View source for Wallisian language

{{Short description|Polynesian language spoken in Wallis island}}
{{About|the language of Wallis Island, "Wallisian", also known as "Fakauvea" or "East Uvean"|the similarly named language of Ouvéa|West Uvean language|the official language of Wales, sometimes spelled "Walesian"|Welsh language}}
{{Infobox language
| name             = Wallisian
| nativename       = ''Faka{{okina}}uvea''
| states           = [[Wallis and Futuna]]
| speakers         = {{sigfig|10,400|3}}
| date             = 2000
| ref              = e18
| familycolor      = Austronesian
| fam2             = [[Malayo-Polynesian languages|Malayo-Polynesian]]
| fam3             = [[Oceanic languages|Oceanic]]
| fam4             = [[Polynesian languages|Polynesian]]
| fam5             = [[Nuclear Polynesian languages|Nuclear Polynesian]]
| iso3             = wls
| glotto           = wall1257
| glottorefname    = East Uvean<!-- Actual name of referenced Glottolog page -->
| notice           = IPA
| map              = Lang Status 99-NE.svg
| mapcaption       = {{center|{{small|Wallisian is not endangered according to the classification system of the [[UNESCO]] ''[[Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger]]''}}}}
}}

'''Wallisian''', or '''{{okina}}Uvean''' ({{langx|wls|Faka{{okina}}uvea|links=no}}), is the [[Polynesian language]] spoken on [[Wallis (island)|Wallis]] Island (also known as {{okina}}Uvea). The language is also known as '''East Uvean''' to distinguish it from the related [[West Uvean language]] spoken on the outlier island of [[Ouvéa]] near [[New Caledonia]]. The latter island was colonised from Wallis Island in the 18th century.

Indigenous to Wallis island, the language is also spoken in New Caledonia since the 1950s due to a migration of many Wallisians (especially in [[Nouméa]], [[Dumbéa]], [[La Foa]], and [[Le Mont-Dore (New Caledonia)|Mont Dore]]).<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Livingston|2016|p=1}}</ref> According to the CIA World Factbook, it had 7,660 speakers in 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/wls|title=Wallisian|website=Ethnologue|language=en|access-date=2018-12-09}}</ref> However, Livingston (2016) states that the actual number of speakers is much higher (around 20,000), albeit difficult to count precisely.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Livingston|2016|p=4}}</ref>

The closest language to Wallisian is [[Niuafoʻou language|Niuafoʻou]].<ref name=":4" /> It is also closely related to [[Tongan language|Tongan]], though part of the [[Samoic languages|Samoic]] branch, and has borrowed extensively from Tongan due to the Tongan invasion of the island in the 15th and 16th centuries. Uvea was settled about 3,000 years ago.<ref>Pollock, Nancy J. Rethinking Western Polynesia, {{okina}}Uvea in the Early Tongan Empire. 1996</ref>

==Alphabet==
Wallisian has 10 vowels: the standard 5 vowels: /a, e, i, o, u/ and their lengthened variants: ā, ē, ī, ō, ū.<ref name=":2">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Moyse-Faurie|2016|page=16}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ Consonants<ref name=":2" />
!
! [[Labial consonant|Labial]]
! [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! [[Velar consonant|Velar]]
! [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! [[Nasal stop|Nasal]]
| {{IPA link|m}}
| {{IPA link|n}}
| {{IPA link|ŋ}} {{angbr|g}}
|
|-
! [[Plosive]]
| {{IPA link|p}}
| {{IPA link|t}}
| {{IPA link|k}}
| {{IPA link|ʔ}} {{angbr|{{okina}}}}
|-
! [[Fricative]]
| {{IPA link|f}}&nbsp;&nbsp;{{IPA link|v}}
| {{IPA link|s}}
|
| {{IPA link|h}}
|-
! [[Approximant]]
|
| {{IPA link|l}}
|
|
|}

