View source for Wiki143:Manual of Style/Hawaii-related articles

{{MoS guideline|MOS:HAWAII|WP:MOSHAWAII}}
{{Style}}

The following is the English Wikipedia's style guide for editing Hawaii-related articles, including the State of Hawaii as well as the Kingdom of Hawai{{okina}}i and its ancient history. This subpage gives the preferred method of aligning word usage and typography in Hawaii-related articles to give all articles a consistent "look and feel". This subpage is the result and record of past agreements and discussions over typographical issues. This is a general reference for editors on unique aspects of word usage in Hawaii, as well as how to treat specific subjects.

==Orthography and formatting==
{{Shortcut|MOS:OKINA}}
''[[Orthography]]'' refers to the correct spelling of a language. The [[Hawaiian orthography]] has two characteristic features: the {{lang|haw|kahakō}} (macron), a vowel diacritic, and the {{lang|haw|{{okina}}okina}} (glottal stop), a consonant letter.

'''{{lang|haw|Kahakō}}''' is the Hawaiian term for the [[Macron (diacritic)|macron]], a short line added above a vowel letter to indicate that it represents a long vowel: 

 <big>'''Ā ā''', '''Ē ē''', '''Ī ī''', '''Ō ō''', '''Ū ū'''</big>.

The '''{{lang|haw|[[{{okina}}okina]]}}''' is a letter of the Hawaiian alphabet that looks more or less like a turned apostrophe and indicates the [[glottal stop]], which is a [[consonant]] in the Hawaiian language:<ref name="Crow2008">{{cite book|author=Charles L. Crow|title=A Companion to the Regional Literatures of America|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=3PfK16lXfCYC&pg=PA475|date=15 April 2008|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-0-470-99907-3|pages=475–}}</ref>

 <big>'''{{okina}}'''</big>

An [[apostrophe]] or [[quotation mark]] should '''never''' be used in place of the {{lang|haw|{{okina}}okina}}, even if one is used in the source. The official Unicode character {{unichar|02BB}} should be used instead. In article titles, the Unicode character needs to be used directly, but for article text the {{tlx|okina}} template was created for this purpose. The template should be used in text to make the {{lang|haw|{{okina}}okina}} visibly distinct to other editors from punctuation marks. The {{lang|haw|kahakō}} does not have a template but ''ā, ē, ī, ō, ū'' are available in the Latin section of the list of symbols in the editing box. 

===Use of special characters===

{{hatnote|{{crossref|See {{section link||Article names}}, below, for use in article titles.}}}}

In general, follow current Hawaiian orthography for the use of [[Kahakō|''kahakō'']] and [[{{okina}}Okina|''{{okina}}okina'']] in Hawaiian words, names and phrases in the body of articles dealing with Hawaii. The online Hawaiian Dictionary or a similar reference work should be used as a guide for proper spelling. The {{tlx|Hawaiian Dictionaries}} template is useful for citations. 

When using the {{lang|haw|kahakō}} and {{lang|haw|{{okina}}okina}} for a word that has both these marks, in either article content or a title, it is recommended to use both of the characters or neither of them. This is to avoid a misuse of the letters that would change the meaning of the word. As with any letter or character, omission of the {{lang|haw|kahakō}} or {{lang|haw|{{okina}}okina}} in Hawaiian words alters the pronunciation and can change the meaning of the word. It may alter a geographical location: for example, {{lang|haw|Kala{{okina}}e}} and {{lang|haw|[[Ka Lae]]}} are different places.<ref>Juvik, S. & Juvik, J. (1998). ''Atlas of Hawai{{okina}}i'', Third Edition,  p.26. [[University of Hawai{{okina}}i]] Press, Honolulu. {{ISBN|0-8248-2125-4}} (pbk.)</ref>
{{lang|haw|Lāna{{okina}}i}} is an island (and has some other meanings),<ref name="dict 2">{{cite web |url=http://wehewehe.org/gsdl2.85/cgi-bin/hdict?e=q-11000-00---off-0hdict--00-1----0-10-0---0---0direct-10-ED--4-------0-1lpm--11-haw-Zz-1---Zz-1-home-+L%c4%81na%ca%bbi+--00-3-1-00-0--4----0-0-11-00-0utfZz-8-00&a=d&d=D10393|title=Hawaiian Dictionaries |author=Mary Māmaka Kaiao Kuleana kope |year= |publisher=University of Hawai{{okina}}i Press |accessdate=2014-06-24}}</ref> while {{lang|haw|lānai}} is a covered porch around a house,<ref name="dict 3">{{cite web |url=http://wehewehe.org/gsdl2.85/cgi-bin/hdict?e=q-11000-00---off-0hdict--00-1----0-10-0---0---0direct-10-ED--4-------0-1lpm--11-haw-Zz-1---Zz-1-home-l%c4%81nai+--00-3-1-00-0--4----0-0-11-00-0utfZz-8-00&a=d&d=D10392|title=Hawaiian Dictionaries |author=Mary Māmaka Kaiao Kuleana kope |year= |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |accessdate=2014-06-24}}</ref> and {{lang|haw|lanai}} means 'stiff-backed'.<ref name="dict">{{cite web |url=http://wehewehe.org/gsdl2.85/cgi-bin/hdict?e=q-11000-00---off-0hdict--00-1----0-10-0---0---0direct-10-ED--4-------0-1lpm--11-haw-Zz-1---Zz-1-home-Lanai--00-3-1-00-0--4----0-0-11-00-0utfZz-8-00&a=d&d=D10391|title=Hawaiian Dictionaries |author=Mary Māmaka Kaiao Kuleana kope |year= |publisher=University of Hawai{{okina}}i Press |accessdate=2014-06-24}}</ref>

