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{{use British English|date=June 2020}}
The works of [[J. R. R. Tolkien]] have served as the inspiration to painters, musicians, film-makers and writers, to such an extent that he is sometimes seen as the "father" of the entire genre of [[high fantasy]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=8119893978710705002 |title=J. R. R. Tolkien: Father of Modern Fantasy Literature |access-date=20 July 2006 |author=Mitchell, Christopher |format=Google Video |work="Let There Be Light" series |publisher=University of California Television |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060728041138/http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=8119893978710705002 |archive-date=28 July 2006 }}.</ref>

{{blockquote|Do not laugh! But once upon a time (my crest has long since fallen) I had a mind to make [[Tolkien's legendarium|a body of more or less connected legend]], ranging from the large and cosmogonic to the level of romantic fairy-story... The cycles should be linked to a majestic whole, and yet leave scope for other minds and hands, wielding paint and music and drama. Absurd.|J. R. R. Tolkien<ref name="Letter 131">{{harvnb|Carpenter|2023|loc=#131 to [[Milton Waldman]], late 1951 }}</ref>}}

== Art and illustration ==

{{main|Illustrating Tolkien}}

[[File:engels hobbitt.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Tolkien found [[Horus Engels]]' 1946 illustrations for the German edition of ''[[The Hobbit]]'' too "[[The Walt Disney Company|Disnified]]": he disliked both "[[Bilbo Baggins|Bilbo]] with a dribbling nose, and [[Gandalf]] as a figure of vulgar fun".<ref name="Letter 107"/>]]

The earliest illustrations of Tolkien's works were [[Tolkien's artwork|drawn by the author himself]]. The 1937 American edition of ''The Hobbit'' was illustrated by professional draughtsmen. Tolkien was very critical of this work, and in 1946 he rejected illustrations by [[Horus Engels]] for the German edition of the ''Hobbit'' as "too '[[The Walt Disney Company|Disnified]]' for my taste: [[Bilbo Baggins|Bilbo]] with a dribbling nose, and [[Gandalf]] as a figure of vulgar fun rather than the [[Odin|Odinic wanderer]] that I think of".<ref name="Letter 107">{{harvnb|Carpenter|2023|loc=#107 to Sir [[Stanley Unwin (publisher)|Stanley Unwin]], 7 December 1946}}</ref>

In 1948, [[Milein Cosman]] was invited by Tolkien's publishers to submit illustrations for ''[[Farmer Giles of Ham]]''. Tolkien felt her impressionistic style did not suit the story, and she was replaced by [[Pauline Baynes]], who later also supplied the illustrations for ''[[The Adventures of Tom Bombadil]]'' (1962) and ''[[Smith of Wootton Major]]'' (1967). In 1968, Tolkien was sent part of a suite of illustrations of ''The Lord of the Rings'', mostly in coloured ink, by the English artist [[Mary Fairburn]]; Tolkien said of her pictures: "They ... show far more attention to the text than any that have yet been submitted to me.... I am beginning to ... think that an illustrated edition might be a good thing." For various reasons the project went no further, and Fairburn's illustrations were unknown until 2012.<ref>Tankard, Paul, "An Unknown Vision of Middle-earth: Mary Fairburn: Tolkien Illustrator", ''[[Times Literary Supplement]]'', 14 September 2012. http://www.the-tls.co.uk/tls/public/article1124297.ece</ref> Princess Margrethe (now [[Margrethe II of Denmark|Queen Margrethe II]]) of Denmark, an accomplished and critically acclaimed painter, was inspired to create illustrations to ''The Lord of the Rings'' in the early 1970s.<ref>{{cite news |last=Thygesen |first=Peter |date=Autumn 1999 |title=Queen Margrethe II: Denmark's monarch for a modern age |work=Scandinavian Review}}</ref> In 1977, Queen Margrethe's drawings were published in the Danish translation of the book, redrawn by the British artist [[Eric Fraser (illustrator)|Eric Fraser]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Tolkien |first=J. R. R. |author-link=J. R. R. Tolkien |title=[[The Lord of the Rings]] |publisher=[[The Folio Society]] |year=1977 |at=Title page}}</ref>

[[File:Large_Gollum_by_Tove_Jansson.jpg|thumb|upright|A very large [[Gollum]] in [[Tove Jansson]]'s illustration for the 1962 [[:sv:Bilbo – En hobbits äventyr|Swedish translation of ''The Hobbit'']], given that Tolkien had not said how large Gollum was<ref name="Holownia 2014">{{cite journal |last=Holownia |first=Olga |title='Hell, what a chance to have a go at the classics': Tove Jansson's take on Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, The Hunting of the Snark, and The Hobbit |url=https://barnboken.net/index.php/clr/article/view/191/547 |journal=Barnboken - Journal of Children's Literature Research |volume=37 |doi=10.14811/clr.v37i0.191 |date=31 December 2014 |doi-access=free }}</ref>]]

Tim and Greg Hildebrandt, usually called [[the Brothers Hildebrandt]], were Tolkien illustrators in the 1970s, known especially for their Middle-earth calendars.<ref name="Art">{{cite web |url=http://www.timefold.com/snapsite/hildebros/public/html/home.html |title=The Art of The Brothers Hildebrandt |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429171452/http://www.timefold.com/snapsite/hildebros/public/html/home.html |archive-date=29 April 2011}}</ref> 
The British artist [[Jimmy Cauty]] created a best-selling poster of [[The Lord of the Rings]] (1976) and The [[Hobbit]] (1980) for the retailer [[Athena (retailer)|Athena]].<ref>Spencer, Neil, "A guerrilla raid on the arts establishment", ''[[The Guardian]]'' ([[Manchester]]) {{ISSN|0261-3077}}, 31 October 1993, ''The Observer Review Page''.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://klf.de/home/jimmy-cauty-solo-projects/athena-posters/ |title=Jimmy Cauty's Athena Posters |website=KLF Online |access-date=19 May 2019}}</ref>

Well-known Tolkien illustrators of the 1990s and 2000s are [[John Howe (illustrator)|John Howe]], [[Alan Lee (illustrator)|Alan Lee]], and [[Ted Nasmith]] — Lee for illustrated editions of ''The Hobbit'' and ''The Lord of the Rings'', Nasmith for illustrated editions of ''The Silmarillion'', and Howe for the cover artwork to several Tolkien publications. Howe and Lee worked as concept artists in the creation of [[Peter Jackson]]'s [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|film trilogy]]. In 2004, Lee won an Academy Award for Best Art Direction on the film ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oscars.org/76academyawards/nomswins.html |title=76th Academy Awards|work =Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences|access-date=29 May 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060219061720/http://www.oscars.org/76academyawards/nomswins.html |archive-date=19 February 2006}}</ref>
 
