''yǒu'')
|align=center|
|-
|align=center|'''''40'''''
|align=center|[[File:KasrahYaaDammahWaauSukuun-malplena.png|x36px]]
|align=center|-{{IPA|[iəʊ]}}|{{IPA|[iɤʊ]}}
|align=center|ㄧㄡ
|align=center|-iu
|align=center|<span style="font-size:250%; line-height:150%;">{{script/Arabic|نِیُوْ}}</span><br />(牛 ''niú'')
|align=center|
|-
|align=center|'''''41'''''
|align=center|[[File:AinKasrahWaau.png|x36px]]
|align=center|{{IPA|[o]}}
|align=center|ㄛ
|align=center|o
|align=center|<span style="font-size:250%; line-height:150%;">{{script/Arabic|عِو}}</span><br />(哦 ''ó'')
|align=center|
|-
|align=center rowspan=2|'''''42'''''
|align=center|[[File:Dammatan-malplena.svg|60px]]
|align=center rowspan=2|-{{IPA|[ʊŋ]}}
|align=center rowspan=2|ㄨㄥ
|align=center rowspan=2|-ong
|align=center|<span style="font-size:250%; line-height:180%;">{{script/Arabic|سٌ}}</span><br />(讼/訟 ''sòng'')
|align=center| Only for Hanyu Pinyin initial s-, r-
|-
|align=center|[[File:SukuunWaau-malplena.svg|60px]]
|align=center|<span style="font-size:250%; line-height:180%;">{{script/Arabic|خْو}}</span><br />(宏 ''hóng'')
|align=center| For all other Hanyu Pinyin initials
|-
|align=center|'''''43'''''
|align=center|[[File:AinKasrahWaauSukuun.svg|60px]]
|align=center|{{IPA|[əʊ]}}|{{IPA|[ɤʊ]}}
|align=center|ㄡ
|align=center|ou
|align=center|<span style="font-size:250%; line-height:150%;">{{script/Arabic|عِوْ}}</span><br />(偶 ''ǒu'')
|align=center|
|-
|align=center|'''''44'''''
|align=center|[[File:KasrahWaauSukuun-malplena.svg|60px]]
|align=center|-{{IPA|[əʊ]}}|{{IPA|[ɤʊ]}}
|align=center|ㄡ
|align=center|-ou
|align=center|<span style="font-size:250%; line-height:150%;">{{script/Arabic|كِوْ}}</span><br />(口 ''kǒu'')
|align=center|
|-
|align=center|'''''45'''''
|align=center|[[File:WaauDammah.png|x36px]]
|align=center|{{IPA|[u]}}
|align=center|ㄨ
|align=center|wu
|align=center|<span style="font-size:250%; line-height:150%;">{{script/Arabic|وُ}}</span><br />(无/無 ''wú'')
|align=center|
|-
|align=center rowspan=2|'''''46'''''
|align=center|[[File:Dammah-malplena.svg|60px]]
|align=center rowspan=2|-{{IPA|[u]}}
|align=center rowspan=2|ㄨ
|align=center rowspan=2|-u
|align=center|<span style="font-size:250%; line-height:150%;">{{script/Arabic|کُ}}</span><br />(苦 ''kǔ'')
|align=center rowspan=2| Arabic letter و is added to letters that don't connect to the following letter, so that the confusion of reading two characters as one syllable can be avoided
|-
|align=center|[[File:DammahWaau-malplena (Not Connected).png|x36px]]
|align=center|<span style="font-size:250%; line-height:150%;">{{script/Arabic|زُو}}</span><br />(足 ''zú'')
|-
|align=center|'''''47'''''
|align=center|[[File:WaauFatHHahAlif.png|x36px]]
|align=center|{{IPA|[uɑ]}}
|align=center|ㄨㄚ
|align=center|wa
|align=center|<span style="font-size:250%; line-height:150%;">{{script/Arabic|وَا}}</span><br />(娃 ''wá'')
|align=center|
|-
|align=center|'''''48'''''
|align=center|[[File:DammahWaauFatHHahAlif-malplena.png|x36px]]
|align=center|-{{IPA|[uɑ]}}
|align=center|ㄨㄚ
|align=center|-ua
|align=center|<span style="font-size:250%; line-height:180%;">{{script/Arabic|قُوَا}}</span><br />(刮 ''guā'')
|align=center|
|-
|align=center|'''''49'''''
|align=center|[[File:WaauFatHHahYaaSukuun.svg|60px]]
|align=center|{{IPA|[uaɪ]}}
|align=center|ㄨㄞ
|align=center|wai
|align=center|<span style="font-size:250%; line-height:150%;">{{script/Arabic|وَیْ}}</span><br />(歪 ''wāi'')
|align=center|
|-
|align=center|'''''50'''''
|align=center|[[File:DammahWaauFatHHahYaaSukuun-malplena.svg|60px]]
|align=center|-{{IPA|[uaɪ]}}
|align=center|ㄨㄞ
|align=center|-uai
|align=center|<span style="font-size:250%; line-height:150%;">{{script/Arabic|كُوَیْ}}</span><br />(块/塊 ''kuài'')
|align=center|
|-
|align=center|'''''51'''''
|align=center|[[File:WaauFatHHatanAlif.svg|60px]]
|align=center|{{IPA|[uan]}}|{{IPA|[wan]}}
|align=center|ㄨㄢ
|align=center|wan
|align=center|<span style="font-size:250%; line-height:150%;">{{script/Arabic|وًا}}</span><br />(万/萬 ''wàn'')
|align=center|
|-
|align=center|'''''52'''''
|align=center|[[File:DammahWaauFatHHatanAlif-malplena.svg|60px]]
|align=center|-{{IPA|[uan]}}
|align=center|ㄨㄢ
|align=center|-uan
|align=center|<span style="font-size:250%; line-height:150%;">{{script/Arabic|كُوًا}}</span><br />(宽/寬 ''kuān'')
|align=center|
|-
|align=center|'''''53'''''
|align=center|[[File:WaauFatHHahAlifNuunSukuun.png|x36px]]
|align=center|{{IPA|[uɑŋ]}}|{{IPA|[wɑŋ]}}
|align=center|ㄨㄤ
|align=center|wang
|align=center|<span style="font-size:250%; line-height:150%;">{{script/Arabic|وَانْ}}</span><br />(忘 ''wàng'')
|align=center|
|-
|align=center|'''''54'''''
|align=center|[[File:DammahWaauFatHHahAlifNuunSukuun-malplena.png|x36px]]
|align=center|-{{IPA|[uɑŋ]}}
|align=center|ㄨㄤ
|align=center|-uang
