View source for What the Rose did to the Cypress

{{Short description|Persian fairy tale}}
{{about|the fairy tale|the Indian television series|Gul Sanobar}}
'''What the Rose did to the Cypress''' is a Persian [[fairy tale]].  [[Andrew Lang]] included it in ''[[The Brown Fairy Book]]'' (1904),<ref>Lang, Andrew. ''The Brown Fairy Book''. London; New York: Longmans, Greenpp. 1904. pp. 1-47.</ref> with the note "Translated from two Persian MSS. in the possession of the British Museum and the India Office, and adapted, with some reservations, by Annette S. Beveridge."

==Alternate names==
The story is alternatively named ''Rose and Cypress'', ''Gul o Sanaubar'',<ref>{{cite journal |last=Malone |first=Kemp |title=Rose and Cypress |journal=PMLA |volume=43 |issue=2 |date=1928 |pages=397–446 |doi=10.2307/457631|jstor=457631 }}</ref> ''Qissa Gul-o-Sanaubar'' or ''What the Rose did to the Pine''.<ref>Temple, Captain R. C. "[https://archive.org/details/folklorejournal04folkuoft/page/276/mode/2up Bibliography of Folk-Lore: Vernacular publications in the Panjab]". In: ''The Folk-Lore Journal'' Volume 4. London: Folk-Lore Society. 1886. pp. 276-277.</ref> Author [[Garcin de Tassy]] translated it to [[French language]] as ''Rose & Cyprès'',<ref>Garcin de Tassy, Joseph Héliodore. ''[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6246754m/f431.item.r=rose.texteImage Allégories, récits poétiques et chants populaires (2e éd.), traduits de l'arabe, du persan, de l'hindoustani et du turc par M. Garcin de Tassy]''. Paris: Leroux. 1876. pp. 423-480.</ref> and [[Felix Liebrecht]] to German, under the name ''Rose und Cypresse''.<ref>Benfey, Theodor. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=uPtNAAAAcAAJ&dq=Orient+und+Occident%2C+insbesondere+in+ihren+gegenseitigen&pg=PP6 Orient und Occident, insbesondere in ihren gegenseitigen Beziehungen]''. Zweiter Band. Göttingen: Verlag der Dieterichschen Buchhandlung, 1864. pp. 91-97.</ref>

== Origins and interpretation ==
Professor {{ill|Mahomed-Nuri Osmanovich Osmanov|ru|Османов, Магомед-Нури Османович}} translated the word "Gul" as 'rose, flower', and "Sanaubar" as 'cypress'.<ref>Персидские народные сказки. Сост. М.-Н. О. Османов, предисл. Д. С. Комиссарова. М., Главная редакция восточной литературы издательства «Наука», 1987. p. 105 (footnote nr. 1).</ref>

The tale is described as having "[[Hindustan]]i" origin,<ref>[[Angelo de Gubernatis|Gubernatis, Angelo de]]. ''La mythologie des plantes; ou, Les légendes du règne végétal''. Tome Second. Paris, C. Reinwald. 1878. p. 318.</ref> and scholar Christine Goldberg, in her book ''Turandot's Sisters'', indicated that it belongs to a literary tradition that migrated to Europe in the Middle Ages.<ref name=cg>{{cite book |first=Christine |last=Goldberg |title=Turandot's Sisters: A Study of the Folktale AT 851 |series=Garland Folklore Library |volume=7 |location=New York |publisher=Garland |date=1993 |pages=27–28, 92}}</ref> The story is also said to be famous in Iran.<ref>{{cite book |author-link=Farrokh Ghaffari |first=Farrokh |last=Gaffary |chapter=Iranien (folklore) |title=Dictionnaire universel des litteratures |volume=2: G-O |location=Paris |publisher=[[Presses universitaires de France]] |date=1994 |page=1703 |lang=FR |quote=Parmi les contes les plus célèbres [de Iran], citons: ... «La Rose et le Sapin» (Gol va senowbar), ... |trans-quote=Among the most famous tales of Iran, we cite: ... "The Rose and the Cypress" (Gol va senowbar) ... }}</ref>

==Synopsis==
A king had [[Rule of three (writing)|three sons]]. The oldest went hunting and chased a deer, giving orders that it should be captured rather than killed. It led him to a sandy waste where his horse died.  He found a tree with a spring beneath it and drank. A [[fakir|faqir]] asked him what he did there. He told him his story and asked the faqir's,  repeating when the faqir put him off, until the faqir told him he had been a king, and his seven sons had all tried to win a princess whose hand could only be won by answering the riddle, "What did the rose do to the cypress?" and died for their failure.  His grief sent him into the desert.