The English adjective ''Hawaiian'' is spelled without an {{lang|haw|{{okina}}okina}}.

Please see the sections below for more guidance on a few special cases or specific topics.

===Italics===

Unassimilated Hawaiian words and phrases are [[MOS:ITALIC|italicized in the running text]] and in the article title,<ref>This was decided during a July–September 2010 poll on the Article titles talk page. See [[Wikipedia talk:Article titles/Archive 29#Wikipedia:Requests for comment:Use of italics in article titles]] as well as the discussions that led up to the poll at [[Wikipedia talk:Manual of Style/Archive 116#Italicised article titles]] and [[Wikipedia talk:Manual of Style/Archive 116#Request for comment: Use of italics in article names]]</ref> except for proper names. This can be done with the {{tlx|lang}} template, which also has benefits for [[text-to-speech]], spell checking, and other systems:
 <nowiki>{{lang|haw|HAWAIIAN TEXT HERE}}</nowiki>
Loanwords and -phrases that have common use in English, such as "[[hula]]", are not italicized, except for consistency in linguistic material, or where indicating an original native meaning from which the sense in English has diverged. [[WP:ITALICTITLE]] states: "Italic formatting cannot be part of the actual (stored) title of a page; adding single quotes to a page title will cause those quotes to become part of the URL, rather than affecting its appearance. A title or part of it is made to appear in italics with the use of the [[WP:DISPLAYTITLE|DISPLAYTITLE]] magic word or the {{tlx|italic title}} template. In addition, certain templates, including {{tlx|infobox book}}, {{tlx|infobox film}} and {{tlx|infobox album}}, by default italicize the titles of the pages they appear on; see the pages for those templates for details. For details, see [[WP:Naming conventions (technical restrictions)#Italics and formatting|''Italics and formatting'']] on the technical restrictions page.

==Article names==

The [[WP:NAME|Wikipedia policy for article names]] provides general guidance on naming. The [[Wikipedia:Naming conventions (use English)|Wikipedia naming conventions]] page provides more specific guidance. This page provides guidance for where the practice for Hawaiian articles differs from that of these universal Wikipedia conventions.

For place names, use the [[WP:COMMONNAME|most common name]] of the subject as the title of the article, as you would find in reliable sources. For example, use ''[[Pearl Harbor]]'' rather than {{lang|haw|Pu{{okina}}uloa}}. When the common name is of Hawaiian origin, follow the correct orthography as outlined in the [https://planning.hawaii.gov/gis/hbgn/ Hawai{{okina}}i State Board on Geographic Names,] even if common usage has a different orthographic style. For example, ''[[Lāna{{okina}}i]]'' rather than ''Lanai''. While Hawaiian names are often spelled without {{lang|haw|{{okina}}okina}} and {{lang|haw|kahakō}}, this is understood as a shorthand of convenience rather than as a distinct English name. It is standard Wikipedia practice to include rather than suppress diacritics and the like when they belong in a name.

When the common name is not a Hawaiian name, use the {{tlx|langx}} template to list the Hawaiian name in the lead, and include the Hawaiian name in the infobox as appropriate. However, do not use the lang and langx templates to differentiate the orthography unless the difference in spelling is an explicit change acknowledged in official sources, such as the ''State of Hawaii'' instead of the ''State of Hawai{{okina}}i''. For example,
:''{{tq|'''Pearl Harbor''' ({{langx|haw|Pu{{okina}}uloa}}) is...}}'' {{tick}}
:''{{tq|'''Hawaii''' ({{langx|haw|Hawai{{okina}}i}}) is an island state...}}'' {{tick}}
:''{{!tq|'''Lanai''' ({{langx|haw|Lāna{{okina}}i}}) is...}}'' {{cross}}

You should create redirects from common alternative names, as well as from spellings without {{lang|haw|{{okina}}okina}} and {{lang|haw|kahakō}}. This makes the article easy to find, and easy to compare information with other sources. [[WP:DAB|Wikipedia disambiguation]] pages are also used to help the reader find the desired article if several have similar names. For example, ''[[Waimea]]''.

