View source for Wiki143:Manual of Style/China- and Chinese-related articles

{{For|the consistent naming of subjects related to China, especially in [[Wikipedia:Article titles|article titles]] |Wikipedia:Naming conventions (Chinese)}}
{{style-guideline|MOS:CHINESE|MOS:ZH|MOS:CHINA}}
These conventions should be followed when making edits involving Chinese-language text, or when editing articles concerning [[China]], [[Taiwan]], [[Hong Kong]], [[Macau]], and other Chinese-speaking areas.

{{style}}

==Lead section==
The lead section should include the article's title in Chinese characters and [[Hanyu Pinyin]], especially if the title is originally from Chinese (such as [[kung fu]] or [[Chongqing]]). Characters and pinyin can be put either in the first sentence or in an infobox. 

===Introductory sentences===
The {{tl|zh}} template may be used to add Chinese to articles' introductory sentences in a consistent manner. The template automatically converts ordinary tone numbers to superscripted ones for the Wade-Giles and [[Sidney Lau romanisation]]s. For example:

{{markup
| <nowiki>'''Zeng Guofan''' ({{zh|s=曾国藩|t=曾國藩|first=t|p=Zēng Guófān|w=Tseng1 Kuo2-fan1}})</nowiki>
| '''Zeng Guofan''' ({{zh|s=曾国藩|t=曾國藩|first=t|p=Zēng Guófān|w=Tseng1 Kuo2-fan1}})
}}

<span class="anchor" id="Simplified and Traditional"></span><span class="anchor" id="Simplified"></span><span class="anchor" id="Traditional"></span>
If there are different simplified and traditional forms, consider including both. Simplified characters should be listed first in articles with strong ties to modern mainland China and Singapore; traditional characters should be listed first in articles with strong ties to modern Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Macau. The {{tl|zh}} template puts simplified characters first by default: use {{para|first|t}} to specify that traditional characters should appear first.

====Name order<span class="anchor" id="Footnote"></span><span class="anchor" id="Hatnote"></span>====
If the title is a [[Chinese personal name]], it may not be obvious which part is the [[family name]] and which is the [[given name]]. Editors can add either a hatnote or a footnote identifying the family name (see {{section link|Template:Family name explanation|Footnotes vs. hatnotes}}). 

To add a footnote, use the {{tl|family name footnote}} after the first bolded instance of a person's name:

{{markup
| <nowiki>'''Mao Zedong'''{{Family name footnote|[[Mao (surname)|Mao]]|lang=Chinese}} (December 26, 1893{{spaced ndash}}September 9, 1976) was a Chinese communist revolutionary...</nowiki>
| '''Mao Zedong'''{{Family name footnote|[[Mao (surname)|Mao]]|lang=Chinese}} (December 26, 1893{{spaced ndash}}September 9, 1976) was a Chinese communist revolutionary...
{{Notelist}}
}}

To add a hatnote, place the {{tl|family name hatnote}} at the top of the article:

{{Clear}}
{{markup
| <nowiki>{{family name hatnote|[[Mao (surname)|Mao]]|lang=Chinese}} '''Mao Zedong''' (December 26, 1893{{spaced ndash}}September 9, 1976) was a Chinese communist revolutionary...</nowiki>
| {{Family name hatnote|[[Mao (surname)|Mao]]|lang=Chinese}}
'''Mao Zedong''' (December 26, 1893{{spaced ndash}}September 9, 1976) was a Chinese communist revolutionary...
}}

===Infoboxes===
{{Infobox Chinese
|title=[[Wang Wei (Tang dynasty)|Wang Wei]] (example)
|c={{linktext|lang=zh|王维}}
|p=Wáng Wéi
|w=Wang<sup>2</sup> Wei<sup>2</sup>
|mi={{IPAc-cmn|wang|2|-|wei|2}}
|j=Wong4 Wai4
|y=Wòhng Wàih
|ci={{IPAc-yue|w|ong|4|-|w|ai|4}}
|tl=Ông Uî
|mc={{IPA|ɦuang jwi}}
}}
Where there is more than one parameter in use in a given article, an {{tl|Infobox Chinese}} template can be used instead of {{tl|zh}}. This removes the characters, romanization and pronunciations from the opening sentence, thus making it more readable while keeping it accessible to readers; see {{tl|Infobox Chinese/doc}} for how to use it. In general, both simplified and traditional characters should be displayed in {{tl|Infobox Chinese}}; however, case-by-case consensus can determine exceptions to the rule.