Other artists who have found inspiration in Tolkien's works include [[Inger Edelfeldt]] who illustrated the covers of Swedish translations of several of his books,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Rose |first1=Simon |title=The Two Towers - A J. R. R. Tolkien Museum Trail |url=https://www.culture24.org.uk/places-to-go/west-midlands/birmingham/tra14268 |publisher=Culture24 |access-date=12 June 2020 |date=3 December 2002}}</ref> [[Anke Eißmann]],<ref>{{cite web |last=Gand |first=André |title=Interview with Anke Eißmann |publisher=Tolkien Bücher |date=21 November 2009 |url=http://www.tolkien-buecher.de/en/anke-eissmann.html |access-date=12 June 2020 |archive-date=14 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100314221855/http://www.tolkien-buecher.de/en/anke-eissmann.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Michael Hague]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Michael Hague Auction Price Results |url=https://www.invaluable.com/artist/hague-michael-byjgr7ztgq/sold-at-auction-prices/ |publisher=Invaluable |access-date=12 June 2020}}</ref> [[Tove Jansson]] (of [[Moomin]] fame, illustrator of Swedish and Finnish translations of ''[[The Hobbit]]''),<ref name="Holownia 2014"/> [[Paul R Gregory|Paul Raymond Gregory]],<ref>{{cite web |last1=Gregory |first1=Paul Raymond |title=The Death of Theoden |url=https://www.leicestergalleries.com/browse-artwork-detail/MTgzNTE= |publisher=Peter Nahum at [[The Leicester Galleries]] |access-date=12 June 2020 |date=1949}}</ref> [[Tim Kirk]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Kirk, Tim |url=http://www.sf-encyclopedia.com/entry/kirk_tim |publisher=Science Fiction Encyclopedia |access-date=12 June 2020 |date=12 August 2018}}</ref> [[Angus McBride]] who illustrated Iron Crown's Tolkien-based role-playing games,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Holland |first1=Steve |title=Angus McBride |url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2007/may/26/guardianobituaries.artsobituaries |access-date=12 June 2020 |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=26 May 2007}}</ref> [[Jef Murray]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Art Top 10 Rating |work=Tolkien Collector's Guide: An Illustrated Tolkien Bibliography |date=June 2007 |url=http://www.tolkienguide.com/modules/weblinks/topten.php?rate=1 |access-date=25 June 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071020023405/http://www.tolkienguide.com/modules/weblinks/topten.php?rate=1 |archive-date=20 October 2007}}</ref> [[Colleen Doran]],<ref>{{cite web |title=The essential J.R.R. Tolkien sourcebook: a fan's guide to Middle-earth and beyond / George Beahm; illustrated by Colleen Doran |url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/work/28638389?q&versionId=34836199 |publisher=[[National Library of Australia]] }}</ref> [[Jenny Dolfen]] who has made watercolour paintings of scenes from ''The Silmarillion'',<ref>{{cite web |title=Awards - Previous Winners |date=29 October 2016 |url=http://www.tolkiensociety.org/society/awards/ |publisher=[[The Tolkien Society]] |access-date=12 June 2020 |quote=2014 Jenny Dolfen, ''Eärendil the Mariner''}}</ref> [[Alexander Korotich]], who made a series of [[scraperboard]] engravings of ''The Lord of the Rings'',<ref name="Uraic.ru exhibition 2013">{{cite web |title=Александр Коротич. Иллюстрации к произведениям Дж. |language=Russian |trans-title=Р. Р. Толкина Alexander Korotich. Illustrations for the works of J. R. R. Tolkien |url=http://book.uraic.ru/galereja/vystavki2013/aleksandr_korotich |website=Uraic.ru |access-date=10 September 2023 |date=2013 |quote=The exhibition presents individual illustrations for "The Lord of the Rings" by J. R. R. Tolkien, created by artist Alexander Korotich from the second half of the 1980s until mid-1997, when the folder with most of the sheets was lost, as well as a number of illustrations for the book ''J. R. R. Tolkien. Fairy tales'' by the publishing house "Ural market", released in 1993. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018172900/http://book.uraic.ru/galereja/vystavki2013/aleksandr_korotich |archive-date=18 October 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Peter Xavier Price]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Forchhammer |first1=Troels |title=Tolkienian Artwork |url=https://www.tolkiensociety.org/blog/2016/01/tolkien-transactions-lxv/ |publisher=[[The Tolkien Society]] |access-date=12 June 2020 |date=2 January 2016}}</ref> Works of several of these artists were exhibited in an "Images of Middle-earth" exhibition of some 170 artworks organised by Davide Martini of the Greisinger Museum of Switzerland; it toured Italy between 2003 and 2005.<ref name=Giorno>{{cite news |url=http://www.ilgiorno.it/speciali/giorno-dei-ragazzi/bambini-fantasy-1.769314 |work=[[Il Giorno (newspaper)|Il Giorno]] |language=it |title=Milano in Fantasy: un week end nella Terra di Mezzo tra elfi, draghi e maghi |date=18 March 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.imagesofmiddle-earth.com/ |title=Immagini dalla Terra di Mezzo |publisher=Arteventi |date=29 October 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071029143552/http://www.imagesofmiddle-earth.com/ |archive-date=29 October 2007}}</ref>
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==Film==
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{{See also|Star Wars sources and analogues{{!}}''Star Wars'' Sources and analogues}}

The 2005–2010 [[The Chronicles of Narnia (film series)|''Narnia'' film trilogy]] adapted from the [[The Chronicles of Narnia|novel series]] by Tolkien's friend [[C. S. Lewis]] were produced due to the popularity of ''The Lord of the Rings''. [[George R. R. Martin]] acknowledged that Tolkien influenced his 2011–2019 [[Game of Thrones|''Game of Thrones'' TV series]] and [[A Song of Ice and Fire|novels]] about medieval fantasy, while speaking about a movie about Tolkien's life.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/ct-ent-george-r-r-martin-lord-of-the-rings-20190509-story.html |title=George R.R. Martin said 'Lord of the Rings' trilogy influenced 'Game of Thrones' |newspaper=[[Chicago Tribune]] |date=2019-05-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/2016/12/19/15-fantasy-movies-and-tv-shows-that-owe-their-existence-to-lord-of-the-rings |title=15 Fantasy Movies and TV Shows That Owe Their Existence to the Lord of the Rings Films |website=[[IGN]] |date=2016-12-19}}</ref>

An early draft for [[George Lucas]]'s 1977 [[Star Wars film|''Star Wars'' film]] is said to have included an exchange of dialogue between [[Obi-Wan Kenobi]] and [[Luke Skywalker]] taken directly from the conversation between Gandalf and Bilbo in Chapter 1 of ''The Hobbit'', where Gandalf/Kenobi says "Good morning!" and Bilbo/Luke replies asking whether he means he's having a good morning, or is wishing him one, or that all mornings are good. Gandalf/Kenobi answers "All of them at once".<ref name="Taylor 2014">{{cite web |last=Taylor|first=Chris |title=Secrets of the "Star Wars" drafts: Inside George Lucas' amazing -- and very different -- early scripts |url=https://www.salon.com/2014/10/03/secrets_of_the_star_wars_drafts_inside_george_lucas_amazing_and_very_different_early_scripts/ |website=[[Salon.com]] |access-date=22 May 2021 |date=4 October 2014}}</ref><ref name="Taylor 2015">{{cite book |last=Taylor|first=Chris |title=How Star Wars Conquered the Universe: the past, present, and future of a multibillion dollar franchise |publisher=Head of Zeus |publication-place=London |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-78497-047-5 |oclc=951149431}}</ref><ref name="starwars.com">{{cite web |last=Young|first=Bryan |title=The Cinema Behind Star Wars: The Lord of the Rings |url=https://www.starwars.com/news/the-cinema-behind-star-wars-the-lord-of-the-rings |website=Star Wars |date=13 March 2016}}</ref> The plagiarised dialogue was dropped, but Lucas modelled the monk-like Kenobi on Gandalf; the film author Chris Taylor identifies several further elements of ''Star Wars'' that in his view could have been modelled on Middle-earth.<ref name="Taylor 2014"/>

{|class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto;"
|+ Chris Taylor's<ref name="Taylor 2014"/> comparison of ''[[Star Wars film|Star Wars]]'' with ''The Lord of the Rings''
|-
! Element !! ''Star Wars'' 1977 !! ''The Lord of the Rings'' 1954–55
|-
|Wise old man ||[[Obi-Wan Kenobi]]<br/>sacrifices himself fighting Darth Vader,<br/>then guides [[Luke Skywalker|Luke]] through [[the Force]] ||[[Gandalf]]<br/>dies saving Fellowship from the [[Balrog]],<br/>then guides Frodo telepathically
|-
|Innocent<br/>protagonists ||[[R2-D2]] and [[C-3PO]],<br/>carrying stolen data tapes,<br/>supported by the team ||[[Frodo Baggins|Frodo]] and [[Samwise Gamgee|Sam]],<br/>carrying the [[One Ring]],<br/>supported by the [[Fellowship of the Ring (characters)|Fellowship]]
|-
|"Hellish war machine" ||[[Death Star]] ||[[Mordor]]
|-
|Enemy troops ||[[Stormtrooper (Star Wars)|Stormtroopers]] ||[[Orc]]s
|-
|Evil wizard ||[[Grand Moff Tarkin]] ||[[Saruman]]
|-
|Dark Lord ||[[Darth Vader]] ||[[Sauron]]
|}

