View source for Willys M38A1

{{Short description|US Army light utility vehicle}}
{{ic|date=August 2017}}
{{Infobox automobile
| name = Willys / Kaiser MD / M38A1
| image = '67 Kaiser Jeep (Auto classique VAQ St-Lambert '12).jpg
| caption = 1967 Kaiser Jeep in Canadian colours
| manufacturer = [[Willys]] (1952–1953)<br/>[[Kaiser Jeep|Willys Motors / Kaiser Jeep]] (1953–1971)<br/>NEKAF (1955–1962)<br/>Sherkat-Sahami (Iran){{sfn|Neville|2018|p=41}}
| aka = Willys MD
| production = 1952–1971
| assembly = 
| designer = 
| class = 
| body_style = 2-door [[SUV]]
| layout = [[Front-engine, four-wheel-drive layout|Front-engine, four-wheel-drive]]
| platform = 
| related = {{ubl | [[Jeep CJ#CJ-5|Jeep CJ-5]]|[[Jeep DJ|Jeep DJ-5]]}}
| engine = {{convert|134|cuin|L|abbr=on}} [[Willys Hurricane engine|Hurricane]] [[Inline-four engine|I4]] ([[gasoline]])
| transmission = 3-speed [[Borg-Warner]] ''[[Borg-Warner T-90|T-90]]'' manual
| wheelbase = {{convert|81|in|m|2|abbr=on}} <ref name=M38A1Datasheet>[https://www.kaiserwillys.com/downloads/M38A1-Data-Sheet.pdf M38A1 Data Sheet TM9-500.pdf]</ref>
| length = {{convert|138.6|in|m|2|abbr=on}} <ref name=KWcomHistSpec/>
| width = {{convert|60.8|in|m|2|abbr=on}} (body) <ref name=KWcomHistSpec>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kaiserwillys.com/about-willys-vehicles-m38a1/|title=About Willys Vehicles - M38A1}}</ref>
| height = {{convert|73|in|m|2|abbr=on}} with top up, reducible to {{convert|56+1/4|in|m|2|abbr=on}} <ref name=M38A1Datasheet/>
| weight = {{convert|2,660|lb|abbr=on}}
| predecessor = [[Willys M38]]
| successor = [[M151 jeep|Ford M151]]
| sp = us
}}

The '''Willys MD''', formally the '''M38A1 Truck, Utility: 1/4 ton, 4x4''', or the '''G{{nbh}}758''' by its [[U.S. Army]] Standard Nomenclature [[List of U.S. Army weapons by supply catalog designation|supply catalog designation]], was a [[four-wheel drive]], [[military light utility vehicle]], made by [[Willys]] and [[Kaiser Jeep|Willys Motors / Kaiser Jeep]] from 1952 to 1971. It was widely procured by the U.S. military from 1952 until 1957, after which U.S. purchases were reduced to the [[United States Marine Corps|U.S. Marine Corps]]. The Marine version had minor differences from the units used by other branches. 

The MD was the first Willys jeep with a significantly restyled body, immediately recognizable by its rounded hood and fenders. It formed the basis for the civilian and commercial [[Jeep CJ#CJ-5|Jeep CJ{{nbh}}5]], built for three decades (1954–1983), and subsequent models, and called the first 'round-fendered' Jeep.  Although hard doors were still not available, the soft-top could be complemented with soft side panels and little hinged doors, that consisted of a thin steel frame with cloth and plastic window.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7e/1956_Nekaf_M38A1.jpg|title=M38A1 with hinged soft-top door}}</ref>

For the U.S. Army, the MD was replaced by the [[Ford M151]] jeep, from 1960. Low volume production of M38A1s for export to friendly foreign governments continued through 1971. Production totalled 101,488 units (80,290 domestic / 21,198 foreign sales). M38A1 jeeps saw extensive service during the [[Korean War]], [[Vietnam War]] and several other conflicts.