This inspired the son with a love for the same princess. His attendants found him and brought him back, but he grew ill for love, and his confidants found this out and revealed it to the king. The king made arrangements for him to go.  At the city, the princess's father tried to dissuade him. He was asked, failed, and was executed. His second brother followed and likewise died.

Finally the [[Youngest son|third]] went, but having reached the city, he saw his brothers' heads and went to a nearby village, where he took shelter with an ancient, childless couple. Disguising himself, he searched the city for the secret, and found he could get into the princess's garden by a stream. There he hid, but when the princess sent her maids for water, they saw his reflection and were terrified. The princess had her nurse bring him to her. He answered her questions at random, convincing her that he was mad, but his beauty made her protect him as her own. Dil-aram, who had seen him first, grew fond of him and begged him to tell her what he was about; finally, he was convinced she was in love with him, told her his story, and promised to marry her and keep her among his favorites. She could not answer the riddle, but knew that a certain African from Waq of the Caucasus had told the princess it.

The prince set out to Waq of the Caucasus. An old man advised him on how to arrive there, despite the [[Genie|jinn]]s, demons, and [[peri]]s. He should take this road until it split, then take the middle road for a day and a night, where he would find a pillar. He should do what was written on the pillar. He found a warning where the roads split, against the middle road, but took it and came to a garden. He had to pass a giant man to reach it, and a woman there tried to persuade him from his way. When she failed, she [[Shapeshifting|enchanted]] him into a [[Deer in mythology|deer]].

As a deer, he came to lead a band of deer. He tried to jump from the enchanted garden but found that it would bring him back where he had jumped from. The ninth time, however, the other deer vanished. A beautiful woman there took him as a pet. He wept, and the woman realized he had been enchanted by her sister. She turned him back, gave him a bow and arrows, a sword, and a dagger, that had all belonged to heroes, and told him that he must seek out the home of the [[Simurgh]], but she could not direct him to it.

He obeyed her directions about the Place of Gifts, where wild animals lived, and a lion-king gave him some hairs, saying he must burn them for aid. He disobeyed her directions to avoid the castle of clashing swords, because whatever was fated to happen to him would happen, and fought the people there. With the lion's aid, he defeated them, rescuing a princess, and gave it all into the lion's care until he was done with his quest.

He found the Simurgh's nest, where only the young ones were, and killed a [[dragon]] there; then he fed the hungry young birds on it, and they slept, being full. When their parents returned, the lack of noise convinced them that the prince had killed and eaten their young, but the mother bird insisted on checking to discover the truth, and the young ones woke. The Simurgh carried him to Waq, and gave him three feathers, any of which would summon him.

At Waq, he learned that only the king knew the riddle and went to court.  He gave the king a diamond and said it was his last treasure. The king wished to please him, but the prince wanted only the answer to the riddle. When he asked, the king said he would have killed anyone else, but when the king went on asking what the prince wanted, the prince refused to ask for anything.  Finally, the king told him that he could have what he wanted, if he consented to die afterward. He was the cypress, and his wife, whom he had brought before them in chains and rags, was the rose. He had once rescued [[peri]]s and restored their sight, and in return, they had arranged for his marriage to a peri princess. She had betrayed him, riding off every night to a man who beat her. The king had killed him and his fellows, except the one who escaped to tell the princess with the riddle.  He then told the prince to prepare for execution.  The prince asked only for a final washing, but when washing, he summoned the Simurgh, and it carried him off.

He returned.  On the way, he married the princess from the castle of clashing swords, and the woman who had disenchanted him.  At the city, he demanded the African whom the princess hid beneath her throne to confirm the truth of his words.  He told the story, and the king having found the African, he confirmed it.  Instead of marrying the princess, he took her captive, had the head decently buried, and sent for Dil-aram.