=== Writing ===
The letter ''{{okina}}'', representing the glottal stop (see [[ʻOkina|''{{okina}}okina'']]), is known in Wallisian as {{Lang|wls|fakamoga}} ({{Lang|wls|faka}}: causative prefix, {{Lang|wls|moga}}: [[Adam's apple]]).<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wUwzAQAAQBAJ&q=fakamoga&pg=PA79|title=The Idea of Writing: Writing Across Borders|last1=Voogt|first1=Alex de|last2=Quack|first2=Joachim Friedrich|publisher=BRILL|year=2011|isbn=9789004217003|pages=79|language=en}}</ref> The {{Lang|wls|fakamoga}} can be written with straight, curly or inverted curly apostrophes. Similarly the [[Macron (diacritic)|macron]] ({{Citation needed span|text=Wallisian: fakaloa, 'to lengthen'|date=December 2018|reason=not found in Moyse-Faurie 2016 nor any other sources}}) is used to mark long vowels but isn't always written.<ref name=":3" />

For example: {{Lang|wls|Mālō te maʻuli}} (hello) can be written {{Lang|wls|Malo te mauli}}.

Wallisian was only an oral language until contact with Westerners. The first Wallisian vocabulary was created by French missionary [[Pierre Bataillon]] in 1840 and revised in 1871 but published only in 1932.<ref name=":5" /> German linguist Karl Rensch used Bataillon's work as the basis for his 1984 Wallisian-French dictionary, in which he chose not to use the macron.<ref name=":5" />

==Vocabulary==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Phoneme correspondences
|-
! Phoneme
! [[Proto-Polynesian language|Proto-Polynesian]]
! [[Samoan language|Samoan]]
! [[Tongan language|Tongan]]
! [[Niuafoʻou language|Niuafo'ou]]<ref name=":4" />
! [[Futunan language|East Futunan]]
! Wallisian
! [[West Uvean language|West Uvean]]
! [[English language|English]]
|-
!{{IPA|/ŋ/}}
|*taŋata<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=https://pollex.shh.mpg.de/entry/tagata/|title=Entries for TAGATA [MP] Man(kind)|website=pollex.shh.mpg.de|access-date=2018-12-09}}</ref>
|tagata<ref name=":6" />
|tangata<ref name=":6" />
|tangata<ref name=":6" />
|tagata<ref name=":6" />
|tagata<ref name=":6" />
|tagata<ref name=":6" />
|man, person
|-
!{{IPA|/s/}}
|*sina<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|url=https://pollex.shh.mpg.de/entry/sina.1/|title=Entries for SINA.1 [OC] Grey or white-haired|website=pollex.shh.mpg.de|access-date=2018-12-09}}</ref>
|sina<ref name=":7" />
|hina<ref name=":7" />
|
|sina<ref name=":7" />
|hina<ref name=":7" />
|sina<ref name=":7" />
|grey (of hair)
|-
!{{IPA|/ti/}}
|*tiale<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|url=https://pollex.shh.mpg.de/entry/tiale/|title=Entries for TIALE [PN] Flower (Gardenia taitensis)|website=pollex.shh.mpg.de|access-date=2018-12-09}}</ref>
|tiale<ref name=":8" />
|siale<ref name=":8" />
|siale<ref name=":8" />
|tiale<ref name=":8" />
|siale<ref name=":8" />
|tiale, tiare<ref name=":8" />
|flower ([[Gardenia taitensis|Gardenia Taitensis]])
|-
!{{IPA|/k/}}
|*waka<ref name=":9">{{Cite web|url=https://pollex.shh.mpg.de/entry/waka.a/|title=Entries for WAKA.A [AN] Canoe|website=pollex.shh.mpg.de|access-date=2018-12-09}}</ref>
|va{{okina}}a<ref name=":9" />
|vaka<ref name=":9" />
|vaka<ref name=":9" />
|vaka<ref name=":9" />
|vaka<ref name=":9" />
|vaka<ref name=":9" />
|canoe
|-
!{{IPA|/f/}}
|*fafine<ref name=":10">{{Cite web|url=https://pollex.shh.mpg.de/entry/fafine/|title=Entries for FAFINE [AN] Woman, female|website=pollex.shh.mpg.de|access-date=2018-12-10}}</ref>
|fafine<ref name=":10" />
|fefine<ref name=":10" />
|fafine<ref name=":10" />
|fafine<ref name=":10" />
|fafine<ref name=":10" />
|fafine<ref name=":10" />
|woman
|-
!{{IPA|/ʔ/}}
|*matuqa<ref name=":11">{{Cite web|url=https://pollex.shh.mpg.de/entry/ma-tuqa.c/|title=Entries for MATUQA.C [AN] Parent|website=pollex.shh.mpg.de|access-date=2018-12-10}}</ref>
|matua<ref name=":11" />
|motu{{okina}}a<ref name=":11" />
|matua<ref name=":4" />
|
|matu{{okina}}a<ref name=":11" />
|
|parent
|-
!{{IPA|/r/}}
|*rua<ref name=":12">{{Cite web|url=https://pollex.shh.mpg.de/entry/rua/|title=Entries for RUA [AN] Two|website=pollex.shh.mpg.de|access-date=2018-12-10}}</ref>
|lua<ref name=":12" />
|ua<ref name=":12" />
|ua,<ref name=":4" /> lua
|lua<ref name=":12" />
|lua<ref name=":12" />
|lua<ref name=":12" />
|two
|-
!{{IPA|/l/}}
|*tolu<ref name=":13">{{Cite web|url=https://pollex.shh.mpg.de/entry/tolu/|title=Entries for TOLU [AN] Three|website=pollex.shh.mpg.de|access-date=2018-12-10}}</ref>
|tolu<ref name=":13" />
|tolu<ref name=":13" />
|tolu<ref name=":4" />
|tolu<ref name=":13" />
|tolu<ref name=":13" />
|tolu<ref name=":13" />
|three
|}

