View source for Xaphoon

{{Short description|Woodwind musical instrument}}
{{Infobox instrument
| name                  = Xaphoon
| names                 =
| image                 = File:Xaphoon 005.jpg
| caption               = Xaphoon
| background            = woodwind
| classification        = 
*[[Wind instrument|Wind]]
*[[Woodwind instrument|Woodwind]]
*[[Single-reed instrument|Single-reed]]
| hornbostel_sachs      = 422.211.2
| hornbostel_sachs_desc = Single reed with cylindrical bore with fingerholes
| inventors             =  Brian L. Wittman
| developed             =  1972
| range                 = <div style="text-align: center; background-color: white;">
  <score lang="lilypond">
    {
      \new Staff \with { \remove "Time_signature_engraver" }
      \clef treble \key c \major \cadenzaOn
      c'1 \glissando c'''1
    }
  </score></div>
| pitch                 = 
| timbre                = 
| volume                = 
| attack                = 
| decay                 = 
| related               = {{hlist
  | [[Saxophone]]
  | [[Clarinet]]
  | [[Hot fountain pen]]
}}
| musicians             =
| builders              = Maui Xaphoon
| articles              =
}}

The '''xaphoon''' ({{IPAc-en|z|æ|ˈ|f|uː|n}} {{respell|zaf|OON}}) is a [[chromatic]] keyless [[single-reed instrument|single-reed]] [[woodwind]] instrument invented in 1972, and a registered trademark of its inventor, Brian Lee Wittman. It has a closed [[Bore (wind instruments)#Cylindrical bore|cylindrical bore]] and a very slightly flared [[Wind instrument#Parts|bell]]. The xaphoon has a full [[chromatic]] range of two octaves, and overblows at the twelfth like the [[clarinet]].
[[File:Xaphoon 01.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.8|A B♭ Xaphoon from Maui]]

==History==
The first xaphoon, made out of bamboo in 1972, was a spontaneous effort by Brian Wittman, a Hawaiian saxophonist and multi-instrumentalist, to create an instrument for a young child who liked the sound of the saxophone. After failing to get a satisfactory sound out of an improvised [[bamboo flute]], Wittman cut a mouthpiece opening and attached a [[Tenor saxophone|tenor sax]] reed to it. Wittman was impressed by the sound of the simple instrument. After playing it at performances, other musicians were curious and asked him to make more; thus he refined the instrument, patented it,<ref name="patent" /> and started to manufacture and sell it.<ref name="xaphoon.com-made" />

==Overview==
The xaphoon's tone sounds like a clarinet or a saxophone, and is suitable for playing music in similar genres such as jazz or klezmer, although it has also been used to play music of other traditions.<ref name="xaphoon.com-made" /> It uses a standard tenor saxophone reed. The xaphoon has nine tone holes: eight holes in front, and one hole in back for the left thumb, superficially resembling those of a [[Recorder (musical instrument)|recorder]]. The xaphoon's fingerings, however, are significantly different from those of either a saxophone or recorder.

The most common instrument, in C, is 12.5 inches or 32&nbsp;cm long. Due to having a closed bore instead of an open bore like a [[Recorder (musical instrument)|recorder]], its range is an octave below recorders of comparable length; for example, the soprano recorder's lowest note is C5, while the C xaphoon's is one octave lower at C4.<ref name="Grove">{{Cite Grove |first=Laurence |last=Libin |title=Xaphoon |id=L2215116}}</ref> The standard range is two octaves, although experienced players are able to extend the range of the larger sized instruments above that.<ref name="abrsm-thread" /> Due to its short length and large finger-hole size, the pitch of individual notes can be raised and lowered easily, making the xaphoon equally well-suited to play Turkish, Middle Eastern, and other musical scales outside the European tradition. The xaphoon is similar to the [[chalumeau]], a European keyless single-reed instrument that was the ancestor of the [[clarinet]], and has a comparable range. Although it has a complete chromatic scale, the maker considers it a primarily diatonic instrument, capable of playing well in a small number of keys.<ref name="xaphoon.com-made" />

