View source for William B. Cushing

{{short description|United States Navy officer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}
{{Cleanup|reason=Needs Wiki-fication; remove hagiography; style-wording updates|date=March 2023}}

{{Infobox military person
 |width_style = person
 |name = William B. Cushing
 |image = WilliamBCushing.jpg
 |birth_name = William Barker Cushing
 |birth_date = {{birth date|1842|11|04|df=y}}
 |birth_place = [[Delafield, Wisconsin|Delafield]], [[Territory of Wisconsin]], U.S.
 |death_date = {{nowr|{{dda|1874|12|17|1842|11|04|df=y}}}}
 |death_place = [[St. Elizabeths Hospital|Government Hospital for the Insane]], Washington D.C., U.S.
 |placeofburial = [[U.S. Naval Academy Cemetery|Naval Academy Cemetery]]
 |branch_label = Branch
 |branch = {{ubl|[[United States Navy]] ([[Union Navy|Union]])}}
 |serviceyears_label = Service&nbsp;years
 |serviceyears = 1861–1874
 |rank = [[File:USN_com_rank_insignia.jpg|40px]] [[Commander (United States)|Commander]]
 | unit = {{flagicon|United States Navy}} U.S. ''Picket Boat No. 1''
 |commands = {{ubl|{{USS|Maumee|1863|6}}|{{USS|Wyoming|1859|6}}}}
 |battles_label = Wars
 |battles = [[American Civil War]]
 |awards = [[Thanks of Congress]]
 |relations = {{ubl|[[Alonzo Cushing|Alonzo H. Cushing]]&nbsp;(brother)|[[Howard B. Cushing]]&nbsp;(brother)}}
}}
'''William Barker Cushing''' (4 November 1842{{snd}}17 December 1874) was an officer in the [[United States Navy]], best known for sinking the {{ship|CSS|Albemarle}} during a daring nighttime raid on 27 October 1864, for which he received the [[Thanks of Congress]]. Cushing was the younger brother of [[Medal of Honor]] recipient [[Alonzo Cushing]]. As a result, the Cushing family is the only family in American history to have a member buried at more than one of the [[United States Service Academies]].

==Biography==

===Early life===
Cushing was born in [[Delafield, Wisconsin|Delafield]] in the [[Territory of Wisconsin]], and was the youngest of four brothers and had two sisters. After the death of his father when he was still a young child, the family relocated to [[Fredonia, New York]]. He was expelled from the [[United States Naval Academy]], just before graduation, for pranks and poor scholarship.  In particular, he received a failing grade in Spanish after drawing a picture of the Spanish professor biting a horse.  The Spanish professor was offended because, in actuality, the horse had bitten him. <ref>https://www.usni.org/magazines/naval-history-magazine/2014/december/talent-buffoonery </ref> At the outbreak of the [[American Civil War]], however, he pleaded his case to [[United States Secretary of the Navy]] [[Gideon Welles]] himself, was reinstated and went on to acquire a distinguished record, frequently volunteering for the most hazardous missions.{{Citation needed|date=January 2017}} "His heroism, good luck and coolness under fire were legendary."<ref name="Tsouras2010">{{cite book|last=Tsouras|first=Peter G.|title=A Rainbow of Blood: The Union in Peril – An Alternate History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-rT6XjmQe8gC&pg=PT418|year=2010|publisher=Potomac Books, Inc.|isbn=9781597976152|page=418}}</ref>

===Civil War===
Cushing saw action during the [[Battle of Hampton Roads]] and at [[Fort Fisher]],<ref>Edwards 1898, pp. 190–192.</ref> among many others. He was promoted to lieutenant in 1862, and to commander in 1872.<ref>Stempel 2011, p. 211.</ref> Two of his brothers died in uniform, [[Alonzo Cushing|Alonzo H. Cushing]] in the [[Battle of Gettysburg]], for which he was awarded the Medal of Honor,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2014/11/06/362026621/lt-alonzo-cushing-hero-of-gettysburg-awarded-medal-of-honor|title=Lt. Alonzo Cushing, Hero of Gettysburg, Awarded Medal of Honor|date=6 November 2014|work=NPR.org}}</ref> and [[Howard B. Cushing]], while fighting the [[Chiricahua Apache]]s in 1871.<ref name="Utley2012">{{cite book|last=Utley|first=Robert M.|title=Geronimo|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ed5KxmJhkoYC&pg=PA1680|year=2012|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=9780300189001|pages=1680–1681}}</ref> His eldest brother, Milton, served in the Navy as a [[paymaster]].<ref name="Parker1912"/>