==Description==
[[File:Denver transport museum 174.JPG|thumb|The M38A1 was frequently mated with the M100 ([[Korean War]]) version of the [[Jeep trailer#Versions|Jeep trailer]].]]
The M38A1 / MD was the second post-war evolution of the [[World War II]] [[Willys MB]] jeep (after the M38 or ''MC''; [http://cj3b.info/CJ4Prototypes.html F engine Prototypes]), and the first Willys Jeep to feature the new rounded fenders and hood body design that would become the distinguishing body style of the 1955 [[Jeep CJ#CJ-5|CJ{{nbh}}5]], and which was carried through for decades on the CJ{{nbh}}6, CJ{{nbh}}7 and CJ{{nbh}}8 Jeeps.<ref name=KWcomHistSpec/><br>
The M38A1's wheelbase grew by a single inch (2.5cm), and overall length by some {{convert|6|in|cm|0|abbr=on}}.

<gallery mode=packed heights=160>
File:Jeep, Ribnitz-Damgarten ( 1060460).jpg|M38A1 cabin / dashboard
File:G-758 4x4 Willys M38A1 pic2.JPG|M38A1C spotter unit with .50 cal machine gun.
</gallery>

===Drive train===
The M38A1 was the first Army jeep to use the [[Willys Hurricane engine|Willys Hurricane F-Head 134]] [[inline-four engine]]. This engine was taller than the 'Go-Devil' engine that powered the WWII era jeeps and the M38, and was the reason for restyling the body over the higher power plant. 

Otherwise, the MD had a T-90 3-speed transmission, Dana 18 transfer case, either the Dana 25 or the Dana 27 front axle, and Dana 44 rear axle.

==Variants==
[[File:1952 Willys Overland M38A1C (27469567236) (cropped).jpg|thumb|M38A1C with 106&nbsp;mm recoilless gun.]]
[[File:Little Feller I - Davy Crockett.jpg|thumb|M38A1'D' used in the [[Little Feller (nuclear tests)|Little Feller I nuclear test]].]]
===M38A1 (MD)===
[[File:Pak Army Willys M38A1.jpg|thumb|Pakistani M38A1(MD) of the [[12th Frontier Force Regiment|12th FFR]]'s Reconnaissance & Support Battalions.]]
Basic utility version. Would regularly be equipped with [[M2 Browning|M2 .50 cal machine gun]] and/or radio equipment and antenna-mount. On early units (1952–1953) the front grille was mounted with two 45 degree hinges, one at each frame rail, to flip it forward for maintenance.<ref>[http://www.m38a1.com/Models/models_original.htm M38A1 - The "Original" Round Fender]</ref>

===M38A1C===
Modified version equipped with a [[M40 recoilless rifle|M40A1 106&nbsp;mm recoilless rifle]]. They were fitted with a .50 caliber M8C semi-automatic spotting rifle. The spotting would be fired first, to ensure a first round hit with the 106mm recoilless rifle.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scalemates.com/products/img/1/7/7/121177-38-instructions.pdf|title=M38A1C 1/4 Ton 4x4 W/M40A1 106mm recoilless rifle - ScaleMates}}</ref> The .50 caliber spotter cartridge was 22mm shorter than the standard .50 caliber machine gun cartridge. A slot was provided in the windshield frame for the 106mm barrel when traveling.

===M38A1'D'===
Several dozen M38A1s were converted, mounting a [[Tactical nuclear weapon|tactical nuclear]] [[Davy Crockett (nuclear device)|Davy Crockett Weapon System]], fired by a large diameter smoothbore recoilless rifle – either an M28 120&nbsp;mm, or an M29 155&nbsp;mm gun.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://warwheels.net/M38A1DcrockettINDEX.html|title=WarWheels.Net-M38A1D Jeep with M28/29 "Davy Crockett" Tactical Nuclear Launcher Index|website=warwheels.net}}</ref> The vehicle carried two M388 projectiles, mounting the [[W54#Variants|Mk-54 nuclear warhead]].  The range of weapon was approximately 1.25 miles (2 km), with the M28 gun, or 2.5 miles (4 km) with the M29.  This vehicle/weapon combination was also referred to as the "Battle Group Atomic Delivery System", and was allocated to airborne units.