|align=center|<span style="font-size:250%; line-height:150%;">{{script/Arabic|کُوَانْ}}</span><br />(况/況 ''kuàng'')
|align=center|
|-
|align=center|'''''55'''''
|align=center|[[File:WaauKasrah.svg|60px]]
|align=center|{{IPA|[ueɪ]}}
|align=center|ㄨㄟ
|align=center|wei
|align=center|<span style="font-size:250%; line-height:150%;">{{script/Arabic|وِ}}</span><br />(为/為 ''wèi'')
|align=center|
|-
|align=center|'''''56'''''
|align=center|[[File:DammahWaauKasrah-malplena.svg|60px]]
|align=center|-{{IPA|[ueɪ]}}
|align=center|ㄨㄟ
|align=center|-ui
|align=center|<span style="font-size:250%; line-height:150%;">{{script/Arabic|خُوِ}}</span><br />(回 ''huí'')
|align=center|
|-
|align=center|'''''57'''''
|align=center|[[File:WaauDammatan.svg|60px]]
|align=center|{{IPA|[uən]}}|{{IPA|[wən]}}
|align=center|ㄨㄣ
|align=center|wen
|align=center|<span style="font-size:250%; line-height:150%;">{{script/Arabic|وٌ}}</span><br />(问/問 ''wèn'')
|align=center|
|-
|align=center|'''''58'''''
|align=center|[[File:Dammatan-malplena.svg|60px]]
|align=center|-{{IPA|[uən]}}
|align=center|ㄨㄣ
|align=center|-un
|align=center|<span style="font-size:250%; line-height:150%;">{{script/Arabic|کٌ}}</span><br />(困 ''kùn'')
|align=center|
|-
|align=center|'''''59'''''
|align=center|[[File:WaauSukuunKasratan.png|x36px]]
|align=center|{{IPA|[uɤŋ]}}|{{IPA|[wɤŋ]}}
|align=center|ㄨㄥ
|align=center|weng
|align=center|<span style="font-size:250%; line-height:150%;">{{script/Arabic|وٍْ}}</span><br />(翁 ''wēng'')
|align=center|
|-
|align=center|'''''60'''''
|align=center|[[File:WaauFatHHah.svg|60px]]
|align=center|{{IPA|[uə]}}
|align=center|ㄨㄛ
|align=center|wo
|align=center|<span style="font-size:250%; line-height:150%;">{{script/Arabic|وَ}}</span><br />(我 ''wǒ'')
|align=center|
|-
|rowspan=2 align=center|'''''61'''''
|rowspan=2 align=center|[[File:DammahWaauFatHHah-malplena.svg|60px]]
|rowspan=2 align=center|-{{IPA|[uə]}}
|rowspan=2 align=center|ㄨㄛ
|align=center|-uo
|align=center|<span style="font-size:250%; line-height:180%;">{{script/Arabic|قُوَ}}</span><br />(国/國 ''guó'')
|align=center|
|-
|align=center|-o
|align=center|<span style="font-size:250%; line-height:150%;">{{script/Arabic|بُوَ}}</span><br />(拨/撥 ''bō'')
|align=center|Hanyu Pinyin initials b-, p-, m-, f-
|-
|align=center|'''''62'''''
|align=center|[[File:YaaDammahWaauKasrah.png|x36px]]
|align=center|{{IPA|[y]}}
|align=center|ㄩ
|align=center|yu
|align=center|<span style="font-size:250%; line-height:150%;">{{script/Arabic|یُوِ}}</span><br />(与/與 ''yǔ'')
|align=center|
|-
|align=center|'''''63'''''
|align=center|[[File:KasrahYaaDammahWaauKasrah-malplena.png|x36px]]
|align=center|-{{IPA|[y]}}
|align=center|ㄩ
|align=center|-ü, -u
|align=center|<span style="font-size:250%; line-height:150%;">{{script/Arabic|نِیُوِ}}</span><br />(女 ''nǚ'')
|align=center|Limited to syllables with the Hanyu Pinyin initials j-, q-, x-, l-, n-
|-
|align=center|'''''64'''''
|align=center|[[File:YaaDammahWaauFatHHatanAlif.svg|60px]]
|align=center|{{IPA|[yɛn]}}
|align=center|ㄩㄢ
|align=center|yuan
|align=center|<span style="font-size:250%; line-height:150%;">{{script/Arabic|یُوًا}}</span><br />(源 ''yuán'')
|align=center|
|-
|align=center|'''''65'''''
|align=center|[[File:KasrahYaaDammahWaauFatHHatanAlif-malplena.png|x36px]]
|align=center|-{{IPA|[yɛn]}}
|align=center|ㄩㄢ
|align=center|-uan
|align=center|<span style="font-size:250%; line-height:150%;">{{script/Arabic|ݣِیُوًا}}</span><br />(捐 ''juān'')
|align=center|Limited to syllables with the Hanyu Pinyin initials j-, q-, x-
|-
|align=center|'''''66'''''
|align=center|[[File:YaaDammahWaauFatHHah.png|x36px]]
|align=center|{{IPA|[yɛ]}}
|align=center|ㄩㄝ
|align=center|yue
|align=center|<span style="font-size:250%; line-height:150%;">{{script/Arabic|یُوَ}}</span><br />(约/約 ''yuē'')
|align=center|
|-
|align=center|'''''67'''''
|align=center|[[File:KasrahYaaDammahWaauFatHHah-malplena.png|x36px]]
|align=center|-{{IPA|[yɛ]}}
|align=center|ㄩㄝ
|align=center|-üe, -ue
|align=center|<span style="font-size:250%; line-height:150%;">{{script/Arabic|ݣِیُوَ}}</span><br />(决/決 ''jué'')
|align=center|Limited to syllables with the Hanyu Pinyin initials j-, q-, x-, l-, n-
|-
|align=center|'''''68'''''
|align=center|[[File:HamzahDammatan.svg|60px]]
|align=center|{{IPA|[yn]}}
|align=center|ㄩㄣ
|align=center|yun
|align=center|<span style="font-size:250%; line-height:150%;">{{script/Arabic|ءٌ}}</span><br />(孕 ''yùn'')
|align=center|
|-
|align=center|'''''69'''''
|align=center|[[File:Dammatan-malplena.svg|60px]]
|align=center|-{{IPA|[yn]}}
|align=center|ㄩㄣ
|align=center|-un
|align=center|<span style="font-size:250%; line-height:150%;">{{script/Arabic|کٌ}}</span><br />(均 ''jūn'')
|align=center|Limited to syllables with the Hanyu Pinyin initials j-, q-, x-
|}