Chinese can be used in other infoboxes. Some such as {{tl|Infobox settlement}} have {{para|native_name}} and {{para|native_name_lang}} which can be used for Chinese. In others Chinese text can be added to the {{para|name}} field, separated from the English by a <nowiki><br /></nowiki> to put it on a new line. In this way English-language infoboxes can be used for Chinese topics; for instance, {{tl|Infobox royalty}} should be used for Chinese emperors.{{discuss}}

==Chinese-language text<span class="anchor" id="Chinese language"></span>==
===Characters===
{{See also|MOS:NOTLATIN}}
{{shortcut|WP:SINOGRAMS|WP:CHINESECHARACTERS|WP:NOCHINESEITALICS|WP:HANZI}}
Avoid displaying Chinese characters in ''italics'' or '''bold''', as they are already distinctive enough, and the formatting makes them less legible: {{lang|zh|国 <i>国</i> <b>国 <i>国</i></b>}}. The templates {{tl|nobold}}, {{tl|noitalic}}, and {{tl|normal}} can be used to remove this formatting in places where it is the default, such as within infoboxes.

It is often helpful to include the original characters for Chinese-language names, terms, or phrases upon their initial mention in an article. There are many distinct Chinese words and names with similar or identical romanisations, and translations of Chinese terms into English may be inexact or easily conflated without additional context. Including the characters is often helpful for disambiguation in these cases. Appropriate romanisations should be usually be given for any characters that are included.

Nonetheless, non-English text should interrupt the flow of reading as little as possible. Put characters and romanisations in parentheses, as if they were interjections detached from the sentence. As an exercise, read the sentence out loud while skipping everything inside the parentheses. If the sentence can be successfully read without confusion or interruption while remaining grammatical, then it is likely to be formatted acceptably. When tagging Chinese-language text using the {{tl|zh}} template, use {{para|labels|no}} to prevent labels from being shown, or use the shorter {{tl|zhi}} alias. For example:

:{{!xt|{{n}} His name was {{zhi|c=刘仁静}} (Liu Renjing).}}
:{{xt|{{y}} His name was Liu Renjing ({{zhi|c=刘仁静}}).}}
{{shortcut|WP:NOCHARACTERS}}
For ease of reading and to reduce redundancy, characters should generally {{em|not}} be included for names or terms that have their own articles. Readers who wish to see the native representation should be able to find it on the linked article.

:{{!xt|{{n}} [[Liu Bang]] ({{lang|zh|刘邦}}), along with King ...}}
:{{xt|{{y}} [[Liu Bang]], along with King ...}}

However, as articles should stand on their own, characters for terms {{em|should}} be included if their native representation is itself key to the subject of the article or their absence leaves other statements in the article unexplained:

:{{!xt|{{n}} Local nobility often had the surname [[Ji (Zhou dynasty ancestral surname)|Ji]], indicating descent from the Zhou royal family.}}
:{{xt|{{y}} Local nobility often had the surname [[Ji (Zhou dynasty ancestral surname)|Ji]] ({{lang|zh|姬}}), indicating descent from the Zhou royal family.}}

===Romanisation===
{{Shortcut|WP:PINYIN|MOS:PINYIN}}
English Wikipedia uses [[Hanyu Pinyin]] without tone marks as the default method of [[Romanisation of Chinese|romanising]] Chinese characters. Romanisations should be italicised to differentiate them from English-language text, unless the term has been assimilated into English. Pinyin should be [[Pinyin#Words, capitalization, initialisms and punctuation|spaced according to words, not characters]]. Where a source uses a romanisation that must be converted to pinyin, consider also providing the spelling used in the source to make verification easier for other users.

Exceptions arise where non-pinyin spellings are used by a clear majority of [[WP:reliable sources|reliable sources]]. For example, the name of the longest river in China is most commonly rendered as {{xt|Yangtze}} in English, though a minority of sources render it as {{xtn|Yangzi}}. This often occurs in personal names:

:{{xt|Sun Yat-sen}} ({{zhi|孫逸仙}}), not {{!xt|Sun Yixian}}.
:{{xt|Shiing-shen Chern}} or {{xt|S. S. Chern}} ({{zhi|陈省身}}), not {{!xt|Chen Xingshen}}.
:{{xt|Chen-ning Yang}} or {{xt|C. N. Yang}} ({{zhi|杨振宁}}), not {{!xt|Yang Zhenning}}.