While working on a ''Star Wars'' animated series, [[Dave Filoni]] noted that Peter Jackson visited him and his mentor George Lucas to discuss Tolkien's works and to ask for advice. According to the ''Star Wars'' website, Darth Vader is compared by Filoni to the Balrog rather than Sauron, and the [[Prancing Pony]] bar may have inspired the [[Mos Eisley]] cantina, the introduction of Han Solo suggestively matching that of Strider (Aragorn). As for the prequel trilogy, it notes that Saruman influenced Count Dooku, and volcanic Mordor, whether Tolkien's or Jackson's, influenced the volcanic planet Mustafar.<ref name="starwars.com"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.starwars.com/news/loving-the-hobbit-building-the-clone-wars|title=Loving the Hobbit, Building the Clone Wars|date=14 December 2012}}</ref>

==Literature==

{{further|Tolkien's impact on fantasy}}

=== Fantasy ===

[[File:Lucca Comics 2010 - Terry Brooks 03.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Fantasy writer [[Terry Brooks]] was influenced by Tolkien.<ref name="ts"/>]]

As early as 1984, Diana Paxson argued in ''[[Mythlore]]'' that Tolkien had founded a new literary tradition.<ref name="Paxson 1984">{{cite journal |last=Paxson |first=Diana |year=1984 |title=The Tolkien Tradition |journal=[[Mythlore]] |volume=11 |issue=1 |at=Article 19 |url=https://dc.swosu.edu/mythlore/vol11/iss1/19 }}</ref> Since then, many authors have found inspiration in Tolkien's work. Following the success of ''[[The Hobbit]]'' and ''The Lord of the Rings'' in the 1960s, publishers were quick to try to meet a new demand for literate fantasy in the American marketplace.<ref name="ts">[[Tom Shippey|Shippey, Tom]], "Literature, Twentieth Century: Influence of Tolkien", in [[Michael D. C. Drout]], ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia]]''.Taylor & Francis, 2007 {{ISBN|0415969425}}  (pp. 378-382).</ref>

[[Ursula Le Guin]]'s ''[[Earthsea]]'' series, beginning with ''[[A Wizard of Earthsea]]'' in 1968, was one of the first fantasy series influenced by Tolkien.<ref>"Le Guin's Earthsea series, beginning with ''[[The Wizard of Earthsea]]'' (1968) is not only amongst the finest examples of post-Tolkien fantasy, it is explicitly and directly influenced by Tolkien himself." [[Adam Roberts (British writer)|Adam Roberts]], ''The Riddles of the Hobbit''. Palgrave Macmillan, 2013. {{ISBN|1137373652}} p. 19</ref><ref>"For Le Guin, Tolkien is a major precursor...Le Guin also acknowledges the importance of Tolkien, whose ability to create a world she finds impressive."Susan M. Bernardo, Graham J. Murphy, ''Ursula K. Le Guin: A Critical Companion''. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2006. {{ISBN|978-0313332258}} (pp. 92-93).</ref>{{efn|The Tolkien scholar [[John Garth (author)|John Garth]] writes that Tolkien's name appears to be hidden in the small amount of the Hardic language of Earthsea in ''The Wizard of Earthsea''. "Sea" is ''sukien'', from ''suk'', "foam", and ''inien'', "feather". "Rock", the material of earth, is "tolk", so, he suggests, the Hardic for "Earthsea" would be ''Tolkien'', for ''tolk + inien'' on the same pattern as ''sukien''. Garth suggests that this is a tribute to Tolkien, ''tolk'' being the first word of the "Old Speech" that she names, and the first to be handed down both by the Wizard Ged to Tenar in ''[[The Tombs of Atuan]]'', and by Tenar to her daughter in ''[[Tehanu]]''.<ref name="Garth 2021">{{cite web |last=Garth |first=John |author-link=John Garth (author) |title=Ursula Le Guin, the language of Earthsea, and Tolkien |url=https://johngarth.wordpress.com/2021/01/22/ursula-le-guin-the-language-of-earthsea-and-tolkien/#_ftn2<!-- WEBSITE of PUBLISHED AUTHOR--> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122223313/https://johngarth.wordpress.com/2021/01/22/ursula-le-guin-the-language-of-earthsea-and-tolkien/ |archive-date=22 January 2021 |url-status=live |publisher=John Garth |access-date=3 February 2021 |date=22 January 2021}}</ref>}} Among the Tolkienian archetypes in the Earthsea books are wizards (including the protagonist, [[Ged (Earthsea)|Ged]]), a disinherited prince (Arren in ''[[The Farthest Shore]]''), a magical ring (the ring of Erreth-Akbe in ''[[The Tombs of Atuan]]''), a [[Quests in Middle-earth|Middle-earth style quest]] (in ''The Farthest Shore''), and powerful dragons (like the dragon of Pendor, in ''A Wizard of Earthsea'').<ref name="Paxson 1984"/>

[[Patricia A. McKillip]]'s ''[[The Forgotten Beasts of Eld]]'' and [[Jane Yolen]]'s ''The Magic Three of Solatia'' were Tolkien-inspired fantasies for young adults written in the mid-1970s.<ref>"Patricia McKillip and Jane Yolen, both American, should also be mentioned here: the former's ''The Forgotten Beasts of Eld'' (1974) echoes Tolkien in its nuanced prose...the latter's ''The Magic Three of Solatia'' (1974) bears a similar relationship to Tolkien." Jamie Williamson, ''The Evolution of Modern Fantasy: From Antiquarianism to the Ballantine Adult Fantasy Series''. Springer, 2015. {{ISBN|9781137518088}}</ref> Ballantine, under the direction of editor [[Lin Carter]], published public domain and relatively obscure works under the banner of the [[Ballantine Adult Fantasy series]], aimed at adult readers who enjoyed Tolkien's works.<ref name="ts"/> [[Lester del Rey]], however, sought for new books that would mirror Tolkien's work, and published [[Terry Brooks]]' ''[[The Sword of Shannara]]'', [[David Eddings]]'s ''[[Belgariad]]'', and [[Stephen R. Donaldson]]'s ''[[The Chronicles of Thomas Covenant, the Unbeliever]]''.<ref name="ts"/> [[Guy Gavriel Kay]], who had assisted [[Christopher Tolkien]] with the editing of ''The Silmarillion'', later wrote his own Tolkien-influenced fantasy trilogy, ''[[The Fionavar Tapestry]]'', complete with dwarfs and mages.<ref name="ts" /> [[Dennis L. McKiernan]]'s Silver Call duology was intended to be a direct sequel to ''The Lord of the Rings'' but had to be altered. The ''[[The Iron Tower|Iron Tower]]'' trilogy, highly influenced by Tolkien's books, was then written as backstory.<ref>[http://theauthorhour.com/dennis-l-mckiernan/ Interview with Dennis L. McKiernan]</ref> Fantasy series such as [[Terry Pratchett]]'s ''[[Discworld]]'' and [[Orson Scott Card]]'s ''[[The Tales of Alvin Maker]]'' were "undoubtedly" influenced by Tolkien.<ref name="Duriez 2003">{{cite book |editor-last=Haber |editor-first=Karen |chapter=Rhythmic Pattern in ''The Lord of the Rings'' |title=Meditations on Middle-earth: New Writing on the Worlds of J. R. R. Tolkien by Orson Scott Card, Ursula K. Le Guin, and others |publisher=[[St Martin's Press]] |date=2002}} reviewed in {{cite journal |last=Duriez |first=Colin |title=Journal Article Review: Survey of Tolkien Literature |journal=VII: Journal of the Marion E. Wade Center<!-- Deny Citation Bot--> |date=2003 |volume=20 |pages=105–114 |jstor=45296990}}</ref>