==Sources==

Never copy content from a source directly into an article. Close paraphrasing without in-text attribution may constitute [[Wikipedia:Plagiarism|plagiarism]], and when extensive (with or without in-text attribution) may also violate Wikipedia's [[Wikipedia:Copyrights|copyright policy]], which forbids Wikipedia contributors from [[Wikipedia:Copy-paste|copying]] material directly from other sources. [[Public domain]] material must likewise be attributed to avoid plagiarism. If the source material bears a free copyright license that is [[WP:COMPLIC|compatible with Wikipedia's licenses]], copying or closely paraphrasing it is not a [[Wikipedia:Copyright violation|copyright violation]] so long as the source is attributed somewhere in the article, usually at the end. 

When trying to determine what is a reliable source remember that three things affect a source's reliability: the author, the publication itself and the publisher. Tertiary sources may be used but are not as strong as secondary, reliable sources. Primary sources may be used but when sourcing facts from a primary source, be careful to only mention what content is in the source with no additional editorializing, analysis or interpretation.

===Hawaiian sources===
Sources must support the material clearly and directly: [[WP:SYN|drawing inferences from multiple sources to advance a novel position]] is prohibited by the NOR policy.<ref name=Courtesy>When there is dispute about whether a piece of text is fully supported by a given source, direct quotes and other relevant details from the source should be provided to other editors as a courtesy. Do not violate the source's copyright when doing so.</ref>

Hawaiian-language sources, such as newspapers, books, journals and online references, may be used to source Hawaiian related articles when no other English source of equal quality and relevance is found. Sources sometimes have differing or conflicting information. [[WP:BALANCE]] states: "Neutrality assigns [[#Due and undue weight|weight]] to viewpoints in proportion to their prominence. However, when reputable sources contradict one another and ''are'' relatively equal in prominence, describe both approaches and work for balance. This involves describing the opposing views clearly, drawing on secondary or tertiary sources that describe the disagreement from a disinterested viewpoint."

[[WP:RSUE]] states: "Citations to non-English sources are allowed. However, because this is the English-language Wikipedia, English-language sources are preferred over non-English ones, whenever English sources of equal quality and relevance are available. As with sources in English, if a dispute arises involving a citation to a non-English source, editors may request that a quotation of relevant portions of the original source be provided, either in text, in a footnote, or on the article talk page.<ref name=Courtesy/> (See [[Template:Request quotation]].)"

===Translations===
When quoting Hawaiian sources, follow Wikipedia policy. "When quoting a non-English source (whether in the main text, in a footnote, or on the talk page), a translation into English should always accompany the quote. Translations published by reliable sources are preferred over translations by Wikipedians, but translations by Wikipedians are preferred over machine translations." Additionally, "If needed, ask an editor who can translate it for you. In articles, the original text is usually included with the translated text when translated by Wikipedians, and the translating editor is usually not cited. When quoting any material, whether in English or in some other language, be careful not to violate copyright; see the [[Wikipedia:Fair_use#Text|fair-use guideline]]."

==Hawaiian and Hawaii==
"Hawaiian" is always capitalized; do use an {{lang|haw|{{okina}}okina}}, as it is not a Hawaiian word. When describing persons, "Hawaiian" refers to persons descended from the aboriginal peoples of Ancient Hawai{{okina}}i. The article describing the people is [[Native Hawaiians]], but that term can be ambiguous, and the people call themselves {{lang|haw|Kānaka Maoli}}. When referring to residents of the state in general, "Hawaii resident" is preferred, unless it is clear from the context that the person in question is of Hawaiian descent.  Distinguishing between people who are "Hawaiian" or "Native Hawaiian" versus people who are "Hawaii residents" or "islanders" is also recommended by the ''[[AP Stylebook]]''.<ref>{{cite book | editor1-last= Christian | editor1-first= Darrel | editor2-last= Jacobsen | editor2-first= Sally A. | editor3-last= Minthorn | editor3-first= David | title= [[AP Stylebook|The Associated Press Stylebook and Briefing on Media Law]] | year= 2013 | publisher= Basic Books | location= New York, NY | isbn= 9780465082995 | page= 112}}</ref>

Either the spelling "Hawaii" or "Hawai{{okina}}i" can be appropriate. The US State and the archipelago are usually spelled "Hawaii". The {{lang|haw|{{okina}}okina}} is often used when talking about the ancient culture, the [[Kingdom of Hawaii|Kingdom of Hawai{{okina}}i]], or the [[Hawai{{okina}}i (island)|island of Hawai{{okina}}i]].