=== Registers ===
In Wallisian, there are three registers: the honorific language is used by both commoners and royals themselves. The royalty use it as it is the chiefly language and the commoners use it when talking to either a royal or when talking to God. The honorific language is also used by commoners when talking about God or about a royal figure regardless of their presence. The second language is the commoner language which is what is considered “ordinary” Wallisian, and finally, there is vulgar or derogatory language. For example, the word for “to remain” in honorific, commoner, and vulgar registers are respectively {{Lang|wls|‘afio}}, {{Lang|wls|nofo}}, & {{Lang|wls|tagutu}}. Each of the three are used in their respective circumstances.<ref>Blixen, Olaf. El Lenguaje HonoríFico En Uvea (Wallis) y Sus Conexiones En Polinesia Occidental. Moana, 1966.</ref>

== History and classification ==
[[File:Wallis, Futuna, Samoa, Tonga, Niue, Fidji (Polynésie ancestrale) multilingue.svg|thumb|Wallisian comes from [[Proto-Polynesian language|Proto-Polynesian]] and belongs to the Nuclear Polynesian subgroup (''map''). However, due to its massive [[Tongan language|Tongan]] influence, it has been sometimes classified as a Tongic language.]]
Wallisian is a [[Polynesian languages|Polynesian language]] that comes from [[Proto-Polynesian language|Proto-Polynesian]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Hawaiki, Ancestral Polynesia: An Essay in Historical Anthropology|url=https://archive.org/details/hawaikiancestral00kirc|url-access=limited|last=Kirch|first=Patrick Vinton|author2=Roger Green|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2001|isbn=978-0-521-78309-5|pages=[https://archive.org/details/hawaikiancestral00kirc/page/n118 99]–119}}</ref> However, its classification has been a subject of debate among scholars. Due to its proximity with [[Tongan language]], Wallisian has sometimes been classified within the Tongic subgroup (Elbert, 1953),<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|language=de|author=Akihisa Tsukamoto|title=Forschungen über die Sprachen der Inseln zwischen Tonga und Saamoa|publisher=LIT Verlag Münster|year=1994|pages=109|isbn=3825820157|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZQVriuXhE8AC}}</ref> but later linguists stated it belonged to the Nuclear Polynesian group: Pawley and Green (1966), Bruce Biggs (1978) and Jeffrey Marck (2000).<ref>{{Cite book|language=en|author1=Jeffrey Marck|title=Topics in Polynesian languages and culture history|place=Canberra|publisher=Pacific Linguistics|year=2000|url=http://www.jeffmarck.net/publications/Marck-2000-PolynesianLanguageCultureHistory.pdf}}</ref>