At home, the prince had the African torn apart between four horses.  The princess begged for mercy; those who had died had been fated to die, and it was her fate to be his.  He forgave her, married her and Dil-aram, and lived happily with his four wives.

==Variants==
Orientalist Garcin de Tassy himself noted, in an 1868 publication, that he knew at least six translations of the story:<ref>Garcin de Tassy, Joseph Héliodore. ''Les Auteurs hindoustanis et leurs ouvrages''. Paris: Ernest Thorin. 1868. pp. 91-92.</ref> one from a man named "Nem Chand"<ref>Garcin de Tassy, Joseph-Héliodore. ''Histoire de la littérature hindoui et hindoustani''. Tome I: Biographie et Bibliographie. Paris: Printed under the auspices of the Oriental Translation. 1839. pp. 389-390. [https://archive.org/details/b29330439_0001/page/388/mode/2up?q=sanaubar]</ref> or "Prem Chand",<ref>Temple, R. C. "Bibliography of Folk-Lore. Vernacular Publications in the Panjab." The Folk-Lore Journal 4, no. 4 (1886): 273-307. www.jstor.org/stable/1252855.</ref> which he translated in 1860, in ''Revue orientale et américaine'';<ref>Garcin de Tassy, Joseph Héliodore. "Gul-O-Sanaubar, Rose et cyprès, conte traduit de l'Indoustani". In: ''Revue orientale et américaine''. Quatriême Année, N° 38-39. Paris: Editorial: P., Société d'Ethnographie. 1861. pp. 69-130.[https://www.iberlibro.com/Gul-O-Sanaubar-Rose-cypr%C3%A8s-conte-traduit-lIndoustani/13552496964/bd]</ref> another supposedly translated from [[Persian language|Persian]]; at least two versions penned by escrivener Ahmad Ali.<ref>Garcin de Tassy, Joseph-Héliodore. ''Histoire de la littérature hindoui et hindoustani''. Tome I: Biographie et Bibliographie. Paris: Printed under the auspices of the Oriental Translation. 1839. pp. 43-44. [https://archive.org/details/b29330439_0001/page/42/mode/2up?q=sanaubar]</ref>

Variants also exist in Armenia,<ref name=cg/> Turkestan and one was collected by Haxthausen.<ref>{{cite book |title=Mélanges de philologie et de littérature romanes |first=Félix |last=Lecoy |publisher=Librairie Droz |date=1988 |page=514 |lang=FR}}</ref>

Scholars {{ill|Ulrich Marzolph|de|Ulrich Marzolph}} and Richard van Leewen point that the Persian tale is parallel to the story ''The Splendid Tale of Prince Diamond'',<ref>Marzolph, Ulrich; van Leewen, Richard. The Arabian Nights Encyclopedia. Vol. I. California: ABC-Clio. 2004. pp. 170-171. {{ISBN|1-85109-640-X}} (e-book)</ref> and ''The Tender Tale of Prince Yasamîn and Princess Almond'', both present in ''[[The Arabian Nights]]''.<ref>Marzolph, Ulrich; van Leewen, Richard. The Arabian Nights Encyclopedia. Vol. I. California: ABC-Clio. 2004. pp. 456-457. {{ISBN|1-85109-640-X}} (e-book)</ref>

Linguist {{ill|Adolf Dirr|de|Adolf Dirr}} published a [[Caucasus|Caucasian]] variant titled ''Von Balai und von Boti''.<ref>Dirr, Adolf. ''Kaukasische märchen''. Jena: Verlegt bei Eugen Diederichs. 1920. pp. 71-80.</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lecoy |first=Félix |title=Un épisode du Protheselaus et le conte du mari trompé |journal=Romania |volume=76 |issue=304 |date=1955 |pages=504-505 (footnote nr. 1) |doi=10.3406/roma.1955.3478 |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/roma_0035-8029_1955_num_76_304_3478}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Mélanges de philologie et de littérature romanes |first=Félix |last=Lecoy |publisher=Librairie Droz |date=1988 |page=514 |lang=FR}}</ref>