Other examples would be places or things relating to non-Mandarin-speaking regions of China including, but not limited to, articles on Hong Kong and Xinjiang subjects. Hanyu Pinyin–derived romanizations in Taiwan rarely use the syllable-dividing apostrophe ({{linktext|lang=zh|隔音符號}}): e.g. [[Daan District, Taipei]], not {{!xt|Da'an District}}. [[Tongyong Pinyin]] is used for some Taiwanese place names, e.g. [[Cijin District]], Kaohsiung.

Where a non-pinyin romanisation has been used, other romanisations within the article should still use pinyin by default. For example, Tsingtao Brewery is a trademark using a non-pinyin romanisation, but [[Tsingtao Brewery]] uses the pinyin spelling when mentioning the city of Qingdao itself:

:{{xt|{{y}} Tsingtao Brewery Co., Ltd. is located in Qingdao, Shandong.}}
:{{!xt|{{n}} Tsingtao Brewery Co., Ltd. is located in Tsingtao, Shan-tung.}}

[[Full-width forms]] of Roman letters (Ａ-Ｚ, ａ-ｚ), Arabic numerals (０-９) and certain punctuation (＂＃＄％＆＇＋／＠＼＾＿｀￠￥￦＝｜￤) and spaces (　) should not be used; ASCII equivalents should be used instead, even when mixed with CJK characters. Quote marks can be changed to 「」 in Chinese text if needed for visual clarity.{{discuss}}

====Titles of works====
When the [[WP:BESTSOURCES|best available sources]] are consistent in capitalizing the pinyin romanisation, Wikipedia should also render such titles of works in [[MOS:TITLECAPS|title case]]. When reliable sources are inconsistent or most often lowercase, the romanised title should be rendered in sentence case.{{efn|name=PinyinWorkTitles|1=See [[Special:PermanentLink/1140321829#Capitalization of romanized titles|this December 2022 discussion]] for the most recent consensus rendered on this matter.}} For example, write {{xt|''[[Xinxiu bencao]]''}}, not {{!xt|''Xinxiu Bencao''}}.

===Tones===
The Chinese language has [[Standard Chinese phonology#Tones|tone]]s that are transcribed in different ways depending on the romanisation system. Tone marks should only appear within templates, parentheticals, or [[Help:Infobox|infoboxes]]; for example, the introductory sentence for [[Gu Yanwu]] could read:

: {{xt|{{y}} '''Gu Yanwu''' ({{zh|t=顧炎武|p=Gù Yánwǔ}}) was a Chinese philologist ...}}

Romanised terms used in running text should omit tone marks:
: {{xt|{{y}} A bronze {{tlit|zh|ding}} was recovered from the tomb.}}
: {{!xt|{{n}} A bronze {{tlit|zh|dǐng}} was recovered from the tomb.}}

In pinyin, tones are indicated with diacritics placed above vowels for each syllable. If a syllable contains more than one vowel, the diacritic is added to the vowel that comes first in the sequence '''a o e i u ü'''. The only exception is the vowel pair {{angbr|iu}} which takes the tone mark on {{angbr|u}}.
:{{xt|{{tlit|zh|Bái}}}}, not {{!xt|{{tlit|zh|Baí}}}}
:{{xt|{{tlit|zh|Xià}}}}, not {{!xt|{{tlit|zh|Xìa}}}}
:{{xt|{{tlit|zh|Suí}}}}, not {{!xt|{{tlit|zh|Súi}}}}
:{{xt|{{tlit|zh|Jiǔ}}}}, not {{!xt|{{tlit|zh|Jǐu}}}}

Diacritical characters can be input using the clickable characters under the edit box. Additionally, the {{tl|pinyin}} template can convert tone numbers to diacritics.