The closest language to Wallisian is the [[Niuafoʻou language|Niuafo'ou language]], spoken on the island of [[Niuafoʻou|Niuafo'ou]] (Northern Tonga, Niuas group). Intercomprehension is very high between those two languages, due to intense contacts between both islands until the mid-20th century.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|url=https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/handle/1885/10027|title=The language of Niuafo'ou Island|last=Tsukamoto|first=Akihisa|publisher=Australian National University|year=1988|pages=2, 8|type=Doctoral Thesis}}</ref>

==Influence from other languages==

=== Influence from Tongan ===
Wallisian is related to [[Rennellese language|Rennellese]]. It is also closely related to [[Tongan language|Tongan]], because of former Tonga invasions in Wallis. For instance, the past form ''ne'e'' comes from Tongan.{{Citation needed|date=October 2018}} Wallisian is very closely related to Tongan, while Futunan is more closely related to [[Samoan language|Samoan]].{{citation needed|date=December 2018}}

=== Influence from English ===
During the 19th century, a form of [[pidgin]] English was used by Wallisians to communicate with traders, mainly due to the fact that the natives of Wallis and Futuna had a lot of contact with [[New England (New South Wales)|New England]] whaling ships as they frequently stopped at Wallis and Futuna. Currently, there are about 70 pidgin words that are still in use on Wallis island. In 1937 however, an infestation of coconut beetles on Wallis island scared many of the trade partners of Wallis island who happened to have been mainly English. Trade to Fiji, for example, was halted because of the infestation.<ref name=":1" /> Loanwords included European foods (''laisi'' "rice", ''suka'' "sugar") and objects (''pepa'' "paper"), but also some animals (''hosi'' "horse").<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mayer|first=Raymond|date=1973|title=Un millier de légendes aux îles Wallis et Futuna et divers centres d'intérêt de la tradition orale|url=http://www.persee.fr/doc/jso_0300-953x_1973_num_29_38_2413|journal=Journal de la Société des océanistes|language=fr-FR|volume=29|issue=38|pages=69–100|doi=10.3406/jso.1973.2413|issn=0300-953X}}</ref>

Influence from English grew stronger after the American army set a military base on the island in 1942. Loanwords such as ''puna'' ("spoon"), ''motoka'' ("car", from ''motor car''), ''famili'' ("family"), ''suka'' ("sugar"), ''peni'' ("pen"), ''tini'' ("tin"),  etc. have integrated the Wallisian language.{{citation needed|date=December 2018}}

=== Influence from Latin ===
When the missionaries came, they also introduced many [[Latin]] words, mainly for religious purposes. Jesus Christ was rendered as ''Sesu Kilisito'', words like ''komunio'' ("communion"), ''kofesio'' ("confession"), ''temonio'' ("devil", from ''demonio'', fr ''démon''), but also some non religious vocabulary : ''hola'' ("time, hour" (lat. ''hora'')); ''hisitolia'' ("history" (Lat. ''historia'')) were introduced and are now part of the everyday Wallisian language. Not all religious words have been borrowed, though. Missionaries also tried to use existing concepts in Wallisians and give them a new Christian meaning. Thus ''Tohi tapu'' ("sacred book") refers to the Bible, while ''aho tapu'' ("holy day") means Sunday, and ''Po Tapu'' ("sacred night") is Christmas; the concept of Trinity was translated into ''Tahitolu tapu'', which literally translates to "one-three holy". Missionaries also introduced the days of the week into the language, using the [[Names of the days of the week#Numbered days of the week|Latin ecclesiastical style of naming weekdays]] with ''feria'' (transliterated as ''felia''), much like in [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]].{{citation needed|date=December 2018}}

[[Claire Moyse-Faurie]] explains that in Wallisian, "loanwords conform to the syllabic structure by inserting an epenthetic vowel into the cluster and by either adding a final vowel or eliminating the final consonant".<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bIC9ubBxYtQC&q=east+uvean&pg=PA325|title=Aspects of Language Contact: New Theoretical, Methodological and Empirical Findings with Special Focus on Romancisation Processes|last1=Stolz|first1=Thomas|last2=Bakker|first2=Dik|last3=Palomo|first3=Rosa Salas|date=2008-08-27|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|isbn=9783110206043|pages=328|language=en}}</ref>

