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{{Short description|Non-fiction novel by Jung Chang}}{{About|the book by Jung Chang}}
{{Infobox book
| italic title   = <!--(see above)-->
| name           = Wild Swans: Three Daughters of China
| image          = Wild Swans.jpg
| image_size     = 
| alt            = Wild Swans, English edition cover
| caption        = 
| author         = Jung Chang
| audio_read_by  = 
| title_orig     = 
| orig_lang_code = 
| title_working  = 
| translator     = 
| illustrator    = 
| cover_artist   = 
| country        = United Kingdom
| language       = English
| series         = 
| release_number = 
| subject        = Biography
| genre          = 
| set_in         = China
| publisher      = Harper Collins
| publisher2     = 
| pub_date       = 1991
| english_pub_date = 
| published      = 
| media_type     = 
| pages          = 530
| awards         = NCR Book Award (1992); Waterstones Books of the Century (1997, No 11); British Book Award (Book of the Year, 1994)  
| isbn           = 9780007463404
| isbn_note      = 
| oclc           = 
| dewey          = 920.051
| congress       = DS774.C3718
| preceded_by    = 
| followed_by    = 
| native_wikisource = 
| wikisource     = 
| notes          =
| exclude_cover  = 
| website        = [https://web.archive.org/web/20180303013729/http://www.jungchang.net/wild-swans http://www.jungchang.net/wild-swans]
}}

'''''Wild Swans: Three Daughters of China''''' is a family history that spans a century, recounting the lives of three female generations in China, by Chinese writer [[Jung Chang]]. First published in 1991, ''Wild Swans''  contains the biographies of her mother and her grandmother, then finally her own [[autobiography]]. Her grandmother had bound feet and was married off at a young age as the concubine of a high-status warlord. Chang's mother rose in status as a member of the [[Chinese Communist Party]]. Chang took part in the [[Cultural Revolution]] as a member of the [[Red Guards]], but eventually her father was tortured and she was sent to the countryside for thought reform. Later, she earned a scholarship to study in England, where she still lives. 

''Wild Swans'' won the 1992 [[NCR Book Award]] and the 1993 [[British Book of the Year]]. It has been translated into 37 languages and sold over 13 million copies.

== Synopsis ==

===Chang's grandmother's story===
[[File:Xue Zhiheng.jpg|thumb|left|170px|Xue Zhiheng ([[:zh:薛之珩|zh]]), Jung Chang's grandfather.]]

The book starts by relating the biography of Chang's [[grandmother]] (Yu-fang). From the age of two, she had [[footbinding|bound feet]]. As the family was relatively poor, her father schemed to have her taken as a [[concubine]] to high-ranking [[warlord]] general Xue Zhi-heng, in order to gain status, which was hugely important in terms of quality of life. After a wedding ceremony to the general, who already had a wife and many concubines, the young girl was left alone in a wealthy household with [[servants]], and did not see her "[[husband]]" again for six years. Despite her luxurious surroundings, life was tense as she feared the servants and the wife of the general would report rumors or outright lies to him. She was allowed to visit her parents' home, but never allowed to spend the night.

After his six year absence, the general made a brief conjugal visit to Yu-fang, during which Chang's mother, was conceived. The general named her Bao Qin, meaning "precious zither," but did not stay long after her birth. During the child's infancy, Yu-fang opposed persistent requests for her to be brought to the general's main household, until he became very sick and it was no longer a request. She then had no choice but to comply. During her visit to the household, the general was dying. Since he had no male heir, Bao Qin was very important to the family. Realizing that the general's wife would have complete control over her life and her child's after the general's death, Yu-fang and her daughter returned to her parents' home, sending false word to Zhi-heng's family that the child had died. With his last words, the general unexpectedly proclaimed her free at age twenty-four. Eventually, she married a much older doctor (Dr. Xia) with whom she and her daughter, Chang's mother, made a home in [[Jinzhou]], [[Manchuria]]. ''Wild Swans'' portrays her role as a wife rather than concubine.

