View source for Wiki143:WikiProject Opera/Article styles and formats

{{WikiProject style advice|WP:WPOSG|sort-by=Opera}}
{{WPO menu}}
This page contains a '''detailed guide to the style and formatting of opera articles''' and is a supplement to the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Opera/Article guidelines|Article guide]] page. These recommendations have been developed over the years via consensus of [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Opera|WikiProject Opera]]'s members through discussions on [[Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Opera|our talk page]]. Like all recommendations, they should be used with common sense and if necessary adapted for the needs of particular articles.

==Opera (title) articles==
=== Sections===
For stub and start class articles:
{| class=wikitable
|'''Introduction'''<br />also called "[[Wikipedia:Lead section|Lead section]]"||name, language, composer, librettist, general historical and musical context
|-
|<span style="white-space:nowrap;">'''==Performance history=='''</span>||from premiere(s) to the present day; alternatively, this can follow the "Synopsis" section, as is often the case in longer or featured articles.
|-
|'''==Roles=='''||possibly in tabular form giving name, description, voice type and creator of each role; see [[#Role tables|Role tables]] below.
|-
|'''==Synopsis=='''||including noted arias formatted as in ''[[Un ballo in maschera]]'', without title translation, or ''[[Turandot]]'', with title translation
|-
|'''==Recordings=='''||divided into audio and video (with catalogue numbers when possible). It is recommended that where possible references be provided for listings such as their appearance in books such as ''The Penguin Guide to Opera on Compact Disc‎''. It is also recommended that extensive recording lists should be made as separate pages. See [[Tosca discography]] for a model. For guidance on which recordings to exclude see [[Wikipedia:WikiProject_Opera/Article_guidelines#Recordings|Article guidelines#Recordings]].
|-
|'''==References=='''||Sub-sections:<br>*'''Notes''' in boldface (see below),<br>*'''Sources''' in boldface, (including ISBN when possible) and online works (including access date).
|-
|'''==External links=='''||For online resources providing extra information not included in the article and/or official web sites. See [[WP:EL]] for further guidance.
|}

For articles that are aiming at either [[Wikipedia:Good article criteria|good article]] or [[Wikipedia:Featured article criteria|featured article]] status, the following extra sections are recommended:
{| class=wikitable
|'''=={{Nowrap|Context and analysis}}=='''||Puts the work in context and provides a certain degree of sourced analysis.
|-
|'''==Recording history=='''||Recommended for particularly well-known operas (and articles on specific composers).
|-
|'''==References=='''||Footnotes for [[Wikipedia:Inline citation|inline citations]] depending on which [[Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing format]] is being used. Provides full details of the sources used for the article, with ISBNs where possible

Two or more sections will be created with footnotes appearing under the main heading as "Notes". They may just include author, page number where full ref. exists below. For further details, see: [[Wikipedia:Citing sources#Shortened footnotes|Shortened footnotes]]. The main heading of the section embraces "Notes", "Cited Sources", "Online sources" etc.

Example:
*'''Notes''' (in boldface)
*'''Cited sources''' (in boldface)
*'''Other sources''' (in boldface)
|-
|}

{{Notelist}}

===Dates (general)===
Opera articles use the '''Day-Month-Year''' format for indicating the dates of premieres, performances, etc.

'''Day''' is written numerically but without the use of a leading "0" before a single digit day, 1 to 9. '''Months''' are written out in full and not abbreviated. The '''year''' always uses four digits.

===Dates of premieres===
References may be linked to '[[:Category:Music by year|Music by year]]' pages, for example "The opera was first performed in [[Prague]] on 31 March [[1928 in music#Opera|1928]]", coded as <tt><nowiki>"The opera was first performed in [[Prague]] on 31 March [[1928 in music#Opera|1928]]."</nowiki></tt>

The day and month should not be wikilinked; see [[MOS:UNLINKDATES|Manual of Style (dates and numbers)]].