{|class="wikitable static-row-numbers" style="text-align:center" 
|+ Tone marks in pinyin
! scope="col" | Tone !! scope="col" | Diacritic !! scope="col" | Letters{{efn|Words in pinyin may not start with {{angbr|I}}, {{angbr|U}}, or {{angbr|Ü}}.}}
|-
! scope="row" | 1
| [[Macron (diacritic)|Macron]] || {{huge|ā ē ī ō ū ǖ Ā Ē Ō}}
|-
! scope="row" | 2
| [[Acute accent]] || {{huge|á é í ó ú ǘ Á É Ó}}
|-
! scope="row" | 3
| [[Caron]]{{efn|Not a [[breve]].}} || {{huge|ǎ ě ǐ ǒ ǔ ǚ Ǎ Ě Ǒ}}
|-
! scope="row" | 4
| [[Grave accent]] || {{huge|à è ì ò ù ǜ À È Ò}}
|-
! scope="row" | Neutral
| {{n/a|''none''}}{{efn|Do not use numerals ({{!xt|ma5}}) or interpuncts ({{!xt|·ma}}).}} || {{huge|a e i o u ü A E O}}
|}

==Accessibility==
For [[WP:ATLANG|accessibility]] and [[Template:Lang/doc#Rationale|other reasons]], Chinese-language text must be tagged. If another template is not already handling the tagging, {{tl|lang}} and {{tl|transliteration}} may be used to do it.

{{markup
| Ink and wash painting <nowiki>({{lang|zh-Latn-pinyin|shuǐmòhuà}})</nowiki>
| Ink and wash painting ({{lang|zh-Latn-pinyin|shuǐmòhuà}})
}}

===Linking to Wiktionary===
The {{tl|Linktext}} template can be used to link directly to Wiktionary. For example, <code><nowiki>{{zh|c={{linktext|中国}}}}</nowiki></code> produces {{zh|c={{linktext|中国}}}}. Separate characters with a pipe <code>|</code> to link them individually.

===Ruby characters===
[[Ruby characters|Ruby]] annotations place pinyin above the corresponding characters. Modern browsers fully support it: see [https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/ruby#browser_compatibility the compatibility table] at the [[MDN Web Docs]]. However, ruby is not used for body text on Wikipedia, as it would display at too small a size. It may be used in other situations:

{{blockquote|<poem>{{ruby-zh-p|北方|Běifāng}} {{ruby-zh-p|有|yǒu}} {{ruby-zh-p|佳人|jiārén}}，{{ruby-zh-p|絕世|juéshì}} {{ruby-zh-p|而|ér}} {{ruby-zh-p|獨立|dúlì}}。
{{ruby-zh-p|一|Yī}} {{ruby-zh-p|顧|gù}} {{ruby-zh-p|傾|qīng}} {{ruby-zh-p|人|rén}} {{ruby-zh-p|城|chéng}}，{{ruby-zh-p|再|zài}} {{ruby-zh-p|顧|gù}} {{ruby-zh-p|傾|qīng}} {{ruby-zh-p|人|rén}} {{ruby-zh-p|國|guó}}。
{{ruby-zh-p|寧|Nìng}} {{ruby-zh-p|不|bù}} {{ruby-zh-p|知|zhī}} {{ruby-zh-p|傾|qīng}} {{ruby-zh-p|城|chéng}} {{ruby-zh-p|與|yǔ}} {{ruby-zh-p|傾|qīng}} {{ruby-zh-p|國|guó}}。
{{ruby-zh-p|佳人|Jiārén}} {{ruby-zh-p|難|nán}} {{ruby-zh-p|再|zài}} {{ruby-zh-p|得|dé}}。

In the North there is a lady, stunning and singular.
One look confounds a city; a touch dooms an empire.
Rather not wishing to know, the ruination that may follow,
rare beauty is here and now.
</poem>}}

The markup is as follows:

{{markup
| <nowiki>{{ruby-zh-p|梦|mèng}}</nowiki>
| {{ruby-zh-p|梦|mèng}}
}}

== Appropriate nomenclature ==
{{anchor|Naming}}
===Modern polities===
{{anchor|Modern Chinese polities}}
{{policy shortcut|MOS:NC-CN|WP:NC-CN}}
While perfect consistency across articles is not required on Wikipedia, it is important to be aware of site policies and existing consensus. Where "China" or the "People's Republic of China" is used, it should not be changed arbitrarily. In many contexts, the terms are interchangeable: if {{xt|China}} and {{xt|People's Republic of China}} both seem appropriate, editors should use their own discretion.{{discuss}}

According to longstanding consensus, {{xt|Taiwan}} is the [[WP:common name|common name]] for the contemporary state officially called the Republic of China. To avoid confusion with the People's Republic of China, Taiwan should generally only be referred to as {{xtn|the Republic of China}} when discussing the state as it existed prior to 1949, or in the context of specific proper names, such as the [[Constitution of the Republic of China]]. {{xt|Taiwanese}} is usually acceptable as a demonym for people from Taiwan.