===Chang's mother's story===
The book now moves to the story of Chang's mother (Bao Qin/De-hong), who at the age of fifteen began working for the [[Chinese Communist Party]] (CCP) and [[Mao Zedong]]'s [[Chinese Red Army|Red Army]]. As the [[Chinese Communist Revolution]] progressed, her work for the CCP helped her rise through the ranks. She met the man who would become Chang's father (Wang Yu/Shou-yu),  a high-ranking officer. The couple were soon married but CCP dictates meant they were not allowed to spend much time together. Eventually, the couple were transferred to [[Yibin]], Chang's father's hometown. It was a long and arduous trek. Chang's mother traveled on foot because of her rank, while her father rode in a jeep. He was not aware that Chang's mother was [[pregnant]]. After arrival at Nanjing, Chang's mother undertook gruelling military training. After the strain of the training coupled with the journey, she suffered a [[miscarriage]]. Chang's father swore to never again be inattentive to his wife's needs.

In the following years Chang's mother gave birth to Jung and four other children. ''Wild Swans'' shifts again to cover Jung's own autobiography.

===Chang's story===

The [[Cultural Revolution]] started when Chang was a teenager. Chang willingly joined the [[Red Guards (China)|Red Guards]] though she recoiled from some of their brutal actions. As Mao's personality cult grew, life became more difficult and dangerous. Chang's father became a target for the Red Guards when he mildly but openly criticised Mao due to the suffering caused to the Chinese people by the Cultural Revolution. Chang's parents were labeled as [[capitalist roader]]s and made subjects of public [[Struggle_session|struggle sessions]] and [[torture]]. Chang recalls that her father deteriorated physically and mentally, until his eventual death. Her father's treatment prompted Chang's previous doubts about Mao to come to the fore. Like thousands of other young people, Chang was sent down to the countryside for education and thought reform by the [[peasant]]s, a difficult, harsh and pointless experience. At the end of the Cultural Revolution Chang returned home and worked hard to gain a place at university. Not long after she succeeded, Mao died. The whole nation was shocked in mourning, though Chang writes that: "People had been acting for so long they confused it with their true feelings. I wondered how many of the tears were genuine". Chang said that she felt exhilarated by Mao's death.

At university Chang studied English. After her graduation and a stint as an assistant lecturer, she won a [[scholarship]] to study in England and left for her new home. She still lives in England today and visits mainland China on occasion to see her family and friends there, with permission from Chinese authorities.

==Reception==

''Wild Swans'' was translated into 37 languages and sold 13 million copies,<ref name="Jung">{{cite web | url=http://www.jungchang.net/wild-swans | title=Wild Swans: Three Daughters of China | publisher=Globalflair (Aitken Alexander Associates) | work=Official website of Jung Chang | access-date=October 7, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180303013729/http://www.jungchang.net/wild-swans|archive-date=2018-03-03}}</ref> receiving praise from authors such as [[J. G. Ballard]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.harpercollins.co.uk/Titles/76517/wild-swans-new-edition-jung-chang-9780007463404 | title=Wild Swans | publisher=[[HarperCollins]] | access-date=October 7, 2012 | quote=Immensely moving and unsettling; an unforgettable portrait of the brain-death of a nation | archive-date=April 20, 2013 | archive-url=https://archive.today/20130420211422/http://www.harpercollins.co.uk/Titles/76517/wild-swans-new-edition-jung-chang-9780007463404 | url-status=dead }}</ref>
Although it has also been translated into Chinese, it is banned in Mainland China.<ref name="Jung"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/wild-swans-author-jung-chang-censorship-in-china-is-worse-now-than-it-was-10-years-ago-7657123.html|title=Wild Swans author Jung Chang: 'Censorship in China is worse now than|date=19 April 2012}}</ref> However, the book is available in Hong Kong and Taiwan.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/10314619/Jung-Chang-interview-why-Im-still-banned-in-China.html|title=Jung Chang interview: why I'm still banned in China|first=Sabine|last=Durrant|date=22 September 2013|via=www.telegraph.co.uk}}</ref>{{clarify|Is the book available for sale in Hong Kong 2021?|date=March 2021}}