===Role tables===
*Over-categorization of voice types in role tables should be avoided, e.g. use [[tenor]] instead of [[tenore di grazia]], use [[soprano]] instead of [[coloratura soprano]]. The voice types specified in the printed score should normally be the ones used in the role table. Finer distinctions and differing performance practices (if any) should be discussed in the text of the article itself.
*In line with the 2020 RfC on [[Wikipedia_talk:Manual_of_Style/Accessibility#RfC_on_table_captions|table captions to aid accessibility]] for those using screen readers, role tables going forward should have an incorporated caption as illustrated below.
*
{| class="wikitable"
|+Roles, voice types, and premiere cast
!Role
![[Voice type]]
!Premiere cast, 2 January 1843<br />[[Conducting|Conductor]]: [[Richard Wagner]]
|-
|The Dutchman
|[[baritone]]
|[[Johann Michael Wächter]]
|-
|Senta, ''Daland's daughter''
|[[soprano]]
|[[Wilhelmine Schröder-Devrient]]
|-
|Daland, ''a Norwegian sailor''
|[[bass (voice type)|bass]]
|[[Friedrich Traugott Reinhold]]
|-
|Erik, ''a huntsman''
|[[tenor]]
|Carl Risse
|-
|Mary, ''Senta's nurse''
|[[contralto]]
|Thérèse Wächter
|-
|Daland's steersman
|tenor
|Wenzel Bielezizky
|-
| colspan="3" |''Norwegian sailors, the Dutchman's crew, young women''
|}
;[[Help:Wiki markup|Wiki code]] for the table above
<syntaxhighlight lang="text">
{| class="wikitable"
|+Roles, voice types, and premiere cast
!Role
![[Voice type]]
!Premiere cast, 2 January 1843<br />[[Conducting|Conductor]]: [[Richard Wagner]]
|-
|The Dutchman
|[[baritone]]
|[[Johann Michael Wächter]]
|-
|Senta, ''Daland's daughter''
|[[soprano]]
|[[Wilhelmine Schröder-Devrient]]
|-
|Daland, ''a Norwegian sailor''
|[[bass (voice type)|bass]]
|[[Friedrich Traugott Reinhold]]
|-
|Erik, ''a huntsman''
|[[tenor]]
|Carl Risse
|-
|Mary, ''Senta's nurse''
|[[contralto]]
|Thérèse Wächter
|-
|Daland's steersman
|tenor
|Wenzel Bielezizky
|-
| colspan="3" |''Norwegian sailors, the Dutchman's crew, young women''
|}
</syntaxhighlight>

When updating existing tables the caption can be added by placing '''+Roles, voice types, and premiere cast''' as the second line in the table code, e.g.

::<syntaxhighlight lang="text">
{| class="wikitable"
|+Roles, voice types, and premiere cast
!Role
![[Voice type]]
!Premiere cast, 2 January 1843<br />[[Conducting|Conductor]]: [[Richard Wagner]]
</syntaxhighlight>

Note also that the screen reader only template {{tl|sronly}} may be used to hide the table caption from sighted readers if it substantially duplicates adjacent text that is visible. 
::::::::{{box|1=If visible output is not desired, the caption can be hidden with {{tl|sronly}}:<br /><code><nowiki>|+{{sronly|Roles, voice types, and premiere cast}}</nowiki></code>}}

;Multiple premieres
For a format with multiple notable premieres, refer to [[Don_Carlos#Roles|''Don Carlos'']] or the boiler plate below:
{| class="wikitable"
|+Roles, voice types, and premiere casts
!Role
![[Voice type]]
!Premiere cast,<br />27 April 1720<br />[[Conducting|Conductor]]: –
!Revised version<br />Premiere cast,<br />28 December 1720<br />Conductor: ...
!Revised version<br />Premiere cast,<br />Day Month Year<br />Conductor: ...
|}
;Wiki code for the table above
<syntaxhighlight lang="text">
{| class="wikitable"
|+Roles, voice types, and premiere casts
!Role
![[Voice type]]
!Premiere cast,<br />27 April 1720<br />[[Conducting|Conductor]]: –
!Revised version<br />Premiere cast,<br />28 December 1720<br />Conductor: ...
!Revised version<br />Premiere cast,<br />Day Month Year<br />Conductor: ...
|}
</syntaxhighlight>

===Synopsis format===
For the numbering of acts, always use [[Arabic numerals]]: 1, 2, 3 etc., not the [[Roman numerals|Roman]]: I, II, III. The words ''act'' and ''scene'' are not [[proper noun]]s and are not capitalized, except when [[MOS:TITLECAPS]] applies. See also this discussion: {{oldid|Wikipedia talk:Manual of Style/Capital letters|1137614255#Acts_and_scenes|Wikipedia talk:Manual of Style § Capital letters}}.