Non-neutral terms such as {{!xt|Free China}} and {{!xt|Red China}} should not be used in Wikipedia's own voice.

{| style="border: 1px solid
!valign=top |[[China]]
!valign=top |[[People's Republic of China]]
!valign=top |[[mainland China]]
|-
|valign=top|
* In many cases "China" can be used to refer to the modern state officially known as the "People's Republic of China".
* Generally, places and things located in territory controlled by the People's Republic of China should be stated to be in "China": for example, {{xt|Zhongguancun has become a major centre of electronics in China}}, or {{xt|... a novelist from Chengdu, China}}.
|valign=top|
* When discussing history or politics, it may be necessary to write "People's Republic of China"—either in full or subsequently abbreviated as "PRC"—to avoid possibly conflating it with the Republic of China (ROC). For example: {{xt|the PRC replaced the Republic of China as China's UN representative in in 1971}}, or {{xt|The PRC was established in 1949}}, or {{xt|The People's Republic of China objected to the Vatican inviting ROC diplomats to represent 'China' at the pope's funeral.}}
* When mentioning official documents, institutions, or positions, it may be appropriate to write "People's Republic of China" in full: for example, {{xt|The Constitution of the People's Republic of China..."}}. However, subsequent mentions may use the demonym "Chinese", e.g. {{xt|Chinese premier Wen Jiabao}}.
* In other situations where there may plausibly be ambiguity, use the more specific "People's Republic of China".
|valign=top|
* The term "mainland China" refers to the People's Republic of China, usually excluding Hong Kong and Macau. Due to potential ambiguity, it should only be used when a distinction with Hong Kong, Macau, or Taiwan is required, and a construction such as "China, except Hong Kong" is unworkable. For example: {{xt|Lo Wu is the most heavily trafficked border crossing between Hong Kong and mainland China}}, or {{xt|Due to the relocation of many industries to mainland China, the unemployment rate in Taiwan reached its highest level since the 1973 oil crisis.}}
|}

===Language===
The [[Chinese language]] comprises hundreds of mutually unintelligible [[variety of Chinese|varieties]], or "lects". It is often viewed both as a single language with many dialects, and as a large [[language family]], depending on context. When used informally, or when describing a specific, mutually-intelligible spoken language, the term "Chinese language" typically refers to [[Standard Chinese]], or Modern Standard Chinese (MSC), a standardized variety originally based on the dialect of [[Mandarin Chinese]] spoken in Beijing. When used to describe a written language, "Chinese" usually refers to the form of [[written vernacular Chinese]] corresponding to spoken Standard Chinese, as contrasted with forms such as [[written Cantonese]].

Often, "Chinese" is adequate: it is unnecessary, and often confusing, to call Standard Chinese "Mandarin", as Mandarin is a large language family in itself. The standardized form should be referred to as "Standard Chinese" when being contrasted with other Chinese varieties, such as [[Shanghainese]] or [[Cantonese]].

===Ethnicity===
When identifying people by their ethnicity in China-related articles, refer to [[Han Chinese]] people specifically as such, rather than as just "Chinese", especially when contrasting Han Chinese to other [[ethnic groups in China]]. In English, "Chinese" also describes the Chinese nationality, so care is warranted to avoid conflating the two concepts, including accidentally implying that ethnic minorities are not true Chinese nationals.

Unless the nationality of the groups in question clearly differ, use parallel terms within phrases to clarify their meaning: for example, use {{xt|Han Chinese}} when you use {{xt|Zhuang Chinese}}, {{xt|Han people}} when you use {{xt|Zhuang people}}, or simply {{xt|Han}} when you use {{xt|Zhuang}}. This avoids the confusion that may arise when a phrase uses {{!xt|Han Chinese}} alongside {{!xt|Zhuang people}}, for example.

