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{{Short description|Counter-magical item used as protection against witchcraft}}
[[File:Witch Bottles Curse Protection.jpg|thumb|Witch bottles]]
A '''witch bottle''' is a [[apotropaic magic]]al item used as protection against [[witchcraft]]. They are described in historical sources from [[England]] and the [[United States]]. The earliest surviving mention is from seventeenth-century England.

==Origins and purpose==
One of the earliest descriptions of a witch bottle in [[Suffolk]], England, appears in 1681 in [[Joseph Glanvill|Joseph Glanvill’s]] [[Saducismus Triumphatus|''Saducismus Triumphatus, or Evidence concerning Witches and Apparitions'']]:

{{quote|
For an old Man that Travelled up and down the Country, and had some acquaintance at that house, calling in and asking the Man of the house how he did and his Wife; He told him that himself was well, but his Wife had been a long time in a languishing condition, and that she was haunted with a thing in the shape of a Bird that would flurr [sic] near to her face, and that she could not enjoy her natural rest well. The Old Man bid him and his Wife be of good courage. It was but a dead Spright, he said, and he would put him in a course to rid his Wife of this languishment and trouble, He therefore advised him to take a Bottle, and put his Wives Urine into it, together with Pins and Needles and Nails, and Cork them up and set the Bottle to the Fire well corkt, which when it had felt a while the heat of the Fire began to move and joggle a little, but he for sureness took the Fire shovel, and held it hard upon the Cork, And as he thought, he felt something one while on this side, another while on that, shove the Fire shovel off, which he still quickly put on Again, but at last at one shoving the Cork bounced out, and the Urine, Pins, Nails and Needles all flew up, and gave a report like a Pistol, and his Wife continued in the same trouble and languishment still.

Not long after, the Old Man came to the house again, and inquired of the Man of the house how his Wife did. Who answered, as ill as ever, if not worse. He askt him if he had followed his direction. Yes, says he, and told him the event as is above said. Ha, quoth he, it seems it was too nimble for you. But now I will put you in a way that will make the business sure. Take your Wive’s Urine as before, and Cork, it in a Bottle with Nails, Pins and Needles, and bury it in the Earth; and that will do the feat. The Man did accordingly. And his Wife began to mend sensibly and in a competent time was finely well recovered; But there came a Woman from a Town some miles off to their house, with a lamentable Out-cry, that they had killed her Husband. They askt her what she meant and thought her distracted, telling her they knew neither her nor her Husband. Yes, saith she, you have killed my Husband, he told me so on his Death-bed. But at last they understood by her, that her Husband was a Wizard, and had bewitched this Mans Wife and that this Counter-practice prescribed by the Old Man, which saved the Mans Wife from languishment, was the death of that Wizard that had bewitched her.{{sfnp|Glanvill|1700|p=109|ps=}}}}

Since at least the [[early modern period]] it has been a common custom to hide objects such as written charms, [[dried cat]]s, [[horse skulls]], [[concealed shoes]], and witch bottles in the structure of a building.{{sfnp|Merrifield|1987|pp=169–172|ps=}}{{sfnp|Hoggard|2004|p=167|ps=}} [[Folk religion|Folk magic]] contends that witch bottles protect against evil spirits and magical attack, and counteract spells cast by witches; they are countermagical devices, the purpose of which is to draw in and trap harmful intentions directed at their owners.

==Description==
Some of the earliest documented witch bottles consist of salt glazed stoneware jugs known as [[Bartmann jug]]s, Bellarmines, or "Greybeards". Bellarmines were named after a particularly fearsome Catholic Inquisitor, [[Robert Bellarmine]], who persecuted Protestants and was instrumental in the burning of [[Giordano Bruno]]. Greybeards and Bellarmines were made of brown or gray [[stoneware]] glazed with salt and embossed with a bearded face.

Later witch bottles were made from glass bottles, small glass vials, and a variety of other containers.

==Preparation==
{{unreferenced section|date=September 2022}}
[[File:Witch-bottle.jpg|thumb|Early nineteenth-century witch bottle from Lincolnshire, England, and its contents]]
A [[white witch]] or [[cunning folk|folk healer]] would prepare the witch's bottle. Historically, the witch's bottle contained the victim's (the person who believed they had a spell put on them, for example) urine, hair or nail clippings, or red thread from [[Sprite (creature)|sprite]] traps. Later witch bottles were filled with [[rosemary]], needles and pins, and [[red wine]]. Historically and currently, the bottle is then buried at the farthest corner of the property, beneath the house hearth, or placed in an inconspicuous spot in the house. It is believed that after being buried, the bottle captures evil which is impaled on the pins and needles, drowned by the wine, and sent away by the rosemary.