Articles such as ''[[I masnadieri]]'' or ''[[La fanciulla del West]]'' illustrate the format:

''I masnadieri'':

:==Synopsis==
:'''Setting''': Germany, between 1755 and 1757.

:==='''Act 1'''===
:''Scene 1: A tavern on the borders of [[Saxony]]''

:During a break from his studies at Dresden University, Carlo, [''etc'']

or from ''La fanciulla del West'':

:==Synopsis==
::Time: 1849 to 1850
::Place: A mining camp in the high [[Sierra Madre Mountains (California)|Sierra Madre Mountains]] in California

:=== '''Act 1''' ===
:''Inside the Polka Saloon.''

:At the saloon, Sheriff Rance is playing solitaire, while [''etc'']

'''Line 1:''' In each case, the word "Act" is in bold face and forms a sub-heading of the section's title for editing purposes.

'''Line 2:''' If an act has several scenes, the scene number, then colon (:), then description of the setting follows on a separate line ''in italics''.

If there are no scenes, a description of the setting for the act follows ''in italics''.

'''Lines 3+:''' Text of synopsis follows.

===Recordings (short style)===
'''Krenek: ''Jonny spielt auf''''', [[Vienna State Opera]] Orchestra
*Conductor: [[Heinrich Hollreiser]]
*Principal singers: [[Lucia Popp]], Gerd Feldhoff, [[Thomas Stewart (bass-baritone)|Thomas Stewart]], Leo Heppe, [[Evelyn Lear]]
*Recording date: 4 January 1994
*Label: [[Vanguard Records|Vanguard Classics]], B0000023F7 (CD)

===Recordings (table style)===
*In line with the 2020 RfC on [[Wikipedia_talk:Manual_of_Style/Accessibility#RfC_on_table_captions|table captions to aid accessibility]] for those using screen readers, tables going forward should have an incorporated caption as illustrated below.
*The layout reflects one singer per line with <tt><nowiki><br /></nowiki></tt> (line breaks) after each name. To ensure that there will be no line breaks per name, enclose the longest name with the template {{tl|Nowrap}}: <code><nowiki>{{Nowrap|suitably long name}}</nowiki></code>.
*"Conductor<tt><nowiki><br /></nowiki></tt>Opera house and orchestra": Name(s) of house, orchestra and chorus/choral group(s) follow without line breaks
*"Label": Type of recording (e.g. "CD", "DVD") is followed by ":" (colon), then name of releasing company, followed by <tt><nowiki><br /></nowiki></tt> (line break)
*Catalogue number (using abbreviation "Cat:"); if available, should follow the name of the recording company

{|class="wikitable"
|+''Aida'' discography
!Year
!Cast<br>(Radames,<br>Aida,<br>Amneris)
!Conductor,<br>Opera house and orchestra
!Label
|-
| 1986 ||{{Nowrap|[[Luciano Pavarotti]]}},<br />[[Maria Chiara]],<br />[[Ghena Dimitrova]] || [[Lorin Maazel]],<br />[[La Scala]] orchestra and chorus || DVD: Image Entertainment<br />Cat: ''(catalogue number appears here)''
|-
| 1989 || [[Plácido Domingo]],<br />[[Aprile Millo]],<br />[[Dolora Zajick]] || [[James Levine]],<br />[[Metropolitan Opera]] orchestra and chorus ||DVD: [[Deutsche Grammophon]]<br />Cat:
|}
;Wiki code for the table above
<syntaxhighlight lang="text">
{| class="wikitable"
|+''Aida'' discography
!Year
!Cast<br />(Radames,<br />Aida,<br />Amneris)
!Conductor,<br />Opera house and orchestra
!Label
|-
| 1986 ||{{Nowrap| [[Luciano Pavarotti]] }},<br />[[Maria Chiara]],<br />[[Ghena Dimitrova]] || [[Lorin Maazel]],<br />[[La Scala]] orchestra and chorus || DVD: Image Entertainment<br />Cat: ''(catalogue number appears here)''
|-
| 1989 || [[Plácido Domingo]],<br />[[Aprile Millo]],<br />[[Dolora Zajick]] || [[James Levine]],<br />[[Metropolitan Opera]] orchestra and chorus ||DVD: [[Deutsche Grammophon]]<br />Cat:
|}
</syntaxhighlight>

