View source for Woleai script

{{Short description|Historical script of the Woleaian language}}
{{Infobox Writing system
|name        = Woleai 
|type        = Syllabary
|time        = c. 1910 to c. 1950
|languages   = [[Woleaian]]
|iso15924    = Wole
|sample      = Woleai script.gif
|caption     = Woleaian syllabary as written by Egilimar in 1913
|direction   = mixed
}}

The '''Woleai''' or '''Caroline Island script''', thought to have been a [[syllabary]], was a partially Latin-based script indigenous to [[Woleai|Woleai Atoll]] and nearby islands of Micronesia and used to write the [[Woleaian language]] until the mid-20th century. At the time the script was first noticed by Europeans, this part of Micronesia was known as the ''[[Caroline Islands]]'', hence the name ''Caroline Island script''.

The script has 99 known ([[consonant|C]])[[vowel|V]] glyphs, which are not quite enough for a complete representation of the Woleaian language, even given that [[gemination|consonant and vowel length]] are ignored. Approximately a fifth of them derive from the Latin alphabet. The question for historians is whether the Wolaians had [[proto-writing]] which crystallized into full-fledged writing under the influence of the Latin alphabet, or if they were exposed to the Latin alphabet without completely understanding it (see [[trans-cultural diffusion]]), and supplemented it either with existing signs from [[petroglyph]]s, [[tattoo]]s, and the like, or by creating new [[rebus]] or ''ad hoc'' symbols, until it was sufficient to fully express Woleaian.

The script was written from left to right. Since length was ignored, one glyph stood for both ''ga'' and ''ka'' ({{IPA|[xa]}} and {{IPA|[kːa]}}), and another for both ''la'' and ''na'' ({{IPA|[la]}}, {{IPA|[na]}}, and {{IPA|[nːa]}}). Some glyphs stood for longer syllables than just consonant-plus-vowel, such as ''bag, warr, tüt, moi, shrö, chroa'', and ''gkaa''. Not enough glyphs were recorded to write all Woleaian syllables this way, and it is not known if the script was fully standardized.<ref>It may have been expanded through the rebus principle when a writer found that convenient, or some of the extra syllables may have been [[logogram]]s.</ref>

==History==
In 1905 a lost missionary named Alfred Snelling and his [[Chuuk State|Chuuk]]ese crew landed on [[Eauripik]], a Woleaian-speaking atoll 100&nbsp;km to the southwest of Woleai proper. There they taught the islanders the Latin orthography of [[Chuukese language|Chuukese]]. The Woleaians, perhaps not given enough time to grasp the concept of an alphabet where each syllable is written as consonant plus vowel, understood each letter to represent its name, and thus interpreted the Latin alphabet as a defective syllabary that could only represent simple vowels and consonants plus the vowel {{IPA|[i]}}. (Riesenberg & Kaneshiro (1960) call the glyphs at this stage of development "Type 2".)<ref name="N4146">{{cite web|url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2011/11362-n4146-woleai.pdf|title=N4146: Proposal for encoding the Woleai script in the SMP of the UCS | first = Michael | last = Everson | publisher=Working Group Document, ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2 and UTC|date=2011-10-21|access-date=2015-08-11}}</ref> The glyphs were also mixed up somewhat: Although the letters resembling T, K, S, R, H, O, E, for example, stood for {{IPA|[ti, ki, si, ri, i, wo, ø]}} (there is no {{IPA|[h]}} sound in Woleaian), and W, И stood for {{IPA|[mi, ni]}} (that is, the letters M and N were inverted), letters resembling L, B, D stood for {{IPA|[fi, tʃi, pi]}}. (Note that these Latin letters are not necessary for Woleaian, since short {{IPA|[l]}} and long {{IPA|[nː]}} are not distinguished.)

Snelling died on Woleai on his way back to Chuuk. His crew continued, and at [[Faraulep]] the syllabary was augmented with glyphs that Riesenberg & Kaneshiro call "Type 1". At least some of these may have been rebuses.<ref>According to an unreferenced site on the web ([http://www.proel.org/alfabetos/woleai.html]), ''pu'' was a sketch of a fish, from the Woleaian word ''pu'' "fish"; likewise ''shrü'' "spine", ''lö'' "bottle", ''ngä'' "bamboo", ''warr'' "canoe". Of these, ''ngä'' seems to correspond to ''ngae'' {{IPA|[ŋe]}}, ''pu'' to ''bu'' {{IPA|[ɸʷu]~[pːʷu]}}, and ''lö'' to ''noe'' {{IPA|[lø]~[nːø]}}, whereas no CCV or CVC syllables like ''shrü'' or ''warr'' are included.</ref> This extended syllabary spread back to the other islands. 

When the next missionary, [[John Macmillan Brown]], reached Woleai in 1913, he found an indigenous writing system, albeit one known to only a few people. A chief named Egilimar showed it to him, and Brown published a list of 51 glyphs in 1914 that included V, [[consonant|C]][[vowel|V]], CVV, CCV, and CVC syllables.

==Unicode==
[[Image:Wolaian syllabary.png|thumb|The characters proposed for [[Unicode]] as of 2008.]]
Preliminary proposals have been made to add Woleai script to Unicode.<ref name="N4146"/>
They propose 97 characters. These constituted an incomplete set of the V and CV syllables of the script.{{cite-needed|date=August 2015}} No CCV or CVC syllables are included.

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
Riesenberg, Saul H., and Shigeru Kaneshiro. 1960. "A Caroline Islands Script", in ''Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin'' 173, 269-333. Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution.

==See also==
* [[Rongorongo]]
* [[Avoiuli]]
* [[Caroline Islands]]

==External links==
*[http://www.omniglot.com/writing/woleai.htm Omniglot] (An image of the syllabary with glyphs taken from the Unicode proposal.
*[http://camba.ucsd.edu/phonoloblog/index.php/2005/07/01/caroline-islands-script/ Phonoblog] (discussion of Riesenberg & Kaneshiro)

{{list of writing systems}}

[[Category:Syllabary writing systems]]
[[Category:Micronesia]]
[[Category:Obsolete writing systems]]
[[Category:Constructed scripts]]