Sometimes sea water or earth are used instead. Other types of witch bottles may contain sand, stones, knotted threads, feathers, shells, herbs, flowers, salt, vinegar, oil, coins, or ashes. A similar magical device is the "lemon and pins" charm.

Another variation is within the disposal of the bottle. Some witch's bottles were thrown into a fire and when they exploded, the spell was broken or the witch supposedly killed.

The witch bottle was believed to be active as long as the bottle remained hidden and unbroken. People did go through a lot of trouble in hiding their witch bottles&nbsp;– those buried underneath fireplaces have been found only after the rest of the building has been torn down or otherwise disappeared. The origins of this tradition have been dated at least to the sixteenth century. In ancient times the bottles were made of stone and originally contained rusty [[nail (engineering)|nail]]s, [[urine]], [[Spine (botany)|thorn]]s, [[hair]], [[menstrual blood]], and pieces of glass, wood, and bone.

==In England==
This form of "bottled spell" dates back hundreds of years, and were prevalent in [[Elizabethan era|Elizabethan England]]&nbsp;– especially [[East Anglia]], where superstitions and belief in witches were strong. The bottles were most often found buried under the fireplace, under the floor, and plastered inside walls. In 2016 a glass bottle found buried in the threshold of a man's house was featured in an episode of ''[[Antiques Roadshow]]'' filmed in [[Trelissick]], [[Cornwall]]; glass specialist Andy McConnell tasted a small amount of the contents theorising it was possibly [[Port wine|port]] or [[wine]] though he did note the rusty flavour and the presence of nails, a later episode in 2019 then revealed the contents had been analysed by [[Loughborough University]] that identified it actually contained "urine, a tiny bit of alcohol, and one human hair" alongside some brass pins dating from the late 1840s and an [[ostracod]].  It was theorised to be a witch bottle.<ref>{{cite news | last = Hill, Gibbons | first = Rose, Brett | date = 2019-12-30| title = Antiques Roadshow specialist finally discovers he drank urine instead of 150-year-old port on programme | url = https://www.birminghammail.co.uk/news/showbiz-tv/antiques-roadshow-specialist-finally-discovers-17487211 | work = The Birmingham Mail| access-date  = 2020-01-04 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | last = Simpson | first = Craig | date = 2019-12-30| title = Antiques Roadshow expert quaffed urine thinking it was port | url = https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2019/12/30/antiques-roadshow-expert-quaffed-urine-thinking-port/ | work = The Daily Telegraph | access-date  = 2019-12-30 }}</ref>

==In Belgium==
During the renovation of the De Zwarte Ruiter pub in [[Turnhout]], Belgium, in 2020 a jug from the sixteenth century was discovered. It was used to ward off witchcraft. It is the first time such a "witch bottle" has been found in Europe outside England.<ref>{{cite news | last = Adriaensen | first = Wouter | date = 2022-10-07| title = Eerste Europese heksenfles gevonden in Turnhout: "Kruik werd gevuld met urine, haar en nagels om heksen te bestrijden" (Jar was filled with urine, hair and nails to fight witches)| url = https://www.gva.be/cnt/dmf20221006_94679029 | work = De Gazet Van Antwerpen | access-date  = 2022-10-07 }}</ref>

==In the United States==
To date, fewer than a dozen possible witch bottles have been identified in the United States.{{sfnp|Manning|2012|pp=94–140|ps=}} Archaeologist Marshall Becker was the first to identify an American witch bottle in an archaeological context.{{sfnp|Becker|1978|ps=}} Known as the Essington witch bottle, the artifact was recovered during excavations on Great Tinicum Island in [[Delaware County, Pennsylvania|Delaware County]], Pennsylvania. A mid-nineteenth to early twentieth-century slave or tenant site in [[Dorchester County, Maryland|Dorchester County]], Maryland, yielded a buried witch bottle whose cork stopper was bristling with straight pins.<ref>Morehouse 2009</ref> In 2016, a bottle filled with nails was excavated from the hearth of a [[American Civil War|Civil War]] site in Virginia and appears to be a witch bottle.<ref>Gast 2020</ref>