[[File:Cushing's launch and torpedo.jpg|thumb|upright=1|Launch and torpedo]]
It was Cushing's daring plan and its successful execution against the Confederacy's ironclad ram {{ship|CSS|Albemarle||6}} that defined his military career. The powerful ironclad dominated the [[Roanoke River]] and the approaches to [[Plymouth, North Carolina|Plymouth]] through the summer of 1864. By autumn, the U.S. government decided that the situation should be studied to determine if something could be done. The U.S. Navy considered various ways to destroy ''Albemarle'', including two plans submitted by Lieutenant Cushing. They finally approved one of his plans and authorized him to locate two small steam launches that might be fitted with [[spar torpedo]]es.

Cushing discovered two {{convert|30|ft|m|adj=on}} picket boats under construction in New York and acquired them for his mission.<ref>Battles and Leaders Vol 4, pp. 634</ref> On each he mounted a 12-pound Dahlgren howitzer and a {{convert|14|ft|m|adj=on}} spar projecting into the water from its bow. One of the boats was lost at sea during the voyage from New York to [[Norfolk, Virginia]], but the other arrived safely with its crew of seven officers and men at the mouth of the Roanoke. There, the steam launch's spar was fitted with a lanyard-detonated torpedo.

[[File:Naval battles, ancient and modern (1883) (14578563567).jpg|thumb|upright=.8|left|Torpedo-strike on ''Albemarle'']]
On the night of 27–28 October 1864, Cushing and his men began working their way upriver. A small cutter accompanied them, its crew having the task of preventing interference by the Confederate sentries stationed on a [[schooner]] anchored to the wreck of the {{USS|Southfield|1857|6}}. When both boats, under the cover of darkness, slipped past the schooner undetected, Cushing decided to use all 22 of his men and the element of surprise to capture ''Albemarle''.<ref>Stempel 2011, p. 203.</ref>

As they approached the [[Confederate States of America|Confederate]] docks, their luck turned and even though under the cover of darkness they were spotted by a guard dog. They came under heavy sentry fire from both the shore and aboard ''Albemarle''. As they closed with ''Albemarle'', they quickly discovered she was defended against approach by floating log booms. The logs, however, had been in the water for many months and were covered with heavy slime. The steam launch rode up and then over them without difficulty. When her spar was fully against the ironclad's hull, Cushing stood up in the bow and detonated the torpedo's explosive charge.<ref name=stempel204>Stempel 2011, p. 204.</ref>

[[File:CSSAlbemarle.jpg|thumb|upright=1|right|The salvaged ''Albemarle'']]
The explosion threw everyone aboard the steam launch into the water. Recovering quickly, Cushing stripped off his uniform and swam to shore, where he hid until daylight. That afternoon, having avoided detection by Confederate search parties, he stole a small skiff and quietly paddled down-river to rejoin the [[Union Navy|Union]] forces at the river's mouth. Of the other men in Cushing's boat, William Houghtman escaped, John Woodman and Richard Higgins were drowned, and 11 were captured.<ref name=stempel204/>

Cushing's daring commando raid blew a hole in ''Albemarle''{{'}}s hull at the waterline "big enough to drive a wagon in." She sank immediately in the six feet of water below her keel, settling into the heavy bottom mud, leaving the upper armored casemate mostly dry and the ironclad's large [[Stainless Banner]] battle ensign flying from its flag staff, where it was eventually captured as a Union prize.<ref name=stempel204/><ref>Edwards 1898, p. 246.</ref>

Both of Cushing’s brothers were killed in combat.  His oldest brother, Alonzo Cushing died at the battle of Gettysburg during Picket’s Charge. Howard Cushing died in 1871 fighting the Apaches. William Baker Cushing died 17 December 1874, possibly due to injuries he sustained and/or suffered from the Albemarle sound mission.{{or?|date=January 2025}}

===After the American Civil War===
After the American  Civil War, Cushing served in both the [[Pacific Squadron|Pacific]] and [[Asiatic Squadron]]s; he was the executive officer of the {{USS|Lancaster|1858|6}} and commanded the {{USS|Maumee|1863|6}}. He also served as ordnance officer in the [[Boston Navy Yard]].