Due to a loophole in Russian copyright law, Russian writers were able to publish fantasy novels set in Tolkien's Arda. [[Nick Perumov]]'s ''[[The Ring of Darkness]]'' (Russian ''[[:ru:Кольцо Тьмы|Кольцо Тьмы]]'') takes place after the events of ''The Lord of the Rings''.<ref name="Prilutskaya 2008">{{cite journal |last=Prilutskaya |first=Natalya |title=Russian Followers of J.R.R.Tolkien |journal=The Ring Goes Ever on: Proceedings of the Tolkien 2005 Conference |location=Coventry |publisher=[[The Tolkien Society]] |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-905520-24-7}}</ref><!-- The authorial duo of Natalya 'Elhe Niennah' Vasilieva and Natalya 'Illeth' Nekrasova created ''[[The Black Book of Arda]]'' (Russian [[:ru:Чёрная книга Арды|''Чёрная книга Арды'']]), about the events in ''The Silmarillion'' with Melkor's rightness and Eru and Valar's wickedness presumed. Then, as a polemic to the previous, the Ukrainian author Olga Chigirinskaya wrote a novel ''[[Beyond the Dawn]]'' (Russian ''[[:ru:По ту сторону рассвета|По ту сторону рассвета]]'') retelling the tale of [[Beren and Lúthien]] in the "low fantasy" style but with [[Christianity in Middle-earth|Tolkien's Catholic point of view]] on the events saved. ''The Black Book of Arda'' is considered existing in the world of ''Beyond the Dawn'' as a masterpiece of Melcorian [[propaganda]].-->

From 1980, the term "[[fantasy]]" became synonymous with the general aspects of Tolkien's work: multiple races including dwarves and elves, a quest to destroy a magical artifact, and an evil that seeks to control the world. The plot of [[Pat Murphy (writer)|Pat Murphy]]'s 1999 ''[[There and Back Again (novel)|There and Back Again]]'' intentionally mirrors that of ''The Hobbit'', but is transposed into a science-fiction setting involving space travel. [[J. K. Rowling]]'s ''[[Harry Potter]]'' series has been seen as having been influenced by Tolkien's work; in particular, the wizard [[Albus Dumbledore|Dumbledore]] has been described as partially inspired by Tolkien's Gandalf.<ref>Louise Wetherill, ''Ampthill Literary Festival Yearbook 2015.'' Ampthill. (2015)  {{ISBN|978-1-5175506-8-4}}. pp. 85–92.</ref> S.M. Stirling's [[The Emberverse series|"Emberverse"]] series, published starting in 2004, includes a character obsessed with ''The Lord of the Rings'' who creates a post-apocalyptic community based upon the Elves and Dúnedain of Middle-earth. The same plot point was used by the Russian writer Vladimir Berezin in his novel ''Road Signs'' (from the [[Universe of Metro 2033]]). [[Stephen King]], best known as a horror writer, has acknowledged Tolkien's influence on his novel ''[[The Stand]]'' as well as his fantasy series ''[[The Dark Tower (series)|The Dark Tower]]''. Other prominent fantasy writers including [[George R. R. Martin]], [[Michael Swanwick]], [[Raymond E. Feist]], [[Poul Anderson]], [[Karen Haber]], [[Harry Turtledove]], [[Charles De Lint]], and [[Orson Scott Card]] have acknowledged Tolkien's work as an inspiration.<ref name="ts"/>

===Graphic novels===

The cartoonist [[Jeff Smith (cartoonist)|Jeff Smith]] was influenced by Tolkien, and the mythologies that inspired his works. He has characterized his epic 1,300-page graphic novel ''[[Bone (comics)|Bone]]'' as "[[Bugs Bunny]] meets ''The Lord of the Rings''. It's a really long fairy tale with some fantasy elements but a lot of comedy."<ref name=TheCartoonist>{{cite AV media |people=Ken Mills (Director) |title=[[The Cartoonist: Jeff Smith, BONE and the Changing Face of Comics]] |medium=Documentary |publisher=[[Mills James Productions]] |date=21 July 2009}}</ref>

===Parody===

The first commercially published parody of Tolkien's work was the 1969 ''[[Bored of the Rings]]'', by ''[[The Harvard Lampoon]]''.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Bratman |first=David |author-link=David Bratman |editor-last=Drout |editor-first=Michael D. C. |editor-link=Michael D. C. Drout |title=Parodies |encyclopedia=[[J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia|J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia: Scholarship and Critical Assessment]] |year=2013 |orig-year=2007 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-0-415-86511-1 |pages=503–504}}</ref> 
The [[BBC]] produced a parody radio serial, [[Hordes of the Things (radio series)|''Hordes of the Things'']], in 1980.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Wolf |first1=Ian |title=About Hordes Of The Things |url=https://www.comedy.co.uk/radio/hordes_of_the_things/about/ |website=British Comedy Guide |access-date=12 June 2020}}</ref>
''[[The Last Ringbearer]]'' is a 1999 fantasy novel by the pala<!--BE-->eontologist [[Kirill Eskov]] in the form of a [[parallel novel]] showing the war from the perspective of the people of [[Sauron]]'s land of [[Mordor]], under the notion that the original is a "history written by the victors".<ref name=salon>{{cite web |last=Miller |first=Laura |author-link=Laura Miller (writer) |url=http://www.salon.com/books/laura_miller/2011/02/15/last_ringbearer/index.html |title=Middle-earth according to Mordor |website=Salon.com |date=15 February 2011}}</ref><ref name=guardian>{{cite news |last=Page |first=Benedicte |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/feb/08/lord-of-the-rings-reworking-tolkien-estate |title=Lord of the Rings reworking a hit with fans, but not Tolkien estate |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |date=8 February 2011}}</ref>

==Radio plays==
{{Main|Adaptations of The Lord of the Rings{{!}}Adaptations of ''The Lord of the Rings''}}

Three [[radio plays]] based on ''The Lord of the Rings'' have been made, broadcast in 1955–1956, 1979 and 1981 respectively.<ref name="Tolkien on 1955 radio play"/><ref>{{cite web |title=Riel Radio Theatre — The Lord of the Rings, Episode 2 |url=https://radioriel.org/content/daily-programme/riel-radio-theatre-the-lord-of-the-rings-episode-2/ |publisher=Radioriel |access-date=18 May 2020 |date=15 January 2009 |archive-date=15 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200115144511/https://www.radioriel.org/content/daily-programme/riel-radio-theatre-the-lord-of-the-rings-episode-2/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>  The first and last ones were produced by the [[BBC]]. Tolkien heavily criticised the 1955-56 production.<ref name="Tolkien on 1955 radio play">{{ME-ref|Letters|#175 to Mrs Molly Waldron, 30 November 1955}}</ref>

==Music==
{{further|Music of Middle-earth}}

Numerous songs and other musical works, in a wide range of idioms, have been inspired by Tolkien's fiction.

===Hard rock and heavy metal <span id="Rock music"></span>===
[[File:20160515 Gelsenkirchen RockHard Festival Blind Guardian 0028 (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|[[Hansi Kürsch]], the [[Blind Guardian]] vocalist and lyrics writer, composed many songs about [[Middle-earth]]]]
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Jack Bruce wrote a song called "To Isengard" on his first solo album "[[Songs for a Tailor]]" (1969).<ref>{{cite web |last=Viglione |first=Joe |title=[Review] Jack Bruce: Songs for a Tailor |url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/songs-for-a-tailor-mw0000194919 |publisher=AllMusic |access-date=17 April 2021}}</ref><!--