[[File:Nekaf met stroomaggregaat.JPG|thumb|The Dutch used this M38A1 with generator and mobile welder]]
===M38A1 Welding Unit===
Just one unit is assumed to have been built,<ref>[http://www.m38a1.com/Models/models_welding.htm Welding Unit Variant - M38A1.com]</ref> originally fitted with a Harger & Valentine field arc-welding system, powered by a [[power take-off]] driven generator.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://forums.g503.com/viewtopic.php?t=149255|title=G503 Military Vehicle Message Forums - Login|website=forums.g503.com}}</ref>

[[File:M170 ambulance at Fort Sam 1.jpg|thumb|right|M170 long wheelbase ambulance version]]
===M170 ambulance===
The M170 Frontline Ambulance variant of the M38A1, with a {{convert|20|in|cm|abbr=on}} stretched wheelbase, formed the basis for the later civilian [[Jeep CJ#CJ-6|Willys Jeep CJ{{nbh}}6]]. The spare tire was relocated in a special wheel well on the right interior side of the vehicle, and a larger {{convert|20|gal|L|abbr=on}} fuel tank was fitted. Capacity was six seated patients, or three lying on litters. A total of 4,155 M170 ambulances were designed and built by Kaiser Jeep of Toledo, Ohio, from the mid-1950s to the early 1960s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.m38a1.com/Models/models_m170.htm|title=M38A1.COM - Model Differences between years and variants.|website=www.m38a1.com}}</ref>

===U.S. Marines===
There is no official, nor uniform specification, for the M38A1s that where manufactured specifically for the [[United States Marine Corps]]. USMC jeeps had to be air transportable, hung under a helicopter, so they all had a reinforced rear bumper, for lift ring fitment, and most indeed had front and rear lift rings.<ref name=M38A1usmc>{{Cite web|url=https://www.m38a1.com/Models/models_usmc.htm|title=M38A1.COM - Model Differences between years and variants.|website=www.m38a1.com}}</ref> The rear lift rings were fitted (by or for USMC) in a different position, than standard jeeps had been prepared for from the factory.<br>
Further, most USMC jeeps had more waterproofing, and roughly two thirds of them received more undercoating – to the frame exterior, under the floor and hood, and the bottom half of the firewall. For better traction, the Marine Corps started ordering [[limited-slip differential]]s, especially on the rear axle, and mostly after introduction of the [[Ford M151|M151 jeeps]] in the Army. USMC jeeps were painted 34052 forest green, with flat yellow numbering on the hood only. Little or no other markings were applied on USMC jeeps.<ref name=M38A1usmc/>

===U.S. Air Force DJ===
{{Empty section|date=May 2020}}

{{break}}



=== Canadian ===
[[File:Jeep CJ (Ste. Anne De Bellevue Veteran's Hospital '10).jpg|thumb|Canadian M38A1 jeep]]
Canadian variants: M38A1CDN, M38A1CDN2 produced in Canada and M38A1CDN3 produced in the USA.

According to Canadian author David Dunlop, over 1,000 M38A1 CDN jeeps were built by [[Ford of Canada]] in 1952/1953.<ref name=CJ3B_CDN>{{Cite web|url=http://cj3b.info/Canada/CanadaKaiser.html|title=Kaiser Jeep in Canada 1959-69 on CJ3B.info|website=cj3b.info}}</ref><br>
Next, Kaiser Jeep of Canada Ltd started assembling Jeeps in Windsor in 1954 or in 1959, in the former Willys factory, established there in 1934. Initially building only CJ-5 jeeps, at a targeted rate of 1,000 a year, in 1967 a Canadian government contract came, to build 800 M38A1 CDN2 Jeeps for the Canadian Forces at $2,789,000 CDN.<ref name=CJ3B_CDN/> M38A1 CDN3 jeeps were built in the USA for Canada in 1970-1971. Unclear about 1959-69 Windsor production is how many other Jeep models and units were built for the Canadian military. Anecdotal evidence has surfaced of a domestic Canadian Navy unit, built in 1964.

=== Dutch: NEKAF jeeps ===
[[File:Nekas ambulance NMM 01.jpg|thumb|The Dutch Army used the short wheelbase M38A1, rather than the  long wheelbase M170, as an ambulance. <br> .]]
After initially using surplus U.S. war jeeps after World War II, a successor model was required by the [[Royal Netherlands Army]], from the early 1950s. Wanting to support Dutch industry, a prototype four-wheel drive design by the country's only volume car and truck manufacturer [[DAF Trucks#History|DAF]], the [[H-drive#DAF|H-driven]] [[DAF YA-054]], was considered, competing with U.S.-built M38A1s, a number of which had been supplied under the [[Mutual Defense Assistance Act|Mutual Defense Assistance program]].<ref name="M38A1Nekaf">[http://www.m38a1.com/Models/models_nekaf.htm NEKAF Production Units - Differences between years and variants ] M38A1.com</ref>