=== Influence from French ===
Wallisian has been heavily influenced by [[French language|French]]. French missionaries arrived at the end of the 19th century; in 1961, [[Wallis and Futuna]] became a [[Overseas territory (France)|French oversea territory]] and French is now the [[official language]]. According to many linguists such as  Dr Karl Rensch,  French did not affect much the language in the beginning but is now profoundly transforming Wallisian{{Citation needed|date=October 2018}}. Many [[neologisms]] have been created by transliterating French words into Wallisian, as in the vocabulary of politics. Words such as ''Falanise'' ("France"), ''Telituale'' ("Territory"), ''politike'', ("politics"), ''Lepupilika'' ("Republic")..., many technical words (''telefoni'', ''televisio''...), food that was brought in Wallis by the Europeans (''tomato'', ''tapaka'' ("tobacco", from Fr. ''tabac'', ), ''alikole'' ("alcohol"), ''kafe'' ("coffee", from Fr. ''café'')), etc. are borrowings from French.{{citation needed|date=December 2018}}

In 1984, Karl Rensch stated that more and more French loanwords were entering the Wallisian language.<ref name=":5">{{cite book|language=fr, wls|author1=Karl H. Rensch|title=Tikisionalio Fakauvea-Fakafalani - Dictionnaire wallisien-français|publisher=Archipelago Press|year=1984|url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Karl_Rensch,_Dictionnaire_wallisien-fran%C3%A7ais_(1984).pdf?uselang=fr|pages=vii}}</ref> In the 2000s, young people have started mixing both languages in their speech.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://la1ere.francetvinfo.fr/wallisfutuna/langues-maternelles-qu-pensent-jeunes-wallis-futuna-561495.html|title=Langues maternelles : qu'en pensent les jeunes de Wallis et Futuna? - Wallis et Futuna la 1ère|work=Wallis et Futuna la 1ère|access-date=2018-10-12|language=fr}}</ref>

-French influence in Uvea can be seen through media and in schools. French was even implemented as a primary and secondary school language since 1961, reinforcing the French governmental dominance over the island. During the year 1968–9 when a Wallisian was caught speaking in his native language in school they would be forced to wear a tin corned beef lid as a necklace and then write an hour-long French composition during the weekend marked by the French teacher. When the next student was to be caught speaking Wallisian then the necklace would be passed on to them but whoever holds the necklace will have to wear it until someone else is caught speaking their suppressed native language.<ref name="Talatini, Filihau Asi 2004">Talatini, Filihau Asi., et al. Uvea / Uvea / Written by Filihau Asi Talatini ... [and Others]; Edited by Elise Huffer and Mikaele Tui; Translation from French to English by Neil Carruthers. Institute of Pacific Studies, University of the South Pacific], 2004.</ref>

Due to the French influence on Wallis island about half of the media is in French and constantly available while for example some news stations and television programs in Wallisian are only available once a week and are usually at the end of the week which discourages people from watching them since they would have already seen the news earlier in the week. This only leads to people interacting more with the French language and feeling more discouraged to learn Wallisian. Some parents even discourage the learning of Wallisian in nursery and primary schools calling the language a waste of time to learn.<ref name="Talatini, Filihau Asi 2004"/>

=== Relationships between Wallisian and Futunan ===
Despite being two different Polynesian languages, Wallisian and Futunan are similar enough to one another that knowing one language makes it much easier to learn the other as well.{{citation needed|date=December 2018}}

Many Wallisians see themselves as superior to Futunans, such as reinforcing stereotypes claiming that Wallisian is easy while Futunan is a difficult language to pronounce. These stereotypes arise from the fact that since Wallis island was chosen as the administrative center for the French and as the seat of the Catholic bishop. Wallis island enjoyed more benefits from France and hence Wallisian became dominant to Futunan, especially since Futuna island lacked the educational resources that Wallis island could provide in the 1990s.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Rensch|first=Karl|date=1990|title=The Delayed Impact: Postcolonial Language Problems in the French Overseas Territory Wallis and Futuna (Central Polynesia)|journal=Language Problems and Language Plan|volume=14|issue=3|pages=224–236|doi=10.1075/lplp.14.3.03ren}}</ref> A highly educated Futunan is typically expected to be trilingual in French, Futunan, and Wallisian. Only by being trilingual in all three can a Futunan retain the pride of Futuna island while being able to have the opportunity to advance economically and educationally on Wallis island.{{citation needed|date=December 2018}}