Before taking command of USS ''Maumee,'' while he was on leave at home in Fredonia, Cushing met his sister's friend, Katherine Louise Forbes. 'Kate', as she was known, would sit and listen for hours to William's stories of adventure.{{Citation needed|date=January 2017}} Cushing asked her to marry him on 1 July 1867. Unfortunately, he received orders and was gone before a ceremony could take place. On 22 February 1870, Cushing and Forbes married. Their first daughter, Marie Louise, was born on 1 December 1871.{{Citation needed|date=January 2017}}

[[File:USS Lancaster LOC dat 4a04861.jpg|thumb|upright=1|right|{{USS|Lancaster|1858|6}}]]
On 31 January 1872, he was promoted to the rank of commander, becoming the youngest up to that time to attain that rank in the Navy. Two weeks later he was detached to await orders. Weeks of waiting turned into months, but no word came. He had given up hope of another sea command, when early in June 1873, Cushing had an offer to take command of {{USS|Wyoming|1859|6}}. He took command of his new ship on 11 July 1873.<ref name=wyoming>Schneller 2004, pp. 98–101.</ref>

He commanded ''Wyoming'' with his typical flair for being where the action was, performing daring and courageous acts. ''Wyoming''{{'}}s boilers broke down twice, and in April she was ordered to Norfolk for extensive repairs. On 24 April, Cushing was detached and put on a waiting list for reassignment. He believed that he would be given ''Wyoming'' again when she was ready for duty, but in truth, his ill-health would not permit him to command another vessel.<ref name=wyoming/>

Cushing returned to Fredonia to see his new daughter, Katherine Abell, who had been born on 11 October 1873. His wife was shocked to see the condition of her husband. His health was in apparent decline. Kate remarked to William's mother that he looked to be a man of sixty instead of his thirty-one years.{{Citation needed|date=January 2017}} Cushing had begun having severe attacks of pain in his hip as early as just after the sinking of the ''Albemarle.''{{fact|date=January 2025}}

None of the medical doctors he saw were able to make a diagnosis. The term "[[sciatica]]" was used in those days without regard to cause for any inflammation of the sciatic nerve, or any pain in the region of the hip. Cushing may have had a ruptured [[intervertebral disc]]. He had suffered enough shocks to dislocate half a dozen vertebrae, and with the passage of time they came to bear more and more heavily upon the nerve. On the other hand, he may have been suffering from tuberculosis of the hip bone, or cancer of the prostate gland. There was nothing to be done and Cushing continued to suffer.<ref>McQuiston 2012, pp. 155–156.</ref>

He was given the post of executive officer of the [[Washington Navy Yard]]. He spent the summer of 1874 pretending to be happy with his inactive role. He played with his children and enjoyed their company. On 25 August, he was made senior aide at the yard; in the fall he amused himself by taking an active interest in the upcoming congressional elections.<ref name="Parker1912">{{cite book|last=Parker|first=David Bigelow|title=A Chautauqua Boy in '61 and Afterward: Reminiscences|url=https://archive.org/details/achautauquaboyi01parkgoog|year=1912|publisher=Small, Maynard|page=[https://archive.org/details/achautauquaboyi01parkgoog/page/n148 84]}}</ref>