== Adaptations ==
The book was translated for the stage in early 2012, for the [[Young Vic]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wild Swans |url=http://www.youngvic.org/archive/wild-swans |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223135742/https://www.youngvic.org/archive/wild-swans |archive-date=23 February 2014 |access-date=10 August 2021 |website=www.youngvic.org}}</ref> The book was adapted by Alexandra Wood and directed by Sacha Wares. ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'' gave it four out of five stars, and called it 'enormously refreshing' <ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/theatre/theatre-reviews/9222997/Wild-Swans-Young-Vic-review.html | location=London | work=The Daily Telegraph | first=Dominic | last=Cavendish | title=Wild Swans, Young Vic, review | date=24 April 2012}}</ref> while ''[[The Guardian]]'' praised the production design.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2012/apr/22/wild-swans-review-young-vic | location=London | work=The Guardian | first=Michael | last=Billington | title=Wild Swans – review | date=22 April 2012}}</ref>

On November 26, 2006, ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'' announced that Portobello Pictures had purchased the film rights to the book with [[Christopher Hampton]] on board to write the screenplay.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dawtrey |first=Adam |date=26 November 2006 |title='Wild' pic for Abraham |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |url=https://www.variety.com/article/VR1117954500.html?categoryid=13&cs=1&nid=2562 |url-status=dead |access-date=27 February 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070319093220/https://www.variety.com/article/VR1117954500.html?categoryid=13&cs=1&nid=2562 |archive-date=19 March 2007}}</ref> However, a film adaptation has yet to materialise.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sharp |first=Rob |date=26 October 2011 |title=Wild Swans transformed: Young Vic to adapt Mao-era bestseller |work=[[The Independent]] |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/theatre-dance/news/wild-swans-transformed-young-vic-adapt-mao-era-bestseller-2365176.html |access-date=30 July 2021}}</ref> In a March 2020 interview with ''[[Irish Independent]]'', Chang said that there had been "many, many attempts" for a screen adaptation of ''Wild Swans'' but that "distributors are fearful of getting on the wrong side of the powers that be in China."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Harrington |first=Katy |date=29 March 2020 |title=Jung Chang: The fearless writer who took on the Chinese machine |work=[[Irish Independent]] |url=https://www.independent.ie/entertainment/books/jung-chang-the-fearless-writer-who-took-on-the-chinese-machine-39084296.html |access-date=30 July 2021}}</ref>

== English language publication ==
* Jung Chang, ''Wild Swans: Three Daughters of China ''
** [[Simon & Schuster]], London, 1991.
** Anchor paperback, London, 1992, {{ISBN|0-385-42547-3}}.
** Harper Perennial, London, 2004, {{ISBN|0-00-717615-5}}.

==See also==
* ''[[Angela's Ashes]]''

==References==
<references />

*Fitzgerald, Penelope. "Grandmother's Footsteps". London Review of Books (9 April 1992, page 27). {{ISSN|0260-9592}}
*Bliven, Naomi. "Good women of Sichuan". New Yorker (10 February 1992, pages 95–98).
*Evans, Harriet. "Hot-house History". Times Literary Supplement (13 March 1992, page 32). {{ISSN|0307-661X}}
*Minsky, Jonathan. "Literature of the wounded". New York Review of Books (5 March 1992, pages 6–10). {{ISSN|0028-7504}}

==External links==
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/specials/133_wbc_archive_new/page2.shtml Jung Chang discusses ''Wild Swans''] on the BBC ''[[World Book Club]]''

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[[Category:1992 non-fiction books]]
[[Category:Biographical books]]
[[Category:Autobiographies]]
[[Category:Books by Jung Chang]]
[[Category:British Book Award–winning works]]
[[Category:Books about the Cultural Revolution]]
[[Category:Censored books]]
[[Category:Books adapted into plays]]