* Vowels in Arabic and Persian loans follow their respective orthographies, namely, only the long vowels are represented and the short vowels are omitted. Although the sukun ([[File:Sukuun.svg|30px]]) can be omitted when representing Arabic and Persian loans, it cannot be omitted when representing Chinese. The exception being that of oft-used monosyllabic words which can have the sukun omitted from writing. For example, when emphasised, "的" and "和" are written as (<span style="font-size:190%;">{{script/Arabic|دِ}}</span>) and (<span style="font-size:190%;">{{script/Arabic|حـَ}}</span>); when unemphasised, they can be written with the sukuns as (<span style="font-size:190%; line-height:140%;">{{script/Arabic|دْ}}</span>) and (<span style="font-size:190%; line-height:140%;">{{script/Arabic|حـْ}}</span>), or without the sukuns as (<span style="font-size:190%;">{{script/Arabic|د}}</span>) and (<span style="font-size:190%;">{{script/Arabic|حـ}}</span>).
* Similarly, the sukun can also sometimes represent the Chinese -{{IPA|[ŋ]}} final, as such (<span style="font-size:190%; line-height:140%;">{{script/Arabic|ـنْ / نْ}}</span>). This is sometimes replaced by the fatḥatan ([[File:FatHHatan.svg|30px]]), the kasratan ([[File:Kasratan.svg|30px]]), or the dammatan ([[File:Dammatan.svg|30px]]) in manuscripts.
In polysyllabic words, the final 'alif (<span style="font-size:190%;">{{script/Arabic|ـا}}</span>) that represents the long vowel -ā can be omitted and replaced by a fatḥah ([[File:FatHHah.svg|30px|Fatḥah]]) representing the short vowel -ă.
* Xiao'erjing is similar to Hanyu Pinyin in the respect that words are written as one, while a space is inserted between words. A {{unichar|200C|ZERO WIDTH NON-JOINER|html=}} shall be used for separation between different syllables within the same word. Unlike Persian or Arabic, syllables (each representing one Hanji character) are not continuously connected.
* When representing Chinese words, the shaddah sign represents a doubling of the entire syllable on which it rests. It has the same function as the Chinese [[iteration mark]] "々".
* Arabic punctuation marks can be used with Xiao'erjing as can Chinese punctuation marks, they can also be mixed (Chinese pauses and periods with Arabic commas and quotation marks).