The DAF proposal seemed neither better nor cheaper and lost the race, but as an economic stimulus, the American Jeeps were to be assembled in Holland<ref>Colloquial usage of the term!</ref> from [[knock-down kit]]s parts, made in the U.S.A., in the [[Kaiser-Frazer#Kaiser Frazer in the Netherlands|"Netherlands Kaiser-Frazer"]] (NEKAF) factory. Eventually some 24 % of the NEKAF jeep's parts were supplied by Dutch firms. Nekaf jeeps were identical to U.S. M38A1s, except for minor lighting additions.<ref name="M38A1Nekaf" />
[[File:Willys jeep.jpg|thumb|[[Royal Netherlands Army|Dutch Army]] M38A1 MD jeep]]
Production spanned from 1955 to 1958, under Kaiser-Frazer (some 5,650 units), after which time production was taken over by a Dutch company, who delivered another 2,237 jeeps through 1963, still using the 'NEKAF' name, for a total of just under 8,000 units. The M38A1 Jeep eventually served with one of the longest service records in the Royal Dutch military, for more than 40 years, from 1952 until 1996, as a result of both budget constraints, and sheer longevity of the vehicles, even outlasting the [[DKW Munga]]s, which had been bought to replace them in Dutch service,<ref name=M38A1Nekaf/> as well as some 1,200 [[DAF 66|DAF YA 66s]] supplied in the 1970s, which had little to no off-road capability, and which were decommissioned in the early 1990s.

After 1959, with American part sets, 355 Nekafs were converted to M38A1C: 106mm M40 recoilless rifle carriers, and from 1983 to 1989, forty M38A1Cs were equipped with cable-guided [[TOW missile]]s.<ref name=M38A1Nekaf/>

=== Iranian ===
Jeep Truck copies (variously called the ''Simurg'' or ''Simoorgh'') are produced by the firm of Sherkat-Sahami in Iran.{{sfn|Neville|2018|p=41}}

==Operators==
<!--READ FIRST: This section is for cited entries only. Please do not add entries into this list without a citation from a reliable source. All entries without a citation will be removed. Thank you.-->