==Materials and makers==
The xaphoon has been made commercially available by Brian Wittman since 1975; Wittman still makes approximately 1500 bamboo instruments per year by hand at his home on the island of [[Maui]], Hawaii, using local bamboo selected from the forests of the eastern end of the island. The xaphoon is available from Maui Xaphoon (Brian Wittman's company) in the keys of C, B♭, D, and G (as well as any other key via special order).<ref name="xaphoon.com-faq" />

Due to its popularity, it became impossible to fulfill all orders manually using bamboo,<ref name="musicaloud" /> and thus in the spring of 2000, a molded [[Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene|ABS]] version of the xaphoon following Wittman's patented design was introduced. These instruments are made under license by Indiana Plastics in [[Elkhart, Indiana]], and are marketed under the trade name Xaphoon Pocket Sax. Currently, it is available in the key of C, with its lowest tone middle C. The instrument is sturdy, and the reed can be protected by a cap when not played. By 2010, a total of approximately 60,000 Xaphoons and 60,000 Pocket Saxes had been made.<ref name="Grove"/>

In the spring of 2012, Wittman began a collaboration with Francesc Sans Sastre, a long-established luthier in [[Sant Jaume de Llierca]], Spain, to produce hand-made wooden xaphoons in strict accordance with the original xaphoon design. These oak and olive wood xaphoons are sold under the name "Xaphoon de Catalunya".

While the popularity of the xaphoon has led to frequent use of the word "xaphoon" to denote any type of small single-reed keyless woodwind instrument, the term remains a registered trade name. Only those instruments produced by Brian Wittman (Maui Xaphoon), Indiana Plastics (Xaphoon Pocket Sax), and Sans Luthier (Xaphoon de Catalunya) are allowed to be called xaphoons.

[[File:Product photo of Xaphoon® de Catalunya.jpg|thumb|Xaphoon de Catalunya]]
[[File:Product photo of Xaphoon® de Catalunya (closeup).jpg|thumb|Xaphoon de Catalunya (closeup)]]

==See also==
* [[Chalumeau]]
* [[Clarinet]]
* [[Saxophone]]
* [[Hot fountain pen]]
* [[Venova]]

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="xaphoon.com-faq">
{{cite web|url=https://xaphoon.com/pages/faq|title=FAQ – The Maui Xaphoon|publisher=Maui Xaphoon|access-date=1 March 2021}}</ref>

<ref name="xaphoon.com-made">
{{cite web|url=https://xaphoon.com/blogs/news/how-theyre-made|author=Gary Friedman|date=August 9, 2008|title=How They're Made / A Word from Xaphoon Inventor Brian Wittman, ca. 1992|publisher=Maui Xaphoon|access-date=1 March 2021}}</ref>

<ref name="patent">
{{cite patent |country=US |number=D262035 |inventor=Wittman, Brian L. |title=Wind instrument |status=patent |gdate=24 November 1981 |url= https://patents.google.com/patent/USD262035 }}</ref>

<ref name="musicaloud">
{{cite web|url=https://www.musicaloud.com/2009/10/09/instruments-of-the-world-the-xaphoon/|title=Instruments of the World – The Xaphoon|date=9 October 2009|publisher=Music Aloud|access-date=1 March 2021}}</ref>

<ref name="abrsm-thread">
{{cite web|url=https://forums.abrsm.org/?showtopic=24512|title=Xaphoon?|date=2007|publisher=[[Associated Board of the Royal Schools of Music]] (ABRSM)|access-date =1 March 2021}}</ref>
}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|https://xaphoon.com/|Maui Xaphoon company}}
*{{YouTube|hFmFa7c0V4s|Brian Wittman explains and plays the xaphoon}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110711001336/http://www.fileupyours.com/files/159400/Bei%20Mir%20Bist%20Du%20Schon%20-%20Putfile.com.mp3 Xaphoon example], "[[Bei Mir Bistu Shein]]"

{{Single reeds}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Clarinets]]
[[Category:Culture of Maui]]
[[Category:Saxophones]]
[[Category:Bamboo musical instruments]]
[[Category:Hawaiian musical instruments]]