On [[Thanksgiving]] Day, William, Kate and his mother went to church in the morning.<ref>McQuiston 2012, p. 35.</ref> That night, the pain in Cushing's back was worse than it had ever been and he could not sleep. The following Monday he dragged himself to the Navy Yard. Kate sent Lieutenant Hutchins, once of the ''Wyoming'' crew and now Cushing's aide, to bring his superior home. She feared that he wouldn't last the day. True to his nature, Cushing stayed at the yard until after nightfall, and went right to bed when he got home. He would not rise again. The pain was constant and terrible. He was given injections of [[morphine]], but that only dulled the pain a little.<ref name="Carter2009">{{cite book|last=Carter|first=Alden R.|title=The Sea Eagle: The Civil War Memoir of LCdr. William B. Cushing, U.S.N.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H1vX5pg_0cYC&pg=PA77|year=2009|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers|isbn=9780742599963|page=77}}</ref> Apparently he also suffered from mental illness.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Steelman |first1=Ben|date=April 12, 2015 |title=Book review - 'Daredevil Hero of the Civil War' |url=https://www.starnewsonline.com/story/entertainment/books/2015/04/12/book-review-daredevil-hero-of-the-civil-war/30978410007/ |website=starnewsonline.com |publisher=[[Star-News]] |access-date=6 June 2025}}</ref>

On 8 December, it became impossible to care for Cushing at home, and he was removed to the [[St. Elizabeths Hospital|Government Hospital for the Insane]]. His family visited him often, but he seldom recognized them. Cushing died on 17 December 1874, in the presence of his wife and mother. He was buried on 8 January 1875, at Bluff Point, at the [[United States Naval Academy Cemetery]] in [[Annapolis, Maryland|Annapolis]].<ref name="Carter2009"/>

==Legacy==
[[File:Wbcad.jpg|thumb|upright=.8|left|Cushing's tombstone]]
Cushing's grave is marked by a large, monumental casket made of marble, on which in relief, are Cushing's hat, sword, and coat. On one side of the stone the word "Albemarle" is cut and on the other side, "Fort Fisher".<ref name="Arbuthnot2012">{{cite book|last=Arbuthnot|first=Nancy|title=Guiding Lights: Monuments and Memorials at the U.S. Naval Academy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vsKgfLybHFkC&pg=PT72|year=2012|publisher=Naval Institute Press|isbn=9781612512426|page=72}}</ref>

Five ships in the U.S. Navy have been named {{USS|Cushing}} after him.<ref name="Sizer2009">{{cite book|last=Sizer|first=Mona D.|title=The Glory Guys: The Story of the U.S. Army Rangers|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=33uXmHuAl6gC&pg=PA117|year=2009|publisher=Taylor Trade Publications|isbn=9781589794764|pages=117–118}}</ref><ref name="Hughes2015">{{cite book|last=Hughes|first=Wayne|title=The U.S. Naval Institute on Naval Tactics: The U.S. Naval Institute Wheel Book Series|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s3NaBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA79|year=2015|publisher=Naval Institute Press|isbn=9781612518916|page=79}}</ref> The most recent one, the {{USS|Cushing|DD-985}}, was decommissioned in September 2005.<ref name="PolmarCavas2009">{{cite book|last1=Polmar|first1=Norman|last2=Cavas|first2=Christopher P.|title=Navy's Most Wanted: The Top 10 Book of Admirable Admirals, Sleek Submarines, and Oceanic Oddities|url=https://archive.org/details/navysmostwanted00polm|url-access=registration|year=2009|publisher=Potomac Books, Inc.|isbn=9781597976558|page=[https://archive.org/details/navysmostwanted00polm/page/76 76]}}</ref>

Cushing has a portrait of him in full dress uniform hanging in Memorial Hall at the [[United States Naval Academy]] at Annapolis.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Naval History and Heritage Command|url=https://www.history.navy.mil/our-collections/photography/us-people/c/cushing-william-barker/kn-10890.html/}}</ref> Nearly all of the other portraits in the hall are of admirals.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wisconsin.usnaparents.net/administration/cushing-award/|title=WISNAPACushing Award {{!}}|website=wisconsin.usnaparents.net|language=en-US|access-date=2017-11-06}}</ref> A monument that honors Alonzo, William, and Howard Cushing is located at Cushing Memorial Park in [[Delafield, Wisconsin]].<ref name="Downs1921">{{cite book|last=Downs|first=John Phillips|title=History of Chautauqua County New York and its People|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mLQHAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA357|year=1921|publisher=Ripol Classic|isbn=9785872000877|page=357}}</ref>