Note also that the screen reader only template {{tl|sronly}} may be used to hide the table caption from sighted readers if it substantially duplicates adjacent text that is visible. 
::::::::{{box|1=If visible output is not desired, the caption can be hidden with {{tl|sronly}}:<br /><code><nowiki>|+{{sronly|Roles, voice types, and premiere cast}}</nowiki></code>}}


====Special alternative table====
In special cases, where the cast list is longer than about five or six major characters or where one singer takes on several roles in one recording and several singers divide those roles in other recordings, the following example from [[The Tales of Hoffmann discography]] may be used:
{| class=wikitable
|+''Tales of Hoffmann'' discography
!colspan=2|<div style="text-align:left;">1948: [[André Cluytens]], Theatre National de l'[[Opéra-Comique]] orchestra and chorus, EMI France</div>
|-
|style="vertical-align:top;border-right:none;"|<poem>Hoffmann: [[Raoul Jobin]]
Olympia: [[Renée Doria]]
Giulietta: Vina Bovy
Antonia: [[Géori Boué]]
Dapertutto: Charles Soix</poem>
|style="vertical-align:top;border-left:none;"|<poem>Coppélius: [[André Pernet]]
Lindorf: [[Louis Musy]]
Miracle: [[Roger Bourdin]]
Nicklausse: Fanély Revoil
Frantz: [[Bourvil]]</poem>
|-
!colspan=2|<div style="text-align:left;">1971: [[Richard Bonynge]], [[Orchestre de la Suisse Romande]],<br />{{0|1971: }}Du [[Le Brassus|Brassus]] Chorus, [[Lausanne]] Pro Arte Chorus, [[Radio Suisse Romande]] Chorus, [[Decca Records|Decca]]</div>
|-
|style="vertical-align:top;border-right:none;"|<poem>Hoffmann: [[Plácido Domingo]]
Olympia, Giulietta, Antonia: [[Joan Sutherland]]
Coppélius, Dapertutto, Lindorf, Miracle: [[Gabriel Bacquier]]</poem>
|style="vertical-align:top;border-left:none;"|<poem>Nicklausse: [[Huguette Tourangeau]]
Frantz: [[Hugues Cuénod]]</poem>
|}
;Wiki code for the table above
<syntaxhighlight lang="text">
{| class=wikitable
|+''Tales of Hoffmann'' discography
!colspan=2|<div style="text-align:left;">1948: [[André Cluytens]], Theatre National de l'[[Opéra-Comique]] orchestra and chorus, EMI France</div>
|-
|style="vertical-align:top;border-right:none;"|<poem>Hoffmann: [[Raoul Jobin]]
Olympia: [[Renée Doria]]
Giulietta: Vina Bovy
Antonia: [[Géori Boué]]
Dapertutto: Charles Soix</poem>
|style="vertical-align:top;border-left:none;"|<poem>Coppélius: [[André Pernet]]
Lindorf: [[Louis Musy]]
Miracle: [[Roger Bourdin]]
Nicklausse: Fanély Revoil
Frantz: [[Bourvil]]</poem>
|-
!colspan=2|<div style="text-align:left;">1971: [[Richard Bonynge]], [[Orchestre de la Suisse Romande]],<br />{{0|1971: }}Du [[Le Brassus|Brassus]] Chorus, [[Lausanne]] Pro Arte Chorus, [[Radio Suisse Romande]] Chorus, [[Decca Records|Decca]]</div>
|-
|style="vertical-align:top;border-right:none;"|<poem>Hoffmann: [[Plácido Domingo]]
Olympia, Giulietta, Antonia: [[Joan Sutherland]]
Coppélius, Dapertutto, Lindorf, Miracle: [[Gabriel Bacquier]]</poem>
|style="vertical-align:top;border-left:none;"|<poem>Nicklausse: [[Huguette Tourangeau]]
Frantz: [[Hugues Cuénod]]</poem>
|}
</syntaxhighlight>