== Correspondences with pinyin ==

{|class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+Correspondence chart between Pinyin and Xiao'erjing
!colspan=4|Organized alphabetically
|-
!colspan=4|A
|-
| a — {{Script/Arabic|اَ}}|| ai — {{Script/Arabic|اَیْ}}|| an — {{Script/Arabic|اً}}|| ang — {{Script/Arabic|اَنْ}}
|-
| ao — {{Script/Arabic|اَوْ}}
|-
!colspan=4|B
|-
| ba — {{Script/Arabic|بَا}} || bai — {{Script/Arabic|بَیْ}} || ban — {{Script/Arabic|بًا}} || bang — {{Script/Arabic|بَانْ}}
|-
| bao — {{Script/Arabic|بَوْ}} || bei — {{Script/Arabic|بُوِ}} || ben — {{Script/Arabic|بٌ}} || beng — {{Script/Arabic|بٍْ}}
|-
| bi — {{Script/Arabic|بِ}} || bian — {{Script/Arabic|بِیًا}} || biao — {{Script/Arabic|بِیَوْ}} || bie — {{Script/Arabic|بِیَ}}
|-
| bin — {{Script/Arabic|بٍ}} || bing — {{Script/Arabic|بِیٍٔ}} || bo — {{Script/Arabic|بُوَ}} || bu — {{Script/Arabic|بُ}}
|-
|-
!colspan=4|C
|-
| ca — {{Script/Arabic|ڞَا}} || cai — {{Script/Arabic|ڞَیْ}} || can — {{Script/Arabic|ڞًا}} || cang — {{Script/Arabic|ڞَانْ}}
|-
| cao — {{Script/Arabic|ڞَوْ}} || ce — {{Script/Arabic|ڞَ}} || cen — {{Script/Arabic|ڞٍ}} || ceng — {{Script/Arabic|ڞْ‌ٍ}}
|-
| ci — {{Script/Arabic|ڞِ}} || cong — {{Script/Arabic|ڞْو}} || cou — {{Script/Arabic|ڞِوْ}} || cu — {{Script/Arabic|ڞُ}}
|-
| cuan — {{Script/Arabic|ڞُوًا}} || cui — {{Script/Arabic|ڞُوِ}} || cun — {{Script/Arabic|ڞٌ}} || cuo —  {{Script/Arabic|ڞُوَ}}
|-
!colspan=4|CH
|-
| cha — {{Script/Arabic|چَا}} || chai — {{Script/Arabic|چَیْ}} || chan — {{Script/Arabic|چًا}} || chang — {{Script/Arabic|چَانْ}}
|-
| chao —{{Script/Arabic|چَوْ}} || che — {{Script/Arabic|چَ}} || chen — {{Script/Arabic|چٍ}} || cheng — {{Script/Arabic|چٍْ}}
|-
| chi — {{Script/Arabic|چِ}} || chong — {{Script/Arabic|چْو}} || chou — {{Script/Arabic|چِوْ}} || chu — {{Script/Arabic|چُ}}
|-
| chuai — {{Script/Arabic|چُوَیْ}} || chuan — {{Script/Arabic|چُوًا}} || chuang — {{Script/Arabic|چُوَانْ}} || chui — {{Script/Arabic|چُوِ}}
|-
| chun — {{Script/Arabic|چٌ}} || chuo — {{Script/Arabic|چُوَ}} ||||
|-
!colspan=4|D
|-
| da — {{Script/Arabic|دَا}} || dai — {{Script/Arabic|دَیْ}} || dan — {{Script/Arabic|دًا}} || dang — {{Script/Arabic|دَانْ}}
|-
| dao — {{Script/Arabic|دَوْ}} || de — {{Script/Arabic|دْ}} || dei — {{Script/Arabic|دِْ}} || deng — {{Script/Arabic|دٍْ}}
|-
| di — {{Script/Arabic|دِ}} || dia — {{Script/Arabic|دِیَا}} || dian — {{Script/Arabic|دِیًا}} || diao — {{Script/Arabic|دِیَوْ}}
|-
| die — {{Script/Arabic|دِیَ}} || ding — {{Script/Arabic|دٍ}} || diu — {{Script/Arabic|دِیُوْ}} || dong — {{Script/Arabic|دْو}}
|-
| dou — {{Script/Arabic|دِوْ}} || du — {{Script/Arabic|دُو}} || duan — {{Script/Arabic|دُوًا}} || dui — {{Script/Arabic|دُوِ}}
|-
| dun — {{Script/Arabic|دٌ}} || duo — {{Script/Arabic|دُوَ}}||||
|-
|-
!colspan=4|E
|-
| e — {{Script/Arabic|عَ}} || er — {{Script/Arabic|عَر}}||||
|-
!colspan=4|F
|-
| fa — {{Script/Arabic|فَا}} || fan — {{Script/Arabic|فًا}} || fang — {{Script/Arabic|فَانْ}} || fei — {{Script/Arabic|فِ}}
|-
| fen — {{Script/Arabic|فٌ}} || feng — {{Script/Arabic|فٍْ}} || fo — {{Script/Arabic|فُوَ}} || fou — {{Script/Arabic|فِوْ}}
|-
| fu — {{Script/Arabic|فُ}}||||||
|-
!colspan=4|G
|-
| ga — {{Script/Arabic|قَا}} || gai — {{Script/Arabic|قَیْ}} || gan — {{Script/Arabic|قًا}} || gang — {{Script/Arabic|قَانْ}}
|-
| gao — {{Script/Arabic|قَوْ}} || ge — {{Script/Arabic|قْ}} || gei — {{Script/Arabic|قِ}} || gen — {{Script/Arabic|قٍ}}
|-
| geng — {{Script/Arabic|قٍْ}} || gong — {{Script/Arabic|قْو}} || gou — {{Script/Arabic|قِوْ}} || gu — {{Script/Arabic|قُ}}
|-
| gua — {{Script/Arabic|قُوَا}} || guai — {{Script/Arabic|قُوَیْ}} || guan — {{Script/Arabic|قُوًا}} || guang — {{Script/Arabic|قُوَانْ}}
|-
| gui — {{Script/Arabic|قُوِ}} || gun — {{Script/Arabic|قٌ}} || guo — {{Script/Arabic|قُوَ}}||
|-
!colspan=4|H
|-
| ha — {{Script/Arabic|خَا}} || hai — {{Script/Arabic|خَیْ}} || han — {{Script/Arabic|خًا}} || hang — {{Script/Arabic|خَانْ}}
|-
| hao — {{Script/Arabic|خَوْ}} || he — {{Script/Arabic|حَ}} || hei — {{Script/Arabic|حِ}} || hen — {{Script/Arabic|حٍ}}
|-
| heng — {{Script/Arabic|حٍْ}} ||hong — {{Script/Arabic|خْو}} || hou — {{Script/Arabic|خِوْ}} || hu — {{Script/Arabic|خُ}}
|-
| hua — {{Script/Arabic|خُوَا}} || huai — {{Script/Arabic|خُوَیْ}} || huan — {{Script/Arabic|خُوًا}} || huang — {{Script/Arabic|خُوَانْ}}
|-
| hui — {{Script/Arabic|خُوِ}}|| hun — {{Script/Arabic|خٌ}} || huo — {{Script/Arabic|خُوَ}} ||
|-
!colspan=4|J
|-
| ji — {{Script/Arabic|ݣِ}} || jia — {{Script/Arabic|ݣِیَا}} || jian — {{Script/Arabic|ݣِیًا}} || jiang — {{Script/Arabic|ݣِیَانْ}}
|-