Some find an explicit or implicit dichotomy between "Chinese" and "Taiwanese" people to be objectionable. A dichotomy between {{xt|mainland Chinese}} and {{xt|Taiwanese}} people is more politically neutral, depending on context. The term {{!xt|mainlander}} poses issues: it is often ambiguous whether it refers to a resident of mainland China, or to a [[waishengren|resident of Taiwan who had originally arrived from the mainland]] along with the KMT in 1949. When referring to the latter group, {{!xt|mainlander}} is mildly objectionable in English, but its literal translation is highly offensive in Chinese. To unambiguously refer to these two groups, prefer {{xt|mainland Chinese}} for the former, and {{xt|''waishengren'' ({{zhi|c=外省人}})}} for the latter.

===Maps===
On most maps, Taiwan should not be indicated as being part of the People's Republic of China. ([[Talk:2019–20 Wuhan coronavirus outbreak/Archive 8#RfC on map of infected cases|discussion]])
<!---->
On maps specifically about the PRC, Taiwan may be included if a distinction with the mainland is made reflecting [[Political status of Taiwan|its status]]. For the convention on colouring Taiwan and other disputed areas, see [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Maps/Conventions/Orthographic maps]].
<!---->

==Citation style==
{{anchor|Citations}}
In accordance with the English Wikipedia Manual of Style, a list of works cited in the article should be included in an article's "References" section.  Editors are strongly encouraged to use the appropriate {{cs1}} or {{cs2}} template when listing works. The following examples use Citation Style 1:

{{markup
| <nowiki>{{Cite book |last=Doe |first=John |date=1950 |title=A Book About Sinology |location=New York |publisher=National University Press}}</nowiki>
| {{Cite book |last=Doe |first=John |date=1950 |title=A Book About Sinology |location=New York |publisher=National University Press}}
}}

If an author is Chinese, their name should use the common form used in English-language publications; if no common name exists, the name should be rendered in pinyin without tone marks. Access to the characters for Chinese or Japanese names is helpful. As elsewhere, it is preferable to link to the author's article (which can be done with the {{para|author-link}} parameter) and omit characters from the citation:

{{markup
| <nowiki>{{Cite book |last=Lu |first=Xun |author-link=Lu Xun |translator-last=Leung |translator-first=George |date=1926 |title=The True Story of Ah Q |location=Shanghai |publisher=Commercial Press}}</nowiki>
| {{Cite book |last=Lu |first=Xun |author-link=Lu Xun |translator-last=Leung |translator-first=George |date=1926 |title=The True Story of Ah Q |location=Shanghai |publisher=Commercial Press}}}}

If the author has no article, characters for their name can be included using the {{para|author-mask}} parameter:

{{markup
| <nowiki>{{Cite book |last=Li |first=Si |author1-mask=Li Si (李四) |date=1990 |title=Yet Another Book About Sinology |location=London |publisher=British Publishing}}</nowiki>
| {{Cite book |last=Li |first=Si |author1-mask=Li Si (李四) |date=1990 |title=Yet Another Book About Sinology |location=London |publisher=British Publishing}}
}}

For Chinese-language works, the language should be indicated with the {{para|language|zh}} parameter. The characters of the title can be included using the {{para|script-title}} parameter, which should begin with {{code|zh}} followed by a colon, and then the characters of the title—e.g., {{para|script-title|zh:汉语方言槪要}}. English translations of titles should be placed in brackets or parentheses after the native title, which can be done using the {{para|trans-title}} parameter. For publishing houses without a common name in English, their names are transliterated without tone marks, but not translated. An English translation of the title can be included with {{para|trans-title}}. For example:

{{markup
| <nowiki>{{Cite book |last=Yuan |first=Jiahua |author-link=Yuan Jiahua |title=Hànyǔ fāngyán gàiyào |script-title=zh:汉语方言槪要 |trans-title=Outline of Chinese Dialects |location=Beijing |publisher=Wenzi gaige chubanshe |date=1983 |language=zh}}</nowiki>
| {{Cite book |last=Yuan |first=Jiahua |author-link=Yuan Jiahua |title=Hànyǔ fāngyán gàiyào |script-title=zh:汉语方言槪要 |trans-title=Outline of Chinese Dialects |location=Beijing |publisher=Wenzi gaige chubanshe |date=1983 |language=zh}}
}}

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{-}}
{{Style wide}}

[[Category:Wikipedia romanization systems|China-related articles]]
[[Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (regional)|China-related articles]]
[[Category:China Wikipedia administration|manual of style]]