==Lists of operas by composers==
In line with the 2020 RfC on [[Wikipedia_talk:Manual_of_Style/Accessibility#RfC_on_table_captions|table captions to aid accessibility]] for those using screen readers, tables going forward should have an incorporated caption as illustrated below.
The recommended table format is based on the [[List of operas by Gioachino Rossini]]:
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+List of operas by Gioachino Rossini
!Title!!Genre!!Sub&shy;divisions!!Libretto!!Première date!!Place, theatre
|-
|{{Hs|cambiale}}''[[La cambiale di matrimonio]]''||farsa comica||1 act||{{Hs|Rossi}}[[Gaetano Rossi]], after [[Camillo Federici]] and Giuseppe Checcherini||{{Hs|1810-11-03}}3 November 1810||Venice, [[Teatro San Moisè]]
|}
;Wiki code for the table above
<syntaxhighlight lang="text">
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+List of operas by Gioachino Rossini
!Title!!Genre!!Sub&shy;divisions!!Libretto!!Première date!!Place, theatre
|-
|{{Hs|cambiale}}''[[La cambiale di matrimonio]]''||farsa comica||1 act||{{Hs|Rossi}}[[Gaetano Rossi]], after [[Camillo Federici]] and Giuseppe Checcherini||{{Hs|1810-11-03}}3 November 1810||Venice, [[Teatro San Moisè]]
|}
</syntaxhighlight>

Note also that the screen reader only template {{tl|sronly}} may be used to hide the table caption from sighted readers if it substantially duplicates adjacent text that is visible. 
::::::::{{box|1=If visible output is not desired, the caption can be hidden with {{tl|sronly}}:<br /><code><nowiki>|+{{sronly|Roles, voice types, and premiere cast}}</nowiki></code>}}

This is an empty template for such tables:
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+List of operas by
!Op.!!Title!!Genre!!Sub&shy;divisions!!Libretto!!Première date!!Place, theatre!!class="unsortable"|Notes
|-
|nn||''title title title title title title title''||genre genre||n acts||librettist librettist librettist||dd monthmonth yyyy||place place, theatre theatre||notes notes notes notes
|}
;Wiki code for the table above
<syntaxhighlight lang="text">
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+List of operas by
!Op.!!Title!!Genre!!Sub&shy;divisions!!Libretto!!Première date!!Place, theatre!!class="unsortable"|Notes
|-
|nn||''title title title title title title title''||genre genre||n acts||librettist librettist librettist||dd monthmonth yyyy||place place, theatre theatre||notes notes notes notes
|}
</syntaxhighlight>

A specialised version of a list of operas can be seen at [[List of operas by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart#List of works|List of operas by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart]] and at [[List of operas by George Frideric Handel]]:
;Mozart operas
{| Class = wikitable
|+List of operas by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
![[Köchel catalogue|Köchel no.]]
!Year<br />composed
!Title
!Type of opera
!Librettist
!Voice parts
!First performance details
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |K. 35
| style="text-align:center;" |1767
|''[[Die Schuldigkeit des ersten Gebots]]'' Part I<br /><small>(''The Obligation of the First Commandment'')</small>
|Sacred [[Singspiel]]
|{{ill|Ignaz von Weiser|de|Ignatz Anton von Weiser}}
|3 soprano, 2 tenor
|Archbishop's Palace, [[Salzburg]], 12 March [[1767 in music#Opera|1767]]
|}
;Wiki code for the table above
<syntaxhighlight lang="text">
{| Class = wikitable
|+List of operas by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
![[Köchel catalogue|Köchel no.]]
!Year<br />composed
!Title
!Type of opera
!Librettist
!Voice parts
!First performance details
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |K. 35
| style="text-align:center;" |1767
|''[[Die Schuldigkeit des ersten Gebots]]'' Part I<br /><small>(''The Obligation of the First Commandment'')</small>
|Sacred [[Singspiel]]
|{{ill|Ignaz von Weiser|de|Ignatz Anton von Weiser}}
|3 soprano, 2 tenor
|Archbishop's Palace, [[Salzburg]], 12 March [[1767 in music#Opera]]
|}
</syntaxhighlight>