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[[Progressive rock]] acts which have composed songs based on Tolkien's characters and stories include [[Rush (band)|Rush]] ("Rivendell"),<ref name="Harlitz-Kern 2014">{{cite web |last1=Harlitz-Kern |first1=Erika |title=Countdown to THE HOBBIT: 4 Songs Inspired by Tolkien |url=https://bookriot.com/countdown-hobbit-4-songs-inspired-tolkien/ |website=BookRiot |access-date=1 August 2021 |date=9 December 2014}}</ref> 
[[Camel (band)|Camel]] ("Nimrodel", "The White Rider"),<ref>{{cite web |title=Mirage: Camel |url=http://www.progarchives.com/album.asp?id=328 |website=ProgArchives |access-date=1 August 2021}}</ref> 
[[Mostly Autumn]] (''Music Inspired by The Lord of the Rings'' CD, 2001),<ref>{{cite web |last=Schoenmakers |first=Remco |title=Album Reviews: Mostly Autumn - The Lord Of The Rings |url=https://www.dprp.net/reviews/2002/010 |website=DPRP |access-date=1 August 2021 |date=17 March 2002}}</ref> 
[[Glass Hammer]] (''[[The Middle-Earth Album]]'', 2001),<ref name="Catholic Report">{{cite web |last=Birzer |first=Bradley J. |author-link=Bradley J. Birzer |title=The Music of Glass Hammer: An Appreciation |website=The Catholic World Report |url=https://www.catholicworldreport.com/2014/03/09/the-music-of-glass-hammer-an-appreciation/ |date=9 March 2014 |accessdate=1 August 2021}}</ref> 
[[Bo Hansson]] (''[[Music Inspired by Lord of the Rings (Bo Hansson album)|Music Inspired by Lord of the Rings]]'', 1970),<ref>{{cite web |title=Music Inspired by Lord of the Rings album review |publisher=[[Allmusic]] |url={{AllMusic|class=album|id=r130047|pure_url=yes}} |accessdate=7 June 2010}}</ref>
and the indie rock band [[Gatsbys American Dream]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Gatsby's American Dream: The Most Literary Band You've Never Heard Of |url=https://bookriot.com/gatsbys-american-dream-the-most-literary-band-youve-never-heard-of/ |website=BookRiot |access-date=1 August 2021 |date=18 March 2013}}</ref><!--

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The hard rock and classic metal band [[Led Zeppelin]] wrote several songs inspired by Tolkien's works including "[[The Battle of Evermore]]", "[[Misty Mountain Hop]]", "[[Ramble On]]", and "[[Over the Hills and Far Away (Led Zeppelin song)|Over the Hills and Far Away]]" (with debate about some parts of "[[Stairway to Heaven]]").<ref name="Eden 2010">{{cite book |last=Eden |first=Bradford Lee |title=Middle-earth Minstrel: Essays on Music in Tolkien |publisher=McFarland |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-7864-4814-2 }}</ref><ref name="Schinder Schwartz 2008">{{cite book |first1=Scott |last1=Schinder |first2=Andy |last2=Schwartz |year=2008 |title=Icons of Rock |url=https://archive.org/details/iconsofrockencyc0000schi |url-access=registration |location=Westport, Connecticut |publisher=Greenwood |isbn=978-0-313-33846-5 |page=383}}</ref><ref name="Bottero 2021"/><ref name="Taysom 2022">{{cite web |last1=Taysom |first1=Joe |title=Every Led Zeppelin song inspired by J. R. R. Tolkien |url=https://faroutmagazine.co.uk/every-led-zeppelin-song-inspired-by-j-r-r-tolkien/ |work=Far Out magazine |access-date=6 May 2024 |date=2 September 2022}}</ref> [[Tom Rapp]] set most of The Verse of the [[One Ring]] ("Three Rings for the Elven-kings under the sky...") to music as "Ring Thing" in [[Pearls Before Swine (band)|Pearls Before Swine]]'s second album, ''[[Balaklava (album)|Balaklava]]'' (1968).<ref>{{cite web |title=Pearls Before Swine – Ring Thing |url=https://genius.com/Pearls-before-swine-ring-thing-lyrics |access-date=18 February 2019}}</ref> [[Bob Catley]], lead singer of the British [[prog rock]] band [[Magnum (band)|Magnum]], released a solo album titled ''[[Middle Earth (album)|Middle Earth]]''. Punk quartet [[Thrice]] released a song called "The Long Defeat" about Tolkien's philosophies. The East Texas-based rock band Hobbit has produced multiple albums inspired by Tolkien's work.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hobbitband.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081120121519/http://www.hobbitband.com/ |archive-date=20 November 2008 |title=Hobbit Hole}}</ref> <!--

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Among the [[heavy metal music|heavy metal]] artists influenced by Tolkien are [[Blind Guardian]], who composed numerous songs relating to Middle-earth, including the whole of the concept album ''[[Nightfall in Middle Earth]]'', based on ''[[The Silmarillion]]''.<ref name="Eden 2010"/><!--reliable independent scholarly source--><ref>[{{AllMusic|class=album|id=r396625|pure_url=yes}} Nightfall in Middle Earth: AllMusic Guide Review]</ref> The album was "adored" by fans of Tolkien and metal, but despised as escapist by grunge fans.<ref name="Bottero 2021"/>

Many [[black metal]] bands, at least 85 specifically, out of 151 "metal bands" in a 2015 search, have made use of Middle-earth themes in their lyrics, artwork, and band names.<ref name="Kuusela 2015">{{cite book |last=Kuusela |first=Tommy |editor1-last=Van Zon |editor1-first=Cecile |editor2-last=Vink |editor2-first=Renee |title=Lembas Extra: Unexplored Aspects of Tolkien and Arda: Edition 2015 |date=2015 |publisher=Productie Boekscout |location=Netherlands |isbn=978-94-022-1557-1 |pages=89–119 |chapter='Dark Lord of Gorgoroth': Black Metal and the Works of Tolkien |url=https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:874533/FULLTEXT01.pdf}}</ref> One such is [[Black Breath (band)|Black Breath]], named for the terror-inducing [[Black Breath]] of the [[Nazgûl]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Breen |first1=Samuel |title=[Review] Black Breath: Heavy Breathing |url=https://drownedinsound.com/releases/15261/reviews/4139581 |website=Drowned in Sound |access-date=8 October 2023 |date=1 April 2010 |archive-date=4 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100404003944/https://drownedinsound.com/releases/15261/reviews/4139581 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The symphonic black metal band [[Summoning (band)|Summoning]] states that most of its songs are based on Middle-Earth, with focus on the orcs and dark forces.<ref>[http://heavymetal.about.com/od/interviews/a/summoningintie_2.htm Second page of About.com interview with Summoning]<!--primary source used for band's own statement about Tolkien influence, as permitted by Wikipedia policy--> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090917013322/http://heavymetal.about.com/od/interviews/a/summoningintie_2.htm |date=17 September 2009}}</ref>
[[Battlelore]]'s lyrics are about [[Middle-earth]] characters and events in ''The Lord of the Rings'' and ''The Silmarillion'', as well as medieval literature and the ''Kalevala'',<ref>{{cite web |url=http://heavymetal.about.com/od/interviews/a/battleloreinter.htm |title=Interview With Finnish Metal Band Battlelore |accessdate=29 May 2012 |last=Bowar |first=Chad |work=Heavy Metal |publisher=[[About.com]] |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100330084939/http://heavymetal.about.com/od/interviews/a/battleloreinter.htm |archivedate=30 March 2010 }}</ref> as is their pseudo-medieval stage show, in which each member is dressed as "ferocious warriors", "dirty thieves" or "beautiful female elves".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://metalitalia.com/intervista/battlelore-o-elbereth-gilthoniel/ |title=Battlelore – O Elbereth! Gilthoniel! |accessdate=29 May 2012 |last=Gallarati |first=Marco |publisher=Metalitalia.com |language=Italian |archive-date=5 September 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140905223426/http://metalitalia.com/intervista/battlelore-o-elbereth-gilthoniel/ }}</ref>
The Italian group Ainur (named for [[Ainur in Middle-earth|Tolkien's Ainur]]) released Middle-earth themed albums named ''Children of Hurin'' (2007) and ''Lay of Leithian'' (2009).<ref name="Bottero 2021">{{cite web |last1=Bottero |first1=Alessandro |title=Quando il metal e il rock si ispirano ai libri di Tolkien |trans-title=When Metal and Rock are Inspired by Tolkien's Books |url=https://stonemusic.it/50091/quando-il-metal-e-il-rock-si-ispirano-ai-libri-di-tolkien/ |website=Stone Music |access-date=26 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210213052001/https://stonemusic.it/50091/quando-il-metal-e-il-rock-si-ispirano-ai-libri-di-tolkien/ |archive-date=13 February 2021 |language=Italian |date=3 January 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>
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Bands and musicians who have used Tolkien's legendarium for their stage names include the progressive rock band [[Marillion]] (from ''The Silmarillion'').<ref>{{cite book |last=Wall |first=Mick |year=1987 |title=Market Square Heroes - The Authorised Story of Marillion |publisher=Sidgwick & Jackson |page=28 |isbn=978-0-283-99426-5}}</ref> [[Gorgoroth]] take their name from an area of [[Mordor]], [[Burzum]] take their name from the [[Black Speech]] of Mordor,<ref name="Kuusela 2015"/><ref>{{cite web |title=Satanist (?) Uses the Black Speech |url=https://folk.uib.no/hnohf/greven.htm |website=Ardalambion |access-date=13 June 2020 |quote=His one-man Black Metal band was called Burzum, this being the Black Speech word for "darkness", taken from the inscription on the Ring: ...agh burzum-ishi krimpatul, "and in the darkness bind them".}}</ref> [[Cirith Ungol (band)|Cirith Ungol]] take their name from the pass on the western path of Mordor, the dwelling of the spider [[Shelob]]<ref>{{Cite web|title="Cirith Ungol Biography" |url=http://www.truemetal.org/cirithungol/page.php?page_id=166}}</ref> and [[Amon Amarth]] take their name after an alternative name for [[Mount Doom]].<ref name="Amon Amarth Biography">{{Cite web |title=Amon Amarth Biography |url=http://www.amonamarth.de/en/band_biography.shtml |access-date=14 November 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071017091836/http://amonamarth.de/en/band_biography.shtml |archive-date=17 October 2007}}</ref> Lead singer of [[Dimmu Borgir]], [[Shagrath]], takes his stage name from ''The Lord of the Rings'', after an [[orc]] captain.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hrc2OvxFmfw |title=Dimmu Borgir - Interview on NRK1 (Subbed)|via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref>
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===Jazz===
Australian jazz musician and composer, [[John Sangster]], made six albums of musical responses to Tolkien's work. He recorded ''The Hobbit Suite'' (1973, Swaggie Records – S1340), and ''Double Vibe: Hobbit'' (1977); the first of these, with a selection from the second, was released on CD in 2002 (Swaggie CD 404). The later four double albums, ''The Lord of the Rings: A Musical Interpretation, v. 1, 2 and 3'' (1975–77), and ''Landscapes of Middle-earth'' (1978), have been re-released on CD, 2002-06: Move Records MD 3251, 3252, 3253, and 3254.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.move.com.au/news/7|title=Lord of the Rings: A Review by Chris Seeman|last=Seeman|first=Chris|date=3 July 2002|website=Move Records|access-date=6 May 2019}}</ref>