==Geography==
A good source for geographic names is the [[Geographic Names Information System]], a resource developed by the [[United States Geological Survey]].<ref>[http://geonames.usgs.gov/pls/gnispublic/ Search] in the [http://geonames.usgs.gov/domestic/index.html Geographic Names Information System (GNIS)]</ref> Many of the island names have the special characters in them, but the major ones are likely to appear in English dictionaries, so both forms are acceptable (for example, Oahu or 
O{{okina}}ahu).
The "Place Names of Hawaii" and "Hawaiian Place Names" databases in {{tlx|Hawaiian Dictionaries}} are also good sources.

===Honolulu===
Honolulu is the largest city and capital of the state of Hawaii, covering the southeastern coast of O{{okina}}ahu.  The [[City and County of Honolulu]] is the governmental entity which covers the entire island of O{{okina}}ahu. There are no separate city or town governments in the entire state.

===Roads===
Generally names are used by local residents for roads instead of numbers. However, state highways and "Interstate" highways are also given numbers. According to [[Wikipedia:Naming conventions (U.S. state and territory highways)|highway naming guidelines]], articles should be given titles of either the name of the road, or "Hawaii Route 19" for example, but just use "Route 19" in the body.

==Census data==
Census Bureau policy in 2000 and earlier did not allow special characters in Hawaiian place names.  Place names for the 2000 census were submitted by state officials in 1998, before the GNIS was updated to include the marks. This restriction was rescinded for the 2010 census. The [[United States Census Bureau]] attempted to have the CDP and GNIS names agree as much as possible for the 2010 census. The Hawaii Board on Geographical Names, under the Department of Business, Economic Development & Tourism, has been working with USGS to use special characters in place names as appropriate.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://planning.hawaii.gov/gis/hbgn/ |title=Hawaii Board on Geographical Names |work=Office of Planning, Department of Business, Economic Development & Tourism web site |publisher=State of Hawaii |accessdate=2013-11-29 }}</ref>

==Biography==
Avoid literal translation from Hawaiian-language sources. For example, improvements could be made to the passage: "He was born, the son of Ali{{okina}}i Ho{{okina}}opu{{okina}}ulani and Ali{{okina}}i Kalanianuiapui." All people are "born", and the use of "he" makes it clear he was a "son" so those words convey no additional information. On the other hand, it would not be clear which parent was his father and which his mother, since they have similar titles. A better wording might be: "He was born in the late 18th century. His father was High Chief Ho{{okina}}opu{{okina}}ulani and his mother was High Chiefess Kalanianuiapui."

===Dates===
{{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers#Strong national ties to a topic}}
Although two styles of dates are allowed by the general [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style (dates and numbers)#Dates|date style guideline]], the "month day, year" style is used almost exclusively within Hawaii, and by most sources (published in the islands or the US mainland). Therefore, the "month day, year" style is preferred in Hawaii-related articles.

===Ancient names===
As stated above, use the {{lang|haw|kahakō}} and {{lang|haw|{{okina}}okina}}. An older style of using hyphens is more popular for pre-historic figures, and may be mentioned for clarification.

===Hawaiian monarchs===
In article titles for Hawaiian monarchs and members of the royal family, use the reign name (and ordinal as appropriate); e.g. [[Kamehameha III]].  
*Do not use Christian names in the article title, nor the pre-reign name. Examples:
**[[Kamehameha II]], not Liholiho.
**[[Kalākaua]], not David Kalākaua.
*Avoid "of Hawaii" in the article title; the names of royalty are mostly unique to Hawai{{okina}}i. Example: [[Kamehameha I]], not Kamehameha I of Hawaii. One exception is [[Queen Emma of Hawaii]].
*Avoid the words "King" "Queen" "Prince" etc. in the title, since that can change through a person's life.
*Refer to other given names in the article lead and body.
Use redirects as appropriate for alternate names. In the body of the article, refer to the name generally used by the person at the time the event is being discussed, being careful to explain when names change, such as when Prince Lot Kapuāiwa became King [[Kamehameha V]].

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=nb}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{style wide}}
[[Category:Wikipedia style guideline proposals|Hawaii/Manual of Style]]
[[Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (regional)|Hawaii]]