{{Refimprove section|date=May 2020}}
[[File:Bangladesh Army RR carrier Willys Jeep M38A1 (24846268099).jpg|thumb|An ex-[[Bangladesh Army]] (obtained from surrendered Pakistan Army stocks in [[Bangladesh Liberation War|1971]]) M38A1C with M40 recoilless rifle, in [[Bangladesh Military Museum]].]]
[[File:IDF Jeep mounted 106 recoilless anti tank guns.jpg|thumb|[[Israel Defense Forces|Israeli]] M38A1C anti-tank jeeps.]]
[[File:IMFT 6 2015 332.jpeg|thumb|Willys M38A1 - ex Swiss military.]]
*{{flag|Bangladesh}}: M38A1 MD and M38A1C versions used by the [[Bangladesh Army]].<ref>{{cite news|date=29 December 2017 |title=Arms for freedom|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/backpage/bangladesh-liberation-war-1971-muktijuddho-guerrilla-fighter-arms-freedom-1511812|access-date=2019-08-31}}</ref>
*{{flag|Brazil}}: [[Jeep CJ#CJ-5|CJ-5 and Brazilian-produced versions]] used by the [[Brazilian Army]].
*{{flag|Canada}}: M38A1 MD, M38A1Cdn, M38A1Cdn2 and M38A1Cdn3 Canadian-produced versions used by the [[Canadian Army]].
*{{flag|Chad}}: 
*{{flag|Cuba}}: M38A1 MD version used by the Cuban Army during the [[Cuban Revolution]].
*{{flag|Croatia}}: M38A1 MD and [[Jeep CJ-5#CJ-5|CJ-5 versions]] used by the [[Croatian National Guard]] during the [[Croatian War of Independence]] (1991{{nbh}}1995).
*{{flag|Egypt}}: [[Jeep CJ#CJ-7|Jeep CJ-7]], [[Jeep CJ#Scrambler (CJ-8)|Jeep CJ-8]], [[Jeep Wrangler|Jeep TJ]], [[Jeep Wrangler|Jeep JK]], and [[Jeep J8]] Egyptian-produced KADER versions used by the [[Egyptian Army]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aoi.com.eg/aoiarab/aoi/kader/eng_new_page_6.html |title=Kader Factory |publisher=Aoi.com.eg |access-date=2011-10-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723063918/http://www.aoi.com.eg/aoiarab/aoi/kader/eng_new_page_6.html |archive-date=23 July 2013 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
*{{flag|El Salvador}}: CJ-5 version used by the [[Salvadoran Army]] during the [[Salvadoran Civil War]].
*{{flag|Guatemala}}: Jeep CJ-7 (and [[Jeep J8|Jeep J8 APV version]]s) used by the [[Armed Forces of Guatemala]].
*{{flag|Israel}}: M38A1 MD, M38A1C, and Israeli-modified versions used by the [[Israel Defense Forces]] and [[Israel security forces]]; replaced by the [[AIL Storm]].
*{{flag|Iran}}: M38A1 MD, M38A1C
*{{flag|Jordan}}: M38A1 MD and M38A1C versions used by the [[Jordanian Armed Forces]].
*{{flag|Katanga}}: M38A1 MD version used by the [[Katangese Gendarmerie]] during the [[Congo Crisis]].
*{{flagicon|Laos|1952}} [[Kingdom of Laos]]: M38A1 MD version used by the [[Royal Lao Army]] and the [[Royal Lao Police]] during the [[Laotian Civil War]] (1954-1975).<ref>Conboy and Greer, ''War in Laos 1954–1975'' (1994), p. 59.</ref>
*{{flag|Lebanon}}: M38A1 MD version used by the [[Internal Security Forces|Regional Gendarmerie]] and the [[Lebanese Armed Forces]].
*{{flag|Libya}}: Egyptian-produced [[Jeep Wrangler|Jeep TJL version]]. 
*{{flag|Myanmar}}: M38A1 MD version used by the [[Myanmar Army]].
*{{flag|Netherlands}}: M38A1 MD and Dutch-produced NEKAF versions used by the [[Royal Netherlands Army]].
*{{flag|Nicaragua}}: M38A1 MD and CJ-5 versions used by the [[National Guard (Nicaragua)|National Guard of Nicaragua]].<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://foro.flotilla-aerea.com/t/vehiculos-de-la-guardia-nacional-de-nicaragua/532/20|title = Flotilla Aérea}}</ref>
*{{flag|Pakistan}}: M38A1 MD and M38A1C versions used by the [[Pakistan Army]].
*{{flag|Portugal}}: M38A1 MD and CJ-5 versions used by the [[Portuguese Army]].
*{{flagicon|COD|1960}} [[Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville)|Republic of the Congo]]: M38A1 MD version used by the [[Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo|Armée Nationale Congolaise (ANC)]] during the [[Congo Crisis]].
*{{flag|Rhodesia}}: M38A1 MD version used by the [[Rhodesian Security Forces]].
*{{flag|South Korea}}: M38A1 MD.
*{{flag|Soviet Union}}: Captured Iranian-produced versions re-used by [[Spetsnaz]] special forces teams during the [[Soviet–Afghan War]].{{sfn|Neville|2018|p=41}}
*{{flag|Switzerland}}: M38A1 MD and M38A1C versions.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Willys_M38A1_in_Swiss_military_service|title=Category:Willys M38A1 in Swiss military service - Wikimedia Commons|website=commons.wikimedia.org}}</ref>
*{{flag|Turkey}}: M38A1 MD and M38A1C versions used by the [[Turkish Land Forces|Turkish Army]].
*{{flag|United States}}: M38A1 MD, M38A1C, M170, USMC variant, and USAF DJ versions.
*{{ROC}}: M38A1 MD and M38A1C versions used by the [[Republic of China Army]].