===Folk===
[[Sally Oldfield]]'s first solo album, ''[[Water Bearer]]'' (1978) was inspired by Tolkien's works, particularly "Songs of the Quendi", which quote from his poems.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.discogs.com/Sally-Oldfield-Water-Bearer/release/727424 |title=Sally Oldfield – ''Water Bearer'' |website=discogs.com |access-date=9 December 2010}}</ref>

The folk group The Hobbitons, part of the Dutch chapter of the Tolkien Society, released a CD in 1996 with 16 tracks of settings of [[Poetry in The Lord of the Rings|Tolkien's poems]].<ref name="Bratman 2010">{{cite book |last=Bratman |first=David |chapter=Liquid Tolkien: Music, Tolkien, Middle-earth, and More Music |editor-last=Eden |editor-first=Bradford Lee |title=Middle-earth Minstrel: Essays on Music in Tolkien |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AOS74uZTasYC&pg=PA158 |year=2010 |publisher=McFarland |isbn=978-0-7864-5660-4 |pages=140–170}}</ref>

The Irish singer [[Enya]] contributed a song "[[May it Be]]" for [[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring|''The Fellowship of the Ring'']] (2001) [[Music of The Lord of the Rings film series|movie soundtrack]]. It was nominated for the [[Academy Award for Best Original Song]]. She released a song entitled "Lothlórien", on her 1991 album ''[[Shepherd Moons]]''.

In 2001, bluegrass and [[anti-folk]] artist [[Chris Thile]] released an instrumental album titled ''[[Not All Who Wander Are Lost (album)|Not All Who Wander Are Lost]]'', referencing Gandalf's words to Bilbo and Bilbo's poem about Aragorn. One of the songs on the album is "Riddles in the Dark", sharing the title of one of the chapters in ''The Hobbit''.<ref name="Robb Simpson 2013">{{cite book |last1=Robb |first1=Brian J. |last2=Simpson |first2=Paul |title=Middle-earth Envisioned: The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings: On Screen, On Stage, and Beyond |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nds_AQAAQBAJ&pg=RA1-PA188 |year=2013 |publisher=Race Point |isbn=978-1-937994-27-3 |page=188}}</ref>
The Celtic foursome Broceliande's album ''The Starlit Jewel'' sets to music selected songs by Tolkien.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.broceliande.org/recordings.html|title=Brocelïande Celtic and Early Music Ensemble -- CD Store}}</ref><ref name="Bratman 2010"/>
Other [[folk rock]] and [[new age music]]ians inspired by Tolkien include [[Za Frûmi]] (singing in [[Black Speech|Orkish]]), [[Nickel Creek]], [[David Arkenstone]] and [[Lyriel]], among others. The Spanish [[Neoclassical Dark Wave]] band {{ill|Narsilion|es}} derived its name from Tolkien's song "Narsilion" about the creation of the Sun and Moon.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.castlefest.com/2011/villagestage.php?lang=en#narsilion |title=Narsilion |work=[[Castlefest]] |year=2011 |access-date=14 July 2012}}</ref>

=== Classical / film score ===

[[File:Howard Shore in 2010.jpg|thumb|upright|left|[[Howard Shore]] composed the [[Music of The Lord of the Rings film series|music for the film trilogy ''The Lord of the Rings'']].]]

[[Donald Swann]] set music in the British art-song tradition to a collection of seven of Tolkien's lyrics and poems, published as ''[[The Road Goes Ever On]]''. The work was approved by Tolkien himself, who collaborated on the published book, to which he provided notes and commentary.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mcgillsociety.org/bard/tolkien/notes.html|title=Bard: Poems and Songs of Middle Earth - Notes|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181031233309/http://www.mcgillsociety.org/bard/tolkien/notes.html|archive-date=31 Oct 2018}}</ref> The songs were recorded by William Elvin (bass-baritone) with Swann on piano, and released in 1967 on an LP by Caedmon Records.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/songsandpoemsofmiddleearth|title="The Songs and Poems of Middle-earth"}}</ref>

The Norwegian classical composer [[Martin Romberg]] has written three full-scale symphonic poems, Quendi (2008), Telperion et Laurelin (2014), and Fëanor (2017), inspired by passages from the [[Silmarillion]]. The works were premiered in [[Southern France]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T75cZKkjvt4|title= Concert Recording "Quendi" 2010, Fëanor|via=YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://france3-regions.francetvinfo.fr/provence-alpes-cote-d-azur/alpes-maritimes/nice/orchestre-philharmonique-nice-fete-ses-70-ans-1337143.html|title= Concert Review Orchestre Philharmonique de Nice 2017, Fëanor|publisher=France 3.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.orchestre-avignon.com/artistes/martin-romberg/|title=Martin Romberg at Orchestre régional Avignon-Provence|publisher=Orchestre régional Avignon-Provence.|access-date=18 April 2018 |language=fr|archive-date=18 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418032312/http://www.orchestre-avignon.com/artistes/martin-romberg/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Romberg has also set Tolkien's Elven language poems to music in his work "Eldarinwë Liri" for girls' choir. The work premiered in 2010 with the Norwegian Girls Choir and [[Trio Mediæval]] at the Vestfold International Festival.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sb.no/kultur/kultur/i-dag-apner-festspillene/s/2-2.428-1.5349332|title= Announcement of the Vestfold International Program 2010=Sandefjords Blad.|date=4 June 2010}}</ref>