;Handel operas
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+List of operas by George Frideric Handel
![[Händel-Werke-Verzeichnis|HWV]]!!Title!!Libretto!!Première date!!Première place, theatre!!Modern revival!!class="unsortable"|Notes
|-
|1||''[[Almira]]'' (''Der in Krohnen erlangte Glücks-Wechsel, oder: Alimira, Königin von Castilien'')||{{Hs|Feustking}}Friedrich Christian Feustking, after Giulio Pancieri||{{Hs|1705-01-08}}8 January 1705||Hamburg, [[Hamburg State Opera|Theater am Gänsemarkt]]||{{Hs|1994-06-05}}4 June 1994, Halleschen Händelfestspiele, [[Bad Lauchstädt]]||Some music lost; announced as a [[Singspiel]] but has no spoken dialogue
|}
;Wiki code for the table above
<syntaxhighlight lang="text">
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+List of operas by George Frideric Handel
![[Händel-Werke-Verzeichnis|HWV]]!!Title!!Libretto!!Première date!!Première place, theatre!!Modern revival!!class="unsortable"|Notes
|-
|1||''[[Almira]]'' (''Der in Krohnen erlangte Glücks-Wechsel, oder: Alimira, Königin von Castilien'')||{{Hs|Feustking}}Friedrich Christian Feustking, after Giulio Pancieri||{{Hs|1705-01-08}}8 January 1705||Hamburg, [[Hamburg State Opera|Theater am Gänsemarkt]]||{{Hs|1994-06-05}}4 June 1994, Halleschen Händelfestspiele, [[Bad Lauchstädt]]||Some music lost; announced as a [[Singspiel]] but has no spoken dialogue
|}
</syntaxhighlight>

==Sources and references layout==
Articles may differ in their requirements and the suggested layout should be applied with common sense, particularly in the case of altering the existing layout in [[WP:FA|featured articles]]. For more on this subject see [[Wikipedia:Citing sources]], [[MOS:LAYOUT]], and [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility#Article structure|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility]] See also {{oldid|Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Opera#Format samples and further discussion|642289432|this discussion}} for examples of various other referencing formats used in opera-related featured articles which may be more suitable depending on the circumstances. For detailed advice, see [[MOS:REFERENCES]].

'''Layout'''
The overall heading "References" (==References==) includes a variety sub-heading titles.
* '''Notes''' (===Notes=== or <nowiki>'''Notes'''</nowiki>) for explanatory footnotes, usually with the templates {{tl|efn}} and {{tl|Notelist}}.
* '''Footnotes''' or '''Citations''' (===Footnotes=== or ===Citations=== or <nowiki>'''Footnotes''' or '''Citations''</nowiki>) for citation footnotes, either as [[WP:INLINE|full inline citations]], [[WP:LDR|list-defined references]], or [[WP:CITESHORT|short citations]].
* '''Sources''' (===Sources=== or <nowiki>'''Sources'''</nowiki>) for online sources (with access date), journal articles, or books which appear in the footnotes/citations (ideally with ISBN in the case of books). They should be listed in alphabetical order of author, last name first.
'''Note:''' A leading semicolon to achive bolding is no longer recommended because of compatibility issues with screen readers.

See the example of a typical format below using these citations.{{efn|1=Sometimes explanatory footnotes are needed.}}<ref>Budden 1984, p. 55.</ref><ref>Ashbrook 1982, pp. 255–256.</ref><ref>Casaglia 2005.</ref> These example footnotes are formatted according to [[WP:CITESHORT]].

{{fake heading|sub=2|References}}
'''Notes'''
{{Notelist}}

'''Footnotes'''
{{Reflist}}

'''Sources'''
*[[William Ashbrook|Ashbrook, William]] (1982). ''Donizetti and His Operas''. Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|052123526X}}.
*[[Julian Budden|Budden, Julian]] (1984). ''The Operas of Verdi. Volume 1: From Oberto to Rigoletto''. London: Cassell. {{ISBN|0-304-310581}}.
*{{Almanacco|dmy=02-02-1762|match=Artaxerxes}}
*[[John Warrack|Warrack, John]]; West, Ewan (1992). ''The Oxford Dictionary of Opera''. New York: Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|0-19-869164-5}}.

'''Further reading'''{{pb}}See [[MOS:FURTHER]].

[[Category:WikiProject style advice (music)|Opera, Article styles and formats]]
[[Category:WikiProject Opera|Article styles and formats]]