===Non-state military operators===
[[File:Lebanon, Al Yatun 7-16 (1981).jpg|thumb|United Nations ([[United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon|UNIFIL]]) peace-keeping Jeeps, operated by [[Dutchbat]] in Lebanon (1981).]]
* {{flagicon image|M-26-7.svg}} [[26th of July Movement]]: M38A1 MD version captured from the Cuban Army.
* [[File:Flag of Jihad.svg|23px]] [[Afghan Mujahideen]]: Iranian-produced ''Simurg'' or ''Simoorgh'' variants employed during the [[Soviet–Afghan War]].{{sfn|Neville|2018|p=41}}
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of Mourabitoun.svg|size=23px}} [[Al-Mourabitoun]]: M38A1 MD and CJ-5 versions.<ref>Kassis (2012), p. 51.</ref> 
* {{Flagicon image|Former Flag of the Lebanese Army.svg|size=23px}} [[Army of Free Lebanon]] (AFL): M38A1 MD and CJ-5 versions.
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of the Amal Movement.svg|size=23px}} [[Lebanese Resistance Regiments|Amal Movement]]: CJ-5 and CJ-8 versions.{{sfn|Neville|2018|p=9}} 
* [[Arab Democratic Party (Lebanon)]]: CJ-5 and CJ-8 versions.{{sfn|Neville|2018|p=9}}
* {{Flagicon image|Flag_of_the_Progressive_Socialist_Party.svg|size=23px}} [[Progressive Socialist Party]]/{{Flagicon image|People's Liberation Army (Lebanon).jpg|size=23px}} [[People's Liberation Army (Lebanon)|People's Liberation Army]] (PLA): M38A1 MD and CJ-5 and CJ-8 versions.{{sfn|El-Assad|2008|p=135}}{{sfn|Neville|2018|p=9}}  
* {{Flagicon image|Logo of Kataeb Party.svg|size=25px|border=}} [[Kataeb Regulatory Forces]] (KRF): M38A1 MD and Israeli-modified versions.<ref>Kassis (2012), p. 60.</ref> 
* {{Flagicon image|Lebanesearmyfirstflag.png|size=23px}} [[Lebanese Arab Army]] (LAA): M38A1 MD and CJ-5 versions.<ref>Kassis (2012), p. 53.</ref>
* [[File:Forces Libanaises Flag.svg|22px|border]] [[Lebanese Forces (militia)|Lebanese Forces]]: M38A1 MD{{sfn|Neville|2018|p=14}} and Israeli-modified versions, and South Korean Kia KM410.<ref>Kassis (2003), p. 35.</ref>{{sfn|Neville|2018|p=15}}{{sfn|Sex|Abi-Chahine|2021|pp=66–67}}
* {{flag|Palestine}} – [[Palestine Liberation Organization]] (PLO): M38A1 MD and CJ-5 versions used by the Palestinian guerrilla factions in Lebanon.{{sfn|Naud|2012|pp=8–16}} 
* {{flagicon image|Flag_of_the_FSLN.png}} [[Sandinista National Liberation Front]] (FSLN): M38A1 MD and CJ-5 versions captured from the [[National Guard (Nicaragua)|National Guard of Nicaragua]].<ref name="auto"/>
* {{flagicon image|Former Flag of the Lebanese Army.svg}} [[South Lebanon Army]] (SLA): M38A1C and Israeli-modified versions. 
* [[Image:Flag of the Syrian Social Nationalist Party.svg|22px]] [[Syrian Social Nationalist Party in Lebanon]]: CJ-5 and CJ-8 versions.{{sfn|Neville|2018|p=9}} 
* [[File:Ahrar flag.gif|23px|border]] [[Tigers Militia]]: M38A1 MD and CJ-5 versions.<ref>Kassis (2003), p. 24.</ref><ref>Kassis (2012), p. 58.</ref> 
* {{flagicon image|Flag of the United Nations.svg}} United Nations: M38A1 and CJ-5 versions.
* [[Zgharta Liberation Army]] (a.k.a. [[Marada Movement|Marada Brigade]]): CJ-5 and CJ-8 versions.{{sfn|Neville|2018|p=9}}

==Service history==
[[File:Fort Campbell, Kentucky, President Lyndon B. Johnson and Major General Ben Sternberg in jeep during a rainstorm - NARA - 192520.jpg|thumb|President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] riding in an M38A1.]]
{{columns-list|
*[[Korean War]]
*[[1958 Lebanon crisis]]
*[[Cuban Revolution]]
*[[Nicaraguan Revolution]]
*[[Guatemalan Civil War]]
*[[Salvadoran Civil War]]
*[[Portuguese Colonial War]]
*[[Carnation Revolution]]
*[[Congo Crisis]]
*[[Rhodesian Bush War]]
*[[Vietnam War]]
*[[Laotian Civil War]]
*[[Six-Day War]]
*[[Black September]]
*[[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]]
*[[Bangladesh Liberation War]]
*[[Internal conflict in Myanmar]] 
*[[War of Attrition]]
*[[Yom Kippur War]]
*[[Turkish invasion of Cyprus]]
*[[Operation Entebbe]]
*[[1982 Lebanon War]]
*[[Lebanese Civil War]]
*[[Soviet–Afghan War]]
*[[Iran–Iraq War]]
*[[Chadian–Libyan conflict]]
*[[Gulf War]]
*[[Croatian War of Independence]]
}}

