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'''WebCT''' (Course Tools) or '''Blackboard Learning System''',<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.blackboard.com/ |title = Educational Technology Services {{!}} Blackboard {{!}} North America}}</ref> now owned by [[Blackboard Inc.|Blackboard]], is an [[online]] [[Proprietary software|proprietary]] [[virtual learning environment]] system that is licensed to colleges and other institutions and used in many [[campus]]es for [[e-learning]].  To their WebCT courses, instructors can add such tools as discussion boards, mail systems, and live chat, along with content including documents and web pages. The latest versions of this software are now called Webcourses. WebCT is significant in that it was the world's first widely successful course management system for higher education. At its height, it was in use by over 10 million students in 80 countries.<ref name=goldberg/>

==Background==
WebCT was originally developed at the [[University of British Columbia]] by a faculty member in computer science, [[Murray Goldberg]]. Goldberg is also the creator of Silicon Chalk (sold to Wimba<ref>[http://www.redorbit.com/news/technology/224250/horizon_wimba_acquires_silicon_chalk/index.html Horizon Wimba Acquires Silicon Chalk]</ref> [http://www.wimba.com (website)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202090545/http://www.wimba.com/ |date=2020-12-02 }}), Brainify [https://web.archive.org/web/20090204164850/http://brainify.com/ (website)], Marine Learning Systems [https://www.marinels.com/ (website)] (sold to Bleecker Street Group<ref>[https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20231106887635/en/Bleecker-Street-Group-Expands-Maritime-Software-Portfolio-with-Acquisition-of-Marine-Learning-Systems Bleecker Street Group Expands Maritime Software Portfolio with Acquisition of Marine Learning Systems]</ref> [https://www.bleeckerstreetgroup.com/ (website)]), and SkillGrader [https://www.skillgrader.com/ (website)]. In 1995, Goldberg began looking at the application of web-based systems to education.<ref name="goldberg">[https://news.ubc.ca/2004/09/27/archive-media-releases-2004-mr-04-103/ UBC Computer Scientist Wins $100,000 Award for Popular Course Software, University of British Columbia News & Events, September 29, 2004]</ref> His research showed that student satisfaction and academic performance could be improved through the use of a web-based educational resource, or web-based course tools (from which the name WebCT is derived).{Goldberg, M., Salari, S. & Swoboda, P. (1996) ‘World Wide Web – Course Tool: An Environment for Building WWW-Based Courses’ Computer Networks and ISDN Systems, 28:7-11 pp1219-1231} In order to continue his research, he decided to build a system to ease the creation of web-based learning environments. This led to the first version of WebCT in early 1996, first presented at the 5th international World Wide Web conference in Paris during the spring of 1996. WebCT was originally written in Perl. This was a major reason for adoption, as users could easily modify it to their liking. Later it was changed to Java as otherwise the code could be read and not monetized as easily.

In 1997, Goldberg created a company, WebCT Educational Technologies Corporation, a spinoff company of UBC.{{deadlink|date=October 2012}}<ref name=goldberg/> Goldberg grew the company until 1999, at which point it served approximately 2-3 million students in 30 countries. In mid-1999, WebCT was acquired by ULT (Universal Learning Technology),{{deadlink|date=October 2012}}<ref name=goldberg/><ref>[https://archive.today/20120710183128/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0EIN/is_1999_May_17/ai_54643876 Universal Learning Technology Acquires WebCT, Business Wire, May 17, 1999]</ref> a Boston-based company headed by Carol Vallone. Ms. Vallone continued to grow the company to the point where its product was used by over 10 million students in 80 countries.{{deadlink|date=October 2012}}<ref name=goldberg/> Goldberg resigned from his position of Canadian president of WebCT in 2002. In February 2006, WebCT was acquired by rival [[Blackboard Inc.]]<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20170418165057/https://magic.piktochart.com/output/21792118-aolaim-smtp-settings-mail-not-working-troubleshooting-usuk Aol Mail not working]</ref> As part of the acquisition terms with Blackboard, the WebCT name was phased out in favor of the Blackboard brand. The majority of WebCT users moved away from Blackboard LMS. Many selected an open source LMS.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://listedtech.com/blog/webct-and-how-it-helped-open-source/|title=WebCT and How it Helped Open Source LMS|date=18 May 2015}}</ref>

==Textbooks and publishing==
The software was used in [[electronic publishing]]. In order to use a [[textbook]] or other learning tool published in the WebCT format, some publishers require the student to purchase a [[password]] at the bookstore or to obtain it online. The software permitted integration of material prepared locally with material purchased from publishers.

==Criticisms==

WebCT's user interface has been criticized as needlessly complex and unintuitive. The "[[WebCT Vista|Vista]]" version of the product represented an attempt to derive balance between flexibility and ease of use, however it has also been the target of ease-of-use criticisms.

Some WebCT criticisms which were apparent include problems using it in multiple tabs or browser windows, heavy reliance on [[Java (programming language)|Java]] for its user experience,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070116051757/http://clt.lse.ac.uk/Help/VLE-Pilot/WebCT-6-Java-Install.php WebCT Java Problems, Centre for Learning Technology, London School of Economics and Science 2008]</ref> usage of too many browser [[HTML element#Frames|framesets]], issues with some features requiring pop-up blockers to be turned off, and problems using standard browser navigation tools (i.e. the Back and Forward commands).

WebCT, like most of its competitors, does not meet all guidelines for accessibility; these include, but are not limited to, the following studies:
* [http://www.w3.org/WAI/AU/2002/WebCT3_6.html ''Conformance of WebCT v3.6 to W3C's Authoring Tool Accessibility Guidelines 1.0(2001)'']
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060321081953/http://booboo.webct.com/2001/papers/Gergely.pdf ''Bringing Your WebCT Course into ADA Compliance: A Nuts and Bolts Approach (2001)'']
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060819211246/http://ausweb.scu.edu.au/aw02/papers/refereed/alexander/paper.html ''An Accessibility Audit of WebCT (2002)'']
* [http://www.utas.edu.au/accessibility/webct/is_webct_accessible.html ''Is WebCT Vista Accessible? (2006)'']

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QlWoefy5B0w Video of Murray Goldberg presenting WebCT at CICEI in 1998]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060314145538/http://www.webct.com/content/viewpage?name=company_content_partners Content providers]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060113234803/http://www.webct.com/products/viewpage?name=products_demo_webinars Demonstrations and examples of courses developed using the software (Campus edition)]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20170418165057/https://magic.piktochart.com/output/21792118-aolaim-smtp-settings-mail-not-working-troubleshooting-usuk Aol mail Not working] Support and Documentation for Blackboard CE users, by Brock University, Ontario, Canada
* [http://www.blackboard.com/ Blackboard home page]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Webct}}
[[Category:Educational technology companies of the United States]]
[[Category:Virtual learning environments]]
[[Category:Learning management systems]]