=== The language debate: the Church and the French administration ===
The natives of Wallis islands and Futuna were able to get very close to the Catholic missionaries as the missionaries stayed, learned the native languages Wallisian and Futunan, and the missionaries created schools in order to educate the young and encourage young men to join the priesthood. The natives of the islands had a poor relationship with administrative officials since administrators only stay for two to three years before being moved elsewhere, this causes administrators to typically not learn local languages as they had very little use for it being exposed for such a relatively short period of time compared to the missionaries. The natives being close to the Catholics however caused the locals to begin learning Latin words which they began to incorporate into their own language, especially in religious settings.<ref name=":1" />

This rift between the clergy and the administration was seen all the way in France where anticlericalism was widespread. French politicians and church officials had been having difficulties agreeing with one another. The clergy for example found very little to no reason to impose the French language on the natives of Wallis and Futuna, however, Paris demanded that the islands learn the language and an agreement between French politicians and the Catholic church was made. French would be taught two hours a day, four times a week, and as long as French classes did not interfere with Catholic studies. In 1959 when the islands of Wallis and Futuna joined the French republic as an overseas territory the educational system changed dramatically. The Catholic church lost control of the educational system to the French politicians who ordered teachers of the French language from France to teach French on the islands. Most of these teachers had very little experience teaching French as a second language and the change in the educational system led to a sociolinguistic split, younger generations became more or less bilingual while the older generations had a very little grasp of the French language. French teachers on the Wallis and Futuna islands were in a similar position as the French administrators. French teachers only taught for two to three years before their teaching contract ended and they are moved elsewhere.<ref name=":1" />

Having similar opinions to the priests the French teachers were asked about their experience when returning to France and they usually said that teaching French on the islands was a waste of time as only few people saw the need for the locals to become fluent in French. As the debates over how the people should be educated continued, Wallisians realized the cultural importance of their language and found a new desire to protect it by attempting to standardize the language, creating social media/entertainment in Wallisian rather than in French (despite the fact that most media comes from France), and by making Wallisian a school subject.<ref name=":1" />

As the French missionaries arrived in 1837 spreading Latin language, the natives became wary of a loss of Wallisian culture. The natives of Wallis island began to have Wallisian classes for middle school children, and when the community obtained FM and AM transmitters in 1979,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-07-29 |title=Anniversaire du Territoire le 29 juillet, Wallis et Futuna, françaises depuis 1961 : 56 ans d'Histoire en 6 évènements clés |url=https://la1ere.francetvinfo.fr/wallisfutuna/anniversaire-du-territoire-29-juillet-wallis-futuna-francaises-1961-56-ans-histoire-6-evenements-cles-496641.html |access-date=2023-10-15 |website=Wallis-et-Futuna la 1ère |language=fr-FR}}</ref> the community began operating radio channels specifically in Wallisian.<ref name=":1" />

==See also==
*[['Aliki]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book|title=East Uvean. A condensed grammar|last=Livingston|first=Andrew|publisher=University of Washington|year=2016|pages=190|url=https://digital.lib.washington.edu/researchworks/bitstream/handle/1773/37169/Livingston_washington_0250O_16252.pdf?sequence=1|type=master's thesis in linguistics}}
* {{Cite book|language=fr|last=Moyse-Faurie|first=Claire|title=Te lea faka'uvea - le wallisien|publisher=Peeters|year=2016|pages=276|isbn=978-90-429-3376-7|url=https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01477387/document|series=Les langues du monde}}

==External links==
{{Incubator|code=wls}}
*[http://dominicweb.eu/en/fakauvea-wallisien/ An online French–Wallisian dictionary]

{{Oceania topic|Languages of}}
{{Polynesian languages}}
{{Eastern Malayo-Polynesian languages}}
{{Wallis and Futuna topics|state=collapsed}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Futunic languages]]
[[Category:Languages of New Caledonia]]
[[Category:Languages of Wallis and Futuna]]