==See also==
{{columns-list|
*[[Austin Champ]]
*[[Austin Gipsy]]
*[[Jeep CJ]]
*[[Jeep DJ]]
*[[Jeep Wrangler|Jeep Wrangler (TJ; JK)]]
*[[Jeep J8]] 
*[[Jeepster Commando]]
*[[M151 ¼-ton 4×4 utility truck]]
*[[List of U.S. military jeeps]]
*[[List of weapons of the Lebanese Civil War]]
*[[Weapons of the Laotian Civil War]]
*[[Weapons of the Salvadoran Civil War]]
*[[Willys M38]]
}}

==Footnotes==
{{reflist|group=nb}}

==Reference notes==
{{reflist}}

==General references==
{{refbegin|30em}}
* [https://www.scribd.com/doc/159985802/TM-9-804A-M38A1-JEEP-JULY-1952 TM 9-804A] {{frac|1|4}}-ton 4x4 utility truck M38A1, Technical manual (1952)
* [https://www.scribd.com/doc/167735622/TH-9-345-NEKAF-M38A1 TH 9-345 NEKAF M38A1] Dutch M38A1 made by NEKAF, Technical manual (1957)
* {{cite book|last1=Conboy |first1= Kenneth |first2=Don |last2=Greer |title=War in Laos 1954-1975 |publication-place=Carrollton, TX |publisher=Squadron/Signal Publications |date=1994 |isbn=0-89747-315-9}}
* {{cite book|last=El-Assad |first=Moustafa |title=Civil Wars Volume 1: The Gun Trucks |publisher=Blue Steel books |publication-place=Sidon |date=2008 |isbn=978-9953-0-1256-8}}
* {{cite book|last=Kassis |first=Samer |title=30 Years of Military Vehicles in Lebanon |publication-place=Beirut |publisher=Elite Group |date=2003 |isbn=9953-0-0705-5}}
* {{cite book|last=Kassis |first=Samer |title=Véhicules Militaires au Liban/Military Vehicles in Lebanon 1975-1981 |publisher=Trebia Publishing |publication-place=Chyah |date=2012 |isbn=978-9953-0-2372-4}}
* {{cite magazine|last=Naud |first=Philipe |title=La Guerre Civile Libanaise - 1re partie: 1975-1978 |journal=Steelmasters Magazine |date=August–September 2012 |pages=8–16 |issn=1962-4654 |language=fr}}
* {{cite book|last=Neville |first=Leigh |title=Technicals: Non-Standard Tactical Vehicles from the Great Toyota War to modern Special Forces|series=New Vanguard series 257 |publisher=Osprey Publishing Ltd |publication-place=Oxford |date=2018 |isbn=978-1-4728-2251-2}}
* {{cite book|last1=Sex |first1=Zachary |last2=Abi-Chahine |first2=Bassel |title=Modern Conflicts 2 – The Lebanese Civil War, From 1975 to 1991 and Beyond |series=Modern Conflicts Profile Guide |volume=II |publisher=AK Interactive |date=2021 |id={{EAN|8435568306073}}}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
*[http://www.m38a1.com The M38A1 Restoration Site]
*[http://www.memorialmuseum.org/displays/military-jeeps/item/m38-a1-jeep-2 M38A1 on display at U.S. Veterans Memorial Museum, Huntsville, AL]

{{Kaiser Motors}}
{{Post-WWII US Soft Vehicles}}

[[Category:Military light utility vehicles]]
[[Category:Military trucks of the United States]]
[[Category:Military vehicles introduced in the 1950s]]
[[Category:Motor vehicles manufactured in the United States]]
[[Category:Kaiser Motors]]
[[Category:Willys vehicles|M38A1]]