| jiao — {{Script/Arabic|ݣِیَوْ}} || jie — {{Script/Arabic|ݣِیَ}} || jin — {{Script/Arabic|ݣٍ}} || jing — {{Script/Arabic|ݣٍْ}}
|-
| jiong — {{Script/Arabic|ݣِیٌ}} || jiu — {{Script/Arabic|ݣِیُوْ}} || ju — {{Script/Arabic|ݣِیُوِ}} || juan — {{Script/Arabic|ݣِیُوًا}}
|-
| jue — {{Script/Arabic|ݣِیُوَ}} || jun — {{Script/Arabic|ݣٌ}}||||
|-
!colspan=4|K
|-
| ka — {{Script/Arabic|کَا}} || kai — {{Script/Arabic|کَیْ}} || kan — {{Script/Arabic|کًا}} || kang — {{Script/Arabic|کَانْ}}
|-
| kao — {{Script/Arabic|کَوْ}} || ke — {{Script/Arabic|کْ}} || ken — {{Script/Arabic|کٍ}} || keng — {{Script/Arabic|کٍْ}}
|-
| kong — {{Script/Arabic|کْو}} || kou — {{Script/Arabic|کِوْ}} || ku — {{Script/Arabic|کُ}} || kua — {{Script/Arabic|کُوَا}}
|-
| kuai — {{Script/Arabic|کُوَیْ}} || kuan — {{Script/Arabic|کُوًا}} || kuang — {{Script/Arabic|کُوَانْ}} || kui — {{Script/Arabic|کُوِ}}
|-
| kun — {{Script/Arabic|کٌ}} || kuo — {{Script/Arabic|کُوَ}}||||
|-
!colspan=4|L
|-
| la — {{Script/Arabic|لَا}} || lai — {{Script/Arabic|لَیْ}} || lan — {{Script/Arabic|لًا}} || lang — {{Script/Arabic|لَانْ}}
|-
| lao — {{Script/Arabic|لَوْ}}|| le — {{Script/Arabic|لَ}}|| lei — {{Script/Arabic|لُوِ}}|| leng — {{Script/Arabic|لٍْ}}
|-
| li — {{Script/Arabic|لِ}} || lia — {{Script/Arabic|لِیَا}}|| lian — {{Script/Arabic|لِیًا|30}} || liang — {{Script/Arabic|لِیَانْ}}
|-
| liao — {{Script/Arabic|لِیَوْ}}|| lie — {{Script/Arabic|لِیَ}}|| lin — {{Script/Arabic|لٍ}} || ling —  {{Script/Arabic|لِیٍٔ}}
|-
| liu — {{Script/Arabic|لِیُوْ}} || long — {{Script/Arabic|لْو}} || lou — {{Script/Arabic|لِوْ}} || lu — {{Script/Arabic|لُ}}
|-
| lü — {{Script/Arabic|لِیُوِ}} || luan — {{Script/Arabic|لُوًا}} || lüe — {{Script/Arabic|لِیُوَ}} || lun — {{Script/Arabic|لٌ}}
|-
| luo — {{Script/Arabic|لُوَ}}||||||
|-
!colspan=4|M
|-
| ma — {{Script/Arabic|مَا}} || mai — {{Script/Arabic|مَیْ}} || man — {{Script/Arabic|مًا}} ||
|-
| mang — {{Script/Arabic|مَانْ}} || mao — {{Script/Arabic|مَوْ}} || me — {{Script/Arabic|مَ}} || mei — {{Script/Arabic|مُوِ}}
|-
| men — {{Script/Arabic|مٌ}} || meng — {{Script/Arabic|مٍْ}} || mi — {{Script/Arabic|مِ}} || mian —  {{Script/Arabic|مِیًا}}
|-
| miao — {{Script/Arabic|مِیَوْ}} || mie — {{Script/Arabic|مِیَ}} || min — {{Script/Arabic|مٍ}} || ming — {{Script/Arabic|مِیٍٔ}}
|-
| miu — {{Script/Arabic|مِیُوْ}} || mo — {{Script/Arabic|مُوَ}} || mou — {{Script/Arabic|مِوْ}} ||mu — {{Script/Arabic|مُ}}
|-
!colspan=4|N
|-
| na — {{Script/Arabic|نَا}} || nai — {{Script/Arabic|نَیْ}} || nan — {{Script/Arabic|نًا}} ||
|-
| nang — {{Script/Arabic|نَانْ}} || nao — {{Script/Arabic|نَوْ}} || ne — {{Script/Arabic|نَ}} || nei — {{Script/Arabic|نُوِ}}
|-
| nen — {{Script/Arabic|نٌ}} || neng — {{Script/Arabic|نٍْ}} || ni — {{Script/Arabic|نِ}}||
|-
| nian — {{Script/Arabic|نِیًا}} || niang — {{Script/Arabic|نِیَانْ}} || niao — {{Script/Arabic|نِیَوْ}} || nie — {{Script/Arabic|نِیَ}}
|-
| nin — {{Script/Arabic|نٍ}} || ning — {{Script/Arabic|نِیٍٔ}} || niu — {{Script/Arabic|نِیُوْ}} || nong — {{Script/Arabic|نْو}}
|-
| nu — {{Script/Arabic|نُ}} || nü — {{Script/Arabic|نِیُوِ}} || nuan — {{Script/Arabic|نُوًا}} || nüe — {{Script/Arabic|نِیُوَ}}
|-
| nuo — {{Script/Arabic|نُوَ}} ||||||
|-
!colspan=4|O
|-
| o — {{Script/Arabic|عِو}} || ou — {{Script/Arabic|عِوْ}}||||
|-
!colspan=4|P
|-
| pa — {{Script/Arabic|پَا}} || pai — {{Script/Arabic|پَیْ}} || pan — {{Script/Arabic|پًا}} || pang — {{Script/Arabic|پَانْ}}
|-
| pao — {{Script/Arabic|پَوْ}} || pei — {{Script/Arabic|پُوِ}} || pen — {{Script/Arabic|پٌ}} || peng — {{Script/Arabic|پٍْ}}
|-
| pi — {{Script/Arabic|پِ}} || pian — {{Script/Arabic|پِیًا}} || piao — {{Script/Arabic|پِیَوْ}} || pie — {{Script/Arabic|پِیَ}}
|-
| pin — {{Script/Arabic|پٍ}} || ping — {{Script/Arabic|پِیٍٔ}} || po — {{Script/Arabic|پُوَ}} || pou — {{Script/Arabic|پِوْ}}
|-
| pu — {{Script/Arabic|پُ}} ||||||
|-
!colspan=4|Q
|-
| qi — {{Script/Arabic|کِ (ٿِ)}} || qia — {{Script/Arabic|کِیَا (ٿِیَا)}} || qian — {{Script/Arabic|کِیًا (ٿِیًا)}} || qiang —  {{Script/Arabic|کِیَانْ (ٿِیَانْ)}}
|-
| qiao — {{Script/Arabic|کِیَوْ (ٿِیَوْ)}} || qie — {{Script/Arabic|کِیَ (ٿِیَ)}} || qin — {{Script/Arabic|کٍ (ٿٍ)}} || qing — {{Script/Arabic|کٍْ (ٿٍْ)}}
|-
| qiong — {{Script/Arabic|کِیٌ (ٿِیٌ)}}|| qiu — {{Script/Arabic|کِیُوْ (ٿِیُوْ)}} || qu — {{Script/Arabic|کِیُوِ (ٿِیُوِ)}} || quan — {{Script/Arabic|کِیُوًا (ٿِیُوًا)}}
|-
| que — {{Script/Arabic|کِیُوَ (ٿِیُوَ)}} || qun — {{Script/Arabic|کٌ (ٿٌ)}}||||
|-
!colspan=4|R
|-
| ran — {{Script/Arabic|ژًا}} || rang — {{Script/Arabic|ژَانْ}} || rao — {{Script/Arabic|ژَوْ}} || re — {{Script/Arabic|ژَ}}
|-