[[Johan de Meij]]'s [[Symphony No. 1 "The Lord of the Rings"|Symphony No. 1, "The Lord of the Rings"]], for concert band, is in five movements, each illustrating a personage or an important episode from the novel: Gandalf, Lothlorien, Gollum, Journey in the Dark (The Mines of Moria /The Bridge of Khazad-Dum), and Hobbits. The symphony was written between March 1984 and December 1987, and was premièred in Brussels on 15 March 1988. It has been recorded four times, including in an orchestral version, orchestrated by [[Henk de Vlieger]]. It won [[John Philip Sousa Foundation#The Sudler International Composition Competition|Sudler Composition Award]] in 1989.<ref>{{cite web |title=Johan De Meij |work=The Flying Inkpot |url=http://www.inkpot.com/classical/meijbonering.html |access-date=7 December 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071222124052/http://www.inkpot.com/classical/meijbonering.html |archive-date=22 December 2007}}</ref>

Jacqueline Clarke's setting ''Tinuviel'' (1983), for countertenor solo, SATB choir, and piano accompaniment has been published in score.<ref name="Pleskun2012">{{cite book |last=Pleskun |first=Stephen |title=A Chronological History of Australian Composers and Their Compositions - Volume 2: 1955-1984 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uSR9IDxK0ykC&pg=PT753 |year=2012 |publisher=Xlibris |isbn=978-1-4797-5752-7 |page=753}}</ref>

[[Leonard Rosenman]] composed music for the [[Ralph Bakshi]] animated movie, while [[Howard Shore]] composed the [[Music of The Lord of the Rings film series|music of ''The Lord of the Rings'' film series]].<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-34748803 BBC entertainment]; [http://www.filmtracks.com/titles/phantom_menace.html Filmtracks]</ref>

Paul Corfield Godfrey has written a large number of works based on Tolkien, the most significant of which is the four-evening cycle on ''[[The Silmarillion]]'' but also including three operas based on ''The Lord of the Rings'': ''Tom Bombadil'' (one act), ''The Black Gate is closed'' (three acts) and ''The Grey Havens''. as well as several sets of songs. His third symphony, ''Ainulindalë'', is based on the opening chapter of ''The Silmarillion'', and there is a half-hour setting of ''The Lay of Eärendil'' based on Bilbo's song at Rivendell.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tolkienlibrary.com/press/956-Interview_with_Paul_Corfield_Godfrey.php |title=Interview with Paul Corfield Godfrey, composer of the Silmarillion Opera-cycle |first=Jeroen |last=Bakker |work=Tolkien Library}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Paul Corfield Godfrey's "The Fall of Gondolin: Epic Scenes from the Silmarillion, Part Four" Demo Recording |url=https://www.volanteopera.wales/the-fall-of-gondolin |publisher=Volante Opera Productions |access-date=13 June 2020}}</ref>

[[File:The Tolkien Ensemble (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[The Tolkien Ensemble]] have published their settings of all the [[Poetry in The Lord of the Rings|poems in ''The Lord of the Rings'']] on CDs.<ref name="Drout 2006 Settings"/>]]

The [[Tolkien Ensemble]] published four CDs from 1997 to 2005 with the aim to create "the world's first complete musical interpretation of the poems and songs from ''The Lord of the Rings''". The project was given approval by both the [[Tolkien Estate]] and [[HarperCollins]] Publishers. Queen Margrethe II of Denmark gave permission to use her illustrations in the CD layout.<ref name="Drout 2006 Settings">{{cite book |last=Drout |first=Michael D. C. |title=J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=by0dzzQ6m8sC&pg=PA539 |year=2006 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=1-135-88034-4 |page=539}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Weichmann |first=Christian |title=The Lord of the Rings: Complete Songs and Poems (4-CD-Box) |url=http://www.tolkien-ensemble.net/rezensionen/rezensionen.html |publisher=The Tolkien Ensemble |access-date=13 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161027034047/http://www.tolkien-ensemble.net/rezensionen/rezensionen.html |archive-date=27 October 2016 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Snider |first=John C. |title=CD Review: At Dawn in Rivendell: Selected Songs & Poems from The Lord of the Rings by The Tolkien Ensemble & Christopher Lee |url=http://www.scifidimensions.com/Apr03/rivendell.htm |publisher=SciFiDimensions |access-date=14 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061019212244/http://www.scifidimensions.com/Apr03/rivendell.htm |date=March 2003 |archive-date=19 October 2006 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[Aulis Sallinen]], one of the leading [[classical music]] composers of [[Finland]], composed his [[Symphonies (Sallinen)|Seventh Symphony]] named "The Dreams of Gandalf" in 1996, from music initially meant to accompany a ballet.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hurwitz |first=David |author-link=David Hurwitz (music critic)  |title=Sallinen: Symphony 7 |url=https://www.classicstoday.com/review/review-9704/ |publisher=Classics Today |access-date=13 June 2020 |quote=Symphony No. 7, subtitled "The Dreams of Gandalf", arose out of music intended for a ballet based on The Lord of the Rings. Perhaps because the music was intended for the dance, it’s the most energetic and impulsive piece on the disc, full of captivating tunes cloaked in absolutely magical orchestration (Sallinen is particularly adept in his use of tuned percussion). It would be a hit at any concert and at 25 minutes it's not a moment too long.}}</ref>

The Australian musician, Patrick Flegg, late husband of Tolkien illustrator [[Mary Fairburn]], composed a piano suite, ''Anduin: The Mighty River'', recorded by Wendy Rowlands (2001).<ref>{{cite web |last=Flegg |first=Patrick |title="Odds & Sods," MySpace |url=https://myspace.com/oddssods |access-date=12 February 2021}}</ref>

The Canadian composer Glenn Buhr has written a three-movement tone poem ''Beren and Lúthien'' which he has recorded with the [[Winnipeg Symphony Orchestra]] as part of his CD ''Winter Poems''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.musiccentre.ca/node/8763 |title=Canadian Music Centre}}</ref>

== Games ==

{{further|Middle-earth in video games}}

Many model-based games, trading card games, board games and [[video game]]s are set in Middle-earth, most depicting scenes and characters from ''The Lord of the Rings.'' In a broader sense, many fantasy [[role-playing games]] such as ''[[Dungeons & Dragons]] (D&D)'' and ''[[DragonQuest]]'' feature Tolkienesque creatures and were influenced by Tolkien's works. ''[[The Legend of Zelda]]'' was inspired by ''The Lord of the Rings'' books,<ref>{{cite magazine |magazine=[[Club Nintendo]] |volume=1996 |issue=2 |title=Classic: Zelda und Link |trans-title= Classic: Zelda and Link |language=de |date=April 1996 |page=72 |publisher=[[Nintendo of Europe]] |quote=[The two program designers Shigeru Miyamoto and Takashi Tezuka were responsible for the game, who set themselves the goal of developing a fairytale adventure game with action elements... ...Takashi Tezuka, a great lover of fantasy novels such as Tolkien's Lord of the Rings, wrote the script for the first two games in the Zelda series].}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|date=April 23, 2003 |title=Super Play Magazine Interviews Shigeru Miyamoto About The Legend of Zelda |magazine=[[Super Play (Sweden)]] |publisher=Hjemmet Mortensen |language= |volume=2003 |issue=4 |url=https://www.nintendoforums.com/articles/40/super-play-magazine-interviews-shigeru-miyamoto-about-zelda |access-date=April 2, 2021 |quote=All ideas for The legend of Zelda were mine  and Takashi Tezukas... ...Books, movies and our own lives.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Stanton |first=Richard |date=2023-04-06 |title=How an 'Adventure Mario' project evolved to become The Legend Of Zelda |url=https://www.gamesradar.com/how-an-adventure-mario-project-evolved-to-become-the-legend-of-zelda/ |website=[[GamesRadar+]]}}</ref> as were other [[dungeon crawl]]er and [[action-adventure game]]s. The books themselves have been reproduced in video game form repeatedly, though without necessarily reflecting the power of Tolkien's storytelling.<ref name="Maier-Zucchino 2019">{{cite web |last1=Maier-Zucchino |first1=Evan |title=After Nearly 40 Years, Video Games Still Don't Do Lord Of The Rings Justice |url=https://www.kotaku.com.au/2019/05/after-nearly-40-years-video-games-still-dont-do-lord-of-the-rings-justice/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190524080708/https://www.kotaku.com.au/2019/05/after-nearly-40-years-video-games-still-dont-do-lord-of-the-rings-justice/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 May 2019 |publisher=Kotaku |access-date=13 June 2020 |date=23 May 2019}}</ref>