In a [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]]n variant, ''Gulambara and Sulambara'', after a prince is banished by his father and meets a mysterious yet helpful boy in his wanderings, both reach a city. One day, the prince goes out and sees a tower with a row of spiked heads nearby. The prince asks the meaning of a gruesome sight: the princess asks any potential suitor a riddle, "Who are Gulambara and Sulambara?". The prince knows Gulambara and Sulambara are names of flowers, but he is given a chance to answer correctly.<ref>Wardrop, Marjory Scott. ''Georgian folk tales''. London: D. Nutt. 1894. pp. 42-49.</ref>

==Analysis==
The tale of a princess who challenges her suitors with deadly riddles is similar to the story of ''[[Turandot]]''. As such, it belongs in a series of folktales involving riddles.<ref>Goldberg, Christine. ''Turandot's Sisters: A Study of the Folktale AT 851''. Garland Folklore Library, 7. New York and London: Routledge 2019. [New York: Garland, 1993]. pp. 27–28.</ref>

The heroic prince helping the mythical creature and it repaying the favour is a motif that echoes the Roman [[fable]] of [[Androcles|Androcles and the Lion]].<ref>Brodeur, Arthur Gilchrist. "The Grateful Lion." PMLA 39, no. 3 (1924): 485-524. doi:10.2307/457117.</ref>

[[Angelo de Gubernatis]] analysed the motif of the rose and the cypress of the story, postulating that the cypress is a phallic symbol or representative of the male prince, and the rose the symbol of the female beloved.<ref>Gubernatis, Angelo de. ''La mythologie des plantes; ou, Les légendes du règne végétal''. Tome Second. Paris, C. Reinwald. 1878. pp. 115-121 and 317-319.</ref>

==Adaptations==
A number of films have been made in India based on the fable. These include: ''Gul Sanobar'' (1928) silent film by [[Homi Master]], ''Gul Sanobar'' (1934) remade in sound by Homi Master, ''Gul Sanobar'' (1953) by Aspi Irani.

''[[Gul Sanobar]]'', an Indian television series based on the legend was aired by the national public broadcaster [[Doordarshan]] on [[DD National]] in the early 2000s.

==See also==
* [[Turandot]]
* [[Riddle-tales (ancient and medieval)|Riddle tales]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* Goldberg, Christine. ''Turandot's Sisters: A Study of the Folktale AT 851''. Garland Folklore Library, 7. New York and London: Routledge 2019. [New York: Garland, 1993].
* Krappe, A. Haggerty. "Arthur and Gorlagon." Speculum 8, no. 2 (1933): 209-22. doi:10.2307/2846751.
* Lecoy, Félix. "Un épisode du Protheselaus et le conte du mari trompé". In: ''Romania'', tome 76 n°304, 1955. pp.&nbsp;477–518. [DOI: https://doi.org/10.3406/roma.1955.3478] www.persee.fr/doc/roma_0035-8029_1955_num_76_304_3478
* Perrin, J.-M. "L'afghon, dialecte indo-aryen parlé au Turkestan (à propos d'un livre récent de I. M. Oranski)". In: ''Bulletin de l'École Française d'Extrême-Orient''. Tome 52 N°1, 1964. pp.&nbsp;173–181. [DOI: https://doi.org/10.3406/befeo.1964.1594] www.persee.fr/doc/befeo_0336-1519_1964_num_52_1_1594
* Pierer's Universal-Lexikon, Band 8. Altenburg. 1859. pp.&nbsp;387–391

==Further reading==
* Scheub, Harold. ''Shadows: Deeper into Story''. Parallel Press/University of Wisconsin-Madison Libraries. 2009. pp.&nbsp;165–170.{{ISBN|978-1-893311-86-2}}

==External links==
*[http://www.mythfolklore.net/andrewlang/288.htm ''What the Rose did to the Cypress'']

[[Category:Persian fairy tales]]
[[Category:Riddles]]
[[Category:Traditional stories]]
[[Category:Female characters in fairy tales]]
[[Category:Legendary birds]]
[[Category:Persian legendary creatures]]
[[Category:Indian fairy tales]]
[[Category:Indian folklore]]
[[Category:Indian legends]]