| ren — {{Script/Arabic|ژٍ}} || reng — {{Script/Arabic|رٍ}} || ri — {{Script/Arabic|ژِ}} || rong — {{Script/Arabic|ژٌ}}
|-
| rou — {{Script/Arabic|ژِوْ}} || ru — {{Script/Arabic|ژُو}} || ruan — {{Script/Arabic|ژُوًا}} || rui — {{Script/Arabic|ژُوِ}}
|-
| run — {{Script/Arabic|رٌ}} || ruo — {{Script/Arabic|رُوَ}}||||
|-
!colspan=4|S
|-
| sa — {{Script/Arabic|سَا}} || sai — {{Script/Arabic|سَیْ}} || san — {{Script/Arabic|سًا}} || sang — {{Script/Arabic|سَانْ}}
|-
| sao — {{Script/Arabic|سَوْ}} || se — {{Script/Arabic|سَ}} || sen — {{Script/Arabic|سٍ}} || seng — {{Script/Arabic|سٍْ}}
|-
| si — {{Script/Arabic|سِْ}} || song — {{Script/Arabic|سٌ}} || sou — {{Script/Arabic|سِوْ}} || su — {{Script/Arabic|سُ}}
|-
|suan — {{Script/Arabic|صُوًا}} || sui — {{Script/Arabic|صُوِ}} || sun — {{Script/Arabic|صٌ}} || suo — {{Script/Arabic|صُوَ}}
|-
!colspan=4|SH
|-
| sha — {{Script/Arabic|شَا}} || shai — {{Script/Arabic|شَیْ}} || shan — {{Script/Arabic|شًا}} || shang — {{Script/Arabic|شَانْ}}
|-
| shao — {{Script/Arabic|شَوْ}} || she — {{Script/Arabic|شَ}} || shei — {{Script/Arabic|شُوِ}} || shen — {{Script/Arabic|شٍ}}
|-
| sheng — {{Script/Arabic|شٍْ}} || shi — {{Script/Arabic|شِ}} || shou — {{Script/Arabic|شِوْ}} || shu — {{Script/Arabic|شُ}}
|-
| shua — {{Script/Arabic|شُوَا}} || shuai — {{Script/Arabic|شُوَیْ}} || shuan — {{Script/Arabic|شُوًا}} || shuang — {{Script/Arabic|شُوَانْ}}
|-
| shui — {{Script/Arabic|شُوِ}} || shun — {{Script/Arabic|شٌ}} || shuo — {{Script/Arabic|شُوَ}} ||
|-
!colspan=4|T
|-
| ta — {{Script/Arabic|تَا}} || tai — {{Script/Arabic|تَیْ}} || tan — {{Script/Arabic|تًا}} || tang — {{Script/Arabic|تَانْ}}
|-
| tao — {{Script/Arabic|تَوْ}} || te — {{Script/Arabic|تْ}} || teng — {{Script/Arabic|تٍْ}}
|-
| ti — {{Script/Arabic|تِ}} || tian — {{Script/Arabic|تِیًا}} || tiao — {{Script/Arabic|تِیَوْ}} || tie — {{Script/Arabic|تِیَ}}
|-
| ting — {{Script/Arabic|تٍ}} || tong — {{Script/Arabic|طْو}} || tou — {{Script/Arabic|تِوْ}} || tu — {{Script/Arabic|تُ}}
|-
|  tuan — {{Script/Arabic|طُوًا}} || tui — {{Script/Arabic|طُوِ}} || tun — {{Script/Arabic|طٌ}} || tuo — {{Script/Arabic|طُوَ}}
|-
!colspan=4|W
|-
| wa — {{Script/Arabic|وَا}} || wai — {{Script/Arabic|وَیْ}} || wan — {{Script/Arabic|وًا}} || wang — {{Script/Arabic|وَانْ}}
|-
| wei — {{Script/Arabic|وِ}} || wen — {{Script/Arabic|وٌ}} || weng — {{Script/Arabic|وٍْ}} || wo — {{Script/Arabic|وَ}}
|-
| wu — {{Script/Arabic|وُ}}||||||
|-
!colspan=4|X
|-
| xi — {{Script/Arabic|ثِ}} || xia — {{Script/Arabic|ثِیَا}} || xian — {{Script/Arabic|ثِیًا}} || xiang — {{Script/Arabic|ثِیَانْ}}
|-
| xiao — {{Script/Arabic|ثِیَوْ}} || xie —  {{Script/Arabic|ثِیَ}} || xin — {{Script/Arabic|ثٍ}} || xing — {{Script/Arabic|ثٍْ}}
|-
| xiong — {{Script/Arabic|ثِیٌ}} || xiu — {{Script/Arabic|ثِیُوْ}} || xu — {{Script/Arabic|ثِیُوِ}} || xuan — {{Script/Arabic|ثِیُوًا}}
|-
| xue — {{Script/Arabic|ثِیُوَ}} || xun — {{Script/Arabic|ثٌ}} ||||
|-
!colspan=4|Y
|-
| ya — {{Script/Arabic|یَا}} || yan — {{Script/Arabic|یًا}} || yang — {{Script/Arabic|یَانْ}} || yao — {{Script/Arabic|یَوْ}}
|-
| ye — {{Script/Arabic|یَ}} || yi — {{Script/Arabic|ءِ}} || yin — {{Script/Arabic|ءٍ}}|| ying — {{Script/Arabic|یٍ}}
|-
| yong — {{Script/Arabic|یٌ}} || you — {{Script/Arabic|یُوْ}} || yu — {{Script/Arabic|یُوِ}} || yuan — {{Script/Arabic|یُوًا}}
|-
| yue — {{Script/Arabic|یُوَ}} || yun — {{Script/Arabic|ءٌ}}||||
|-
!colspan=4|Z
|-
| za — {{Script/Arabic|زَا}} || zai — {{Script/Arabic|زَیْ}} || zan — {{Script/Arabic|زًا}} || zang — {{Script/Arabic|زَانْ}}
|-
| zao — {{Script/Arabic|زَوْ}} || ze — {{Script/Arabic|زَ}} || zei — {{Script/Arabic|زِْ}} || zen — {{Script/Arabic|زٍ}}
|-
| zeng — {{Script/Arabic|زٍْ}} || zi — {{Script/Arabic|زِ}} || zong — {{Script/Arabic|ظْو}} || zou — {{Script/Arabic|زِوْ}}
|-
| zu — {{Script/Arabic|زُو}} || zuan — {{Script/Arabic|زُوًا}} || zui — {{Script/Arabic|ظُوِ}} || zun — {{Script/Arabic|ظٌ}}
|-
| zuo — {{Script/Arabic|ظُوَ}}||||||
|-
!colspan=4|ZH
|-
| zha — {{Script/Arabic|جَا}} || zhai — {{Script/Arabic|جَیْ}} || zhan — {{Script/Arabic|جًا}} || zhang — {{Script/Arabic|جَانْ}}
|-
| zhao — {{Script/Arabic|جَوْ}} || zhe — {{Script/Arabic|جَ}} || zhei — {{Script/Arabic|جُوِ}} || zhen — {{Script/Arabic|جٍ}}
|-
| zheng — {{Script/Arabic|جٍْ}} || zhi — {{Script/Arabic|جِ}} || zhong — {{Script/Arabic|جْو}} || zhou — {{Script/Arabic|جِوْ}}
|-
| zhu — {{Script/Arabic|جُ}} || zhua — {{Script/Arabic|جُوَا}} || zhuai — {{Script/Arabic|جُوَیْ}} || zhuan — {{Script/Arabic|جُوًا}}
|-
|zhuang — {{Script/Arabic|جُوَانْ}} || zhui — {{Script/Arabic|جُوِ}} || zhun — {{Script/Arabic|جٌ}} || zhuo — {{Script/Arabic|جُوَ}}
|}