==See also==
{{Div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Amulet]]
* [[Apotropaic magic]]
* [[Dreamcatcher]]
* [[Frog coffin]]
* [[God-in-a-bottle]], Catholic devotional object
* [[Hōko (doll)|Hoko]]
* [[Kitchen witch]]
* [[Mezuzah]]
* [[Poppet]]
* [[Shikigami]]
* [[Talisman]]
* [[Voodoo doll]]
* [[Witch ball]]
* [[Yard globe]]
{{Div col end}}

==References==
'''Notes'''
{{reflist}}

'''Bibliography'''
{{refbegin}}
* {{citation |last=Becker |first=Marshall J. |contribution=An Eighteenth Century Witch Bottle in Delaware County, Pennsylvania. |title=Pennsylvania Archaeologist 48(1–2):1–11. |year=1978}}
* {{citation |last=Gast |first=Phil |title=Artifact found at Civil War site may be a 'witch bottle' used to ward off evil spirits. Really.|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/01/25/us/witch-bottle-virginia-civil-war-trnd/index.html |via=CNN |year=2020 }}
* {{citation |last=Glanvill |first=Joseph |title=Saducismus Triumphatus: or, Full and Plain Evidence Concerning Witches and Apparitions, third edition |year=1700 |publisher=A. L., London|url=https://archive.org/details/saducismustriump00glan }}
* {{citation |last=Hoggard |first=Brian |contribution=The archaeology of counter-witchcraft and popular magic |title=Beyond the Witchtrials: Witchcraft and Magic in Enlightenment Europe |editor1-last=Davies |editor1-first=Owen |editor2-last=De Blécourt |editor2-first=William |year=2004 |publisher=Manchester University Press |isbn=978-0-7190-6660-3 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/beyondwitchtrial00unse }}
* {{citation |last=Manning |first=M. Chris |title=Homemade Magic: Concealed Deposits in Architectural Contexts in the Eastern United States |year=2012}} Master’s thesis, Anthropology Program, Ball State University, Muncie, IN.
* {{citation |last=Merrifield |first=Ralph |title=[[The Archaeology of Ritual and Magic]] |year=1987 |publisher=Batsford |isbn=978-0-7134-4870-2}}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
* Maple, Eric. ''The Dark World of Witches''. New York: A.S. Barnes & Co., 1962
* Pennick, Nigel. ''Secrets of East Anglian Magic''. London: Robert Hale, 1995
* Semmens, Jason. "The Usage of Witch-Bottles and Apotropaic Charms in Cornwall" ''Old Cornwall'' 12, No. 6 (2000) pp.&nbsp;25–30

==External links==
* [http://www.apotropaios.co.uk/ Brian Hoggard's site on witch-bottles and other apotropaic objects]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20131006113534/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/31107319 "17th Century Urine-Filled 'Witch Bottle' Found"], MSNBC.com, 4 June 2009
* [http://www.archaeology.org/online/features/halloween/witch_bottle.html An American Witch Bottle]
* [https://www.academia.edu/690132/Buried_Bottles_Witchcraft_and_Sympathetic_Magic Buried Bottles: The Archaeology of Witchcraft and Sympathetic Magic], M. Chris Manning
* [http://www.archaeology.org/online/features/halloween/opening_witch_bottle/ Opening a Witch Bottle]
* [http://www.jefpat.org/CuratorsChoiceArchive/2009CuratorsChoice/Aug2009-WitchBottle.html Witch Bottle], Jefferson Patterson Park and Museum, Maryland
* [http://finds.org.uk/database/artefacts/record/id/56555 Nineteenth-Century Glass Witch Bottle from Lincolnshire, England], Portable Antiquities Scheme.
* [http://mosoho.blogspot.co.uk/2012/04/bellarmine-jars.html Mosoho's Bellarmine Jar]
* [https://www.lorepodcast.com/episodes/156 Lore Podcast Episode 156: Bottled Up]

{{Witchcraft}}
{{Amulets and Talismans}}
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[[Category:European witchcraft]]
[[Category:Folklore]]
[[Category:Objects believed to protect from evil]]
[[Category:Amulets]]
[[Category:Talismans]]