{{-}}

==See also==
*{{ship|CSS|Virginia}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
{{refbegin|60em}}
* {{cite book|last=Campbell|first=R. T.|date=1997|title=Rebel Fire: Exploits of the Confederate Navy|publisher=Burd Street Press|isbn=1572490462}}
* {{cite magazine| last =Cushing| first =William B.| author-link =William B. Cushing| title =The Destruction of the "Albemarle"| journal =The Century Magazine| volume =XXXVI| series =The Career of the Confederate Ram "Albemarle"| pages =[https://archive.org/details/abrahamlincolnba03newy/page/n1035 386]–393| year =1888| url =https://archive.org/details/abrahamlincolnba03newy| oclc =21247159}}
* {{cite book | last =Edwards| first =E. M. H.| title =Commander William Barker Cushing, of the United States Navy| publisher =F. Tennyson Neely Publisher| year =1898| location =London & New York| hdl =2027/hvd.hx4mfu| url = https://hdl.handle.net/2027/hvd.hx4mfu}}
*{{Citation | last =Elliot| first =Gilbert| title =Her Construction and Service| journal =The Century Magazine| volume =XXXVI| series =The Career of the Confederate Ram "Albemarle"| pages =374–380| year =1888| url =https://archive.org/details/abrahamlincolnba03newy/page/n391/mode/2up| oclc =21247159}}
* {{cite book | last =Elliott| first =Robert G.| title =Ironclad of the Roanoke: Gilbert Elliott's Albemarle| publisher =White Mane Publishing| year =1994| location =Shippensburg, PA| url =https://books.google.com/books?id=_TAaAQAAIAAJ| isbn =0-942597-63-X}}
* {{cite book | last =Hinds| first =John W.| title =The Hunt for the Albemarle: Anatomy of a Gunboat War| publisher =Burd Street Press| year =2002| location =Shippensburg, PA| url =https://catalog.loc.gov/vwebv/search?searchCode=STNO&searchType=1&recCount=25&searchArg=9781572492165| isbn =9781572492165| oclc =606812824 }}
* {{cite book|last=Malanowski|first=Jamie|title=Commander Will Cushing : daredevil hero of the Civil War|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/902661366 |publisher=[[W. W. Norton & Company]]|location =New York, NY| year =2014|isbn=9780393245790|oclc=902661366}}
* {{cite book|last=McQuiston|first=J. R.|date=2013|title=William B. Cushing in the Far East|location=Jefferson|publisher=[[McFarland & Company|McFarland]]|isbn=9780786470556}}
* {{cite book | last1 =Roske| first1 =Ralph| last2=Van Doren| first2 =Charles| title =Lincoln's Commando: The Biography of Commander W. B. Cushing, USN| year =1995| publisher =Naval Institute Press| location =Annapolis, MD| url =https://books.google.com/books?id=UH6aPwAACAAJ| isbn =9781557507372| edition =Revised and Expanded}}
* {{cite book|last=Schneller|first=R. J.|date=2004|title=Cushing: Civil War SEAL|location=Sterling|publisher=[[University of Nebraska Press#Potomac Books|Potomac Books]]|isbn=9781574885064}}
* {{cite book|last=Stempel|first=J.|date=2011|title=The CSS Albemarle and William Cushing|location=Jefferson|publisher=[[McFarland & Company|McFarland]]|isbn=9780786488735}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* {{Cite Appletons'|wstitle=Cushing, William Barker|year=1900|short=x|notaref=x|noicon=y}}
* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Cushing, William Barker|volume=7|page=667|short=y|noicon=y}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cushing, William B.}}
[[Category:1842 births]]
[[Category:1874 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Fredonia, New York]]
[[Category:People from Delafield, Wisconsin]]
[[Category:United States Naval Academy alumni]]
[[Category:Union Navy officers]]
[[Category:United States Navy officers]]
[[Category:People of New York (state) in the American Civil War]]
[[Category:People of Wisconsin in the American Civil War]]
[[Category:Burials at the United States Naval Academy Cemetery]]
[[Category:Military personnel from Wisconsin]]