== Example ==

===Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights===

Article 1 of the [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]] in Xiao'erjing, as well as simplified and traditional Chinese characters, pinyin, and English:

;Xiao'erjing: <span style="font-size:140%;line-height:1.35;">{{Script/Arabic|«ژٍّ شْ‌ٍ عَر زِیُوْ، زَیْ ظٌ‌یًا حَ‌ کِیُوًالِ شَانْ‌ ءِلِیُوِ پِیٍٔ‌دٍْ. تَامٌ فُ‌یُوْ لِ‌ثٍْ حَ لِیَانْ‌ثٍ، بِیٍٔ یٍ ءِ ثِیٌ‌دِ قُوًاثِ دْ ݣ‌ٍْشٍ خُ‌ثِیَانْ دُوِدَیْ.»}}</span>

; [[Simplified Chinese characters|Simplified characters]]: {{lang|zh-Hans|「人人生而自由，在尊严和权利上一律平等。他们赋有理性和良心，并应以兄弟关系的精神互相对待。」}}

; [[Traditional Chinese characters|Traditional characters]]:
{{lang|zh-Hant|「人人生而自由，在尊嚴和權利上一律平等。他們賦有理性和良心，並應兄弟關係的精神互相對待。」}}

; Correspondence between Chinese characters and Xiao'erjing:  {{lang|zh-Hans|「{{Ruby|人|{{Script/Arabic|ژٍ}}}}{{Ruby|人|{{Script/Arabic|ژٍ}}}}{{Ruby|生|{{Script/Arabic|شْ‌ٍ}}}}{{Ruby|而|{{Script/Arabic|عَر}}}}{{Ruby|自|{{Script/Arabic|زِ}}}}{{Ruby|由|{{Script/Arabic|یُوْ}}}}，{{Ruby|在|{{Script/Arabic|زَیْ}}}}{{Ruby|尊|{{Script/Arabic|ظٌ‌}}}}{{Ruby|严|{{Script/Arabic|یًا}}}}{{Ruby|和|{{Script/Arabic|حَ‌}}}}{{Ruby|权|{{Script/Arabic|کِیُوًا}}}}{{Ruby|利|{{Script/Arabic|لِ}}}}{{Ruby|上|{{Script/Arabic|شَانْ‌}}}}{{Ruby|一|{{Script/Arabic|ءِ}}}}{{Ruby|律|{{Script/Arabic|لِیُوِ}}}}{{Ruby|平|{{Script/Arabic|پِیٍٔ‌}}}}{{Ruby|等|{{Script/Arabic|دٍْ}}}}。{{Ruby|他|{{Script/Arabic|تَا}}}}{{Ruby|们|{{Script/Arabic|مٌ}}}}{{Ruby|赋|{{Script/Arabic|فُ‌}}}}{{Ruby|有|{{Script/Arabic|یُوْ}}}}{{Ruby|理|{{Script/Arabic|لِ‌}}}}{{Ruby|性|{{Script/Arabic|ثٍْ}}}}{{Ruby|和|{{Script/Arabic|حَ‌}}}}{{Ruby|良|{{Script/Arabic|لِیَانْ‌}}}}{{Ruby|心|{{Script/Arabic|ثٍ}}}}，{{Ruby|并|{{Script/Arabic|بِیٍٔ}}}}{{Ruby|应|{{Script/Arabic|یٍ}}}}{{Ruby|以|{{Script/Arabic|ءِ}}}}{{Ruby|兄|{{Script/Arabic|ثِیٌ‌}}}}{{Ruby|弟|{{Script/Arabic|دِ}}}}{{Ruby|关|{{Script/Arabic|قُوًا}}}}{{Ruby|系|{{Script/Arabic|ثِ}}}}{{Ruby|的|{{Script/Arabic|دْ}}}}{{Ruby|精|{{Script/Arabic|ݣ‌ٍْ}}}}{{Ruby|神|{{Script/Arabic|شٍ}}}}{{Ruby|互|{{Script/Arabic|خُ‌}}}}{{Ruby|相|{{Script/Arabic|ثِیَانْ}}}}{{Ruby|对|{{Script/Arabic|دُوِ}}}}{{Ruby|待|{{Script/Arabic|دَیْ}}}}。」}}

; [[Pinyin]]: {{transliteration|zh|"Rénrén shēng ér zìyóu, zài zūnyán hé quánlì shàng yílǜ píngděng. Tāmen fùyǒu lǐxìng hé liángxīn, bìng yīng yǐ xiōngdi guānxì de jīngshén hùxiāng duìdài."}}

; [[English language|English]]: "All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act toward one another in a spirit of brotherhood."

=== Al-Fatiha (الفَاتِحَةِ) ===

Below is the first sura (chapter) of the Quran, [[Al-Fatiha]], its original Arabic text, English translation, as well as the Chinese translation in [[Simplified Chinese characters]] and in Xiao'erjing, as published (un-edited) in 1995 by Ma Zhenwu (马振武).<ref>Quran (1995, December), The first 18 ''[[List of chapters in the Quran|sura]]'' (The first half of the book, first 15 out of 30 ''[[Juz'|portions]]'') - In original Arabic, as well as with Chinese translations, written in [[Hanzi]] and in Xiao'erjing transliteration: [https://archive.org/details/20241115_20241115_1438 archive.org/details/20241115_20241115_1438]</ref>

In the Xiao'erjing version of this sura, the author may have made minor choices about characters and pronunciations that may differ from what's shown in this article, and they may even have minor inconsistencies in the text itself. Furthermore, as is the tradition for Xiao'erjing texts, there are instances where Arabic or Persian loanwords are used and written directly, these are shown in bold. It's noteworthy to mention that in this document, the [[Hanzi]] characters are written from right to left, following the flow of the Arabic text of the Quran and the Xiao'erjing translation.