Early [[miniature wargame]]s include ''The Ringbearer'' (1975). [[Games Workshop]] have made ''[[Middle Earth Strategy Battle Game|The Lord of the Rings Strategy Battle Game]]'' (2001), which, while part of the film trilogy's merchandise, combines elements from both the books and films.<ref name="armchair">Stevenson, Sean. 2013. [http://armchairgeneral.com/gaming-in-the-world-of-j-r-r-tolkien-an-overview-from-middle-earth.htm Gaming in the World of J.R.R. Tolkien], [[Armchair General (magazine)|Armchair General]]</ref>

Early board games included ''Battle of Five Armies'' (1975) and the series of ''Middle Earth Games'' from [[Simulations Publications, Inc.]] in [[1977 in games|1977]], containing the games ''[[War of the Ring (SPI game)|War of the Ring]]'' (strategic, covering all three books), ''Gondor'' (tactical, covering the siege of Minas Tirith) and ''Sauron'' (covering the decisive battle of the Second Age). More recent games include a game simply entitled ''[[Lord of the Rings (board game)|Lord of the Rings]]'' (2000) and ''[[War of the Ring (board game)|War of the Ring]]'' (2004, strategic, covering all three books).<ref name="armchair" />

Among role-playing and card games based on Middle-earth, [[Iron Crown Enterprises]] made ''[[Middle-earth Role Playing]]'' game (1982–1999) and ''[[Middle-earth Collectible Card Game]]'' (1995–1999). [[Decipher, Inc.]] created ''[[The Lord of the Rings Trading Card Game]]'' ([[2001 in games|2001]])<ref>{{cite book |last=Miller |first=John Jackson |title=Scrye Collectible Card Game Checklist & Price Guide |edition=2nd |year=2003 |pages=295–302}}</ref> and ''[[The Lord of the Rings Roleplaying Game]]'' (2002), both based on the Jackson films.<ref name="armchair" /> ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Card Game]]'' (2011) is made by [[Fantasy Flight Games]] under their "Living Card Game" line.<ref name="armchair" /> ''[[Adventures in Middle-earth]]'' (2016) is a D&D-compatible role-playing game released by [[Cubicle 7]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Adventures in Middle Earth: Player's Guide |author=Cubicle 7 |date=9 November 2016 |publisher=Cubicle 7 Entertainment}}</ref>

== Fan works ==

{{further|Tolkien fan fiction}}

The first piece of Middle-earth [[fanfiction|fan fiction]] was published in 1959.{{sfn|Hunnewell|2010}} 
[[Fanzine]]s started to be produced soon after Tolkien fans formed "The Fellowship of the Ring" on 4 September 1960 at the Pittsburgh Worldcon. That group's magazine was ''I Palantir'', edited by Ted Johnstone. Its British members had their own [[fanzine]], ''Nazgul's Bane''.<ref name="Hunnewell 2010">{{cite web |last=Hunnewell |first=Sumner |title=Tolkien Fandom Review from its beginnings to 1964 Gary |year=2010 |publisher=New England Tolkien Society |url=https://efanzines.com/TFR/TolkienFandom2ndEd.pdf}}</ref> Ed Meskys published his science fiction fanzine ''[[Niekas]]'' from 1962, including at least one piece on Tolkien per issue.<ref>Meskys, Ed. ''The View From Entropy Hall'' #12, cited in [http://www.tolkienguide.com/modules/wiwimod/index.php?page=Niekas "Niekas" Tolkien Collector's Guide]</ref> By 1964, there were dozens of Tolkien fanzines across the US, and several in England.<ref name="Hunnewell 2010"/>
In 1969, [[Glen GoodKnight]] founded ''[[Mythlore]]'' as the fanzine of his [[Mythopoeic Society]]. [[sercon|Always serious]], it transformed into a [[Peer review|peer-reviewed]] journal in 1999.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mythsoc.org/MLhist.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061213161317/http://www.mythsoc.org/MLhist.html |url-status=dead |title=''Mythlore'' Publishing History |archivedate=December 13, 2006}}</ref> The Winter 1976 issue of ''[[Evermist]]'' was a special Tolkien edition, in a fanzine not otherwise dedicated to his work.<ref>{{cite web |title=S. Gary Hunnewell Collection, 1960- |url=https://www.marquette.edu/library/archives/Mss/JRRT/JRRT-hunnewell.php |publisher=[[Marquette University]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Tolkien edition |journal=[[Evermist]] |date=1976 |volume=3 |issue=1 (Winter 1976)}}</ref>

Broadening Internet access and a surge of interest driven by the Jackson films resulted in the production of a large amount of [[Tolkien fan fiction]] and Tolkien artwork in online communities, beginning in the early 2000s.<ref name="Walls-Thumma 2019"/> Tolkien-inspired fan works include the [[fan films]] ''[[The Hunt for Gollum]]'' and ''[[Born of Hope]]'', the novel ''[[The Last Ringbearer]]'', and over 80,000 others listed in 2022.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://archiveofourown.org/tags/TOLKIEN%20J*d*%20R*d*%20R*d*%20-%20Works%20*a*%20Related%20Fandoms/works |publisher=[[Archive of Our Own]] |title=Tolkien J. R. R. - Works & Related Fandoms |accessdate=22 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220622060014/https://archiveofourown.org/tags/TOLKIEN%20J%2Ad%2A%20R%2Ad%2A%20R%2Ad%2A%20-%20Works%20%2Aa%2A%20Related%20Fandoms/works |archive-date=2022-06-22 }}</ref> In 2004, sites for Tolkien-derived works were estimated to be 10% of all fan fiction websites, and, in 2019, Tolkien fan fiction was one of the most popular categories for works based on books on both Archive of Our Own and [[FanFiction.net]].<ref name="Walls-Thumma 2020"/>

The study of Middle-earth fan works has been largely neglected by Tolkien scholars<ref>{{cite journal |last=Abrahamson |first=Megan B. |title=J.R.R. Tolkien, Fanfiction, and "The Freedom of the Reader" |date=2013 |journal=[[Mythlore]] |volume=32 |issue=1 |at=Article 5 |url=https://dc.swosu.edu/mythlore/vol32/iss1/5/ }}</ref> and [[fan studies]] scholars alike.<ref name="Walls-Thumma 2020">{{cite journal |last=Walls-Thumma |first=Dawn S. |title=Diving into the lacuna: Fan studies, methodologies, and mending the gaps |date=2020 |journal=[[Transformative Works and Cultures]] |volume=33 |s2cid=225711759 |doi=10.3983/twc.2020.1871 |doi-access=free  |url=https://journal.transformativeworks.org/index.php/twc/article/view/1871/2535}}</ref> Many studies have been qualitative, focusing on a few selected fan works.<ref name="Walls-Thumma 2019">{{cite journal |last=Walls-Thumma |first=Dawn S. |title=Affirmational and Transformational Values and Practices in the Tolkien Fanfiction Community |date=2019 |journal=[[Journal of Tolkien Research]] |volume=8 |issue=1 |at=Article 6 |url=https://scholar.valpo.edu/journaloftolkienresearch/vol8/iss1/6}}</ref>

==See also==

* [[List of things named after J. R. R. Tolkien and his works]]

== Notes ==

{{notelist}}

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== Sources ==

* {{ME-ref|Letters}}  <!--Carpenter 2023: Letters-->

== External links ==

* [https://ardalambion.net/ Ardalambion — Languages of Tolkien] 
* [https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:939f0549-7869-4e89-8eac-861cac5f5b97/files/rf4752h073 Scholarly Studies of J. R. R. Tolkien and His Works (in English): 1984–2000] by Michael D.C. Drout, Hilary Wynne, and Melissa Higgins 

{{Lord of the Rings}}
{{Middle-earth}}
{{Fantasy fiction}}
{{J. R. R. Tolkien}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Works Inspired By J. R. R. Tolkien}}
[[Category:Adaptations of works by J. R. R. Tolkien|Adaptations of works by J. R. R. Tolkien]]
[[Category:Works based on Middle-earth]]