{|class="wikitable"
! English translation !! Simplified Characters !! Pinyin !! Xiao'erjing !! [[Al-Fatiha]] Arabic original
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
|<poem>1. In the name of Allāh, the Entirely Merciful, the Especially Merciful!
2. [All] praise is [due] to Allāh, Lord of the worlds,
3. The Entirely Merciful, the Especially Merciful,
4. Sovereign of the Day of Recompense!
5. It is You we worship and You we ask for help!
6-7. Guide us to the straight path, the path of those upon whom You have bestowed favor, not of those who have earned [Your] anger or of those who are astray.</poem>
|<poem>{{lang|zh-Hans|1. 〈我〉凭着普慈〈今世的，独慈〉，后世的，主的尊名、〈起〉
2. 感赞调养普世界的.
3. 普慈的独慈的.
4. 执掌还报日子的主.
5. 我们唯独拜你,我们唯独求你相助.
6-7. 求你引领我们至端庄的路道那一些人的路道. 你在他们上施过恩的，一些不受怒恼的，与一些不迷路的.}}</poem>
|<poem>{{lang|zh-Latn|italic=no|1. 〈Wǒ〉 píng zhe pǔ cí 〈jīn shì de, dú cí〉, hòu shì de, zhǔ de zūn míng,〈qǐ〉
2. Gǎn zàn tiáo yǎng pǔ shì jiè de.
3. Pǔ cí de dú cí de.
4. Zhí zhǎng huán bào rì zǐ de zhǔ.
5. Wǒ men wéi dú bài nǐ, wǒ men wéi dú qiú nǐ xiāng zhù.
6-7. Qiú nǐ yǐn lǐng wǒ men zhì duān zhuāng de lù dào nà yī xiē rén de lù dào. nǐ zài tā men shàng shī guò ēn de, yī xiē bù shòu nù nǎo de, yǔ yī xiē bù mí lù de.}}</poem>
|dir="rtl"|<poem>{{lang|zh-Arab|١-<وَ> پِئٍ جَوْ پُو ژِ <ݣِئٍ شِ> دِ دُ ژِ <خْخُوشِ> دِ جُو دِ ظُوٌ مٍ '''«اِبْتِدَاءُ»'''
٢-قًا زًا تِیَوْ یاۤنْ پُو شِ ݣِیَہ دِ
٣-پُو ژِ دِ دُ ژِ دِ
۴-جیِ جِاۤنْ خُوَنْ بَوْ '''يَوْمَ''' زِ دِ جُو
۵-وَ مٌ وِی دُ بَیْ نِہ، وَ مٌ وِی دُ کِیُو نِہ ثِیاۤنْ جُوُ.
۶-۷-کِیُو نِہ یِ لٍ وَ مٌ جِی دُوَن جُواَنْ دِ لُ دَوْ نَا یِ ثِیَہ '''اُناس''' دِ لُ دَوْ. نِہ زَ تَا مٌ شِاۤنْ شِ قُوَ عٍ دِ. یِ ثِیَہ بُو شِیُو نُو نَوْ دِ. ئِئِہ یِ ثِیَہ بُو مِ لُ دِ.}}</poem>
|dir="rtl"|<poem>{{lang|ar|١-بِسْمِ اللَّهِ الرَّحْمَٰنِ الرَّحِيمِ
٢-الْحَمْدُ لِلَّهِ رَبِّ الْعَالَمِينَ
٣-الرَّحْمَٰنِ الرَّحِيمِ
٤-مَالِكِ يَوْمِ الدِّينِ
٥-إِيَّاكَ نَعْبُدُ وَإِيَّاكَ نَسْتَعِينُ
٦-۷-اهْدِنَا الصِّرَاطَ الْمُسْتَقِيمَ، صِرَاطَ الَّذِينَ أَنْعَمْتَ عَلَيْهِمْ غَيْرِ الْمَغْضُوبِ عَلَيْهِمْ وَلَا الضَّالِّينَ}}</poem>
|}

== See also ==
* [[:Category:Arabic alphabets]]
* [[Islam in China]]
* [[Sini (script)|Sini]]
* [[Jawi alphabet]]
* [[Aljamiado]]
* [[Arebica]]
* [[Uyghur Arabic alphabet]]
* [[Jingtang Jiaoyu]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==

=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}

=== Sources ===
{{refbegin}}
* A. Forke. "Ein islamisches Tractat aus Turkistan". ''T'oung pao''. Vol. VIII. 1907.
* O.I. Zavyalova. "Sino-Islamic language contacts along the Great Silk Road: Chinese texts written in Arabic Script". ''Chinese Studies'' (《漢學研究》).  Taipei: 1999.  No. 1.
* ''Xiaojing Qur'an'' (《小經古蘭》), Dongxiang County, Lingxia Hui Autonomous Prefecture, Gansu, PRC, 1987.
* ''Huijiao Bizun (Xiaojing)'' (《回教必遵（小經）》), Islam Book Publishers, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PRC, 1993, 154 pp., photocopied edition.
* Muhammad Musa Abdulihakim. ''Islamic faith Q&A'' (《伊斯兰信仰问答》) (2nd ed.). Beiguan Street Mosque, Xining, Qinghai, PRC, appendix contains a Xiao'erjing–Pinyin–Arabic comparison chart.
* Feng Zenglie. "Beginning Dissertation on Xiao'erjing: Introducing a phonetic writing system of the Arabic script adopted for Chinese" in ''The Arab World'' (《阿拉伯世界》) Issue #1. 1982.
* Chen Yuanlong. "The Xiaojing writing system of the Dongxiang ethnicity" in ''China's Dongxiang Ethnicity'' (《中国东乡族》). People's Publishing House of Gansu. 1999.
{{refend}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite web |last1=Machida|first1=Kazuhiko|last2=Ando|first2=Junichiro|last3=Kuroiwa|first3=Takashi|last4=Sato|first4=Minoru|last5=Sugawara|first5=Jun|last6=Wang|first6=Jianxin|last7=Yoshizawa|first7=Seiichiro|title=Corpus of "Xiao-Er-Jin" Script of Muslim Chinese: Collection and Digitalization |url=http://www.aa.tufs.ac.jp/~kmach/xiaoerjin/xiaoerjin-e.htm |website=Grammatological Informatics based on Corpora of Asian Scripts |publisher=Tokyo University of Foreign Studies}}
* {{cite web |title=Xiao'erjin [sic] is not quite Pinyin |url=http://sinoglot.com/2011/02/xiaoerjin/ 
|publisher=Sinoglot}} — blog post about the decline of Xiao'erjing and problems surrounding its use
* {{cite web |title=Xiao'erjing Conversion Tool|date=17 October 2023 |url=https://transliterationtools.blogspot.com/2023/10/xiaoerjing-tool.html}} — Chinese to Xiao'erjing online transcription tool.

== External links ==
{{Wiktionary|Xiao'erjing}}
* [https://archive.org/details/20241115_20241115_1438 archive.org/details/20241115_20241115_1438 Quran] (1995, December), The first 18 ''[[List of chapters in the Quran|sura]]'' (The first half of the Quran, first 15 out of 30 ''[[Juz'|portions]]'') - In original Arabic, as well as with Chinese translations, written in [[Hanzi]] and in Xiao'erjing transliteration: 
* [https://transliterationtools.blogspot.com/2023/10/xiaoerjing-tool.html https://transliterationtools.blogspot.com/2023/10/xiaoerjing-tool.html  Online tool that converts Chinese characters to and from Xiao'erjing]

{{Chinese language|state=collapsed}}

{{Arabic alphabets}}

[[Category:Writing systems of China]]
[[Category:Arabic alphabets]]
[[Category:Transcription of Chinese]]