View source for Vulpini

{{Short description|Tribe of carnivores, most called 'fox'}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| name = Vulpins
| fossil_range = 
| image = Vulpini.jpg
| image_caption = Clockwise from top: [[red fox]], [[bat-eared fox]], [[Japanese raccoon dog|tanuki]]
| taxon = Vulpini
| authority = [[Wilhelm Hemprich|Hemprich]] and [[Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg|Ehrenberg]], 1832
| subdivision_ranks = [[Genus|Genera]]
| subdivision_ref = <ref name=Ruiz/>
| subdivision = * {{extinct}}''[[Ferrucyon]]''<ref name=Ruiz>{{Cite journal|author1=Damián Ruiz-Ramoni |author2=Francisco Juan Prevosti |author3=Saverio Bartolini Lucenti |author4=Marisol Montellano-Ballesteros |author5=Ana Luisa Carreño |year=2020 |title=The Pliocene canid ''Cerdocyon avius'' was not the type of fox that we thought |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=e1774889 |doi=10.1080/02724634.2020.1774889 |s2cid=222214868 }}</ref>
* {{extinct}}''[[Metalopex]]'' <small>[[Richard H. Tedford|Tedford]], [[Xiaoming Wang (paleontologist)|Wang]], & Taylor [[2008 in paleontology|2008]]</small><ref name=Tedford2009/>
* ''[[Nyctereutes]]''
* ''[[Bat-eared fox|Otocyon]]''
* †''[[Prototocyon]]''
*''[[Vulpes]]''
}}

'''Vulpini''' is a [[Tribe (biology)|tribe]] which represents the [[fox]]-like [[taxon]] of the [[subfamily]] [[Caninae]] (the canines), and is sister to the [[dog]]-like tribe [[Canini (tribe)|Canini]].<ref name=Tedford2009/> It comprises the 15 extant and 21 [[Extinction|extinct]] [[species]] found on all [[continent]]s.

==Genera==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- 
! Image !! Genus!! Species
|-
| [[File:Raccoon Dog01.jpg|150px]]
|''[[Nyctereutes]]'' {{small|Temminck, 1838}}
|
*''[[Nyctereutes procyonoides]]''
*''[[Nyctereutes viverrinus]]''
*†''[[Nyctereutes abdeslami]]''
*†''[[Nyctereutes donnezani]]''
*†''[[Nyctereutes lockwoodi]]''
*†''[[Nyctereutes megamastoides]]''
*†''[[Nyctereutes sinensis]]''
*†''[[Nyctereutes tingi]]''
*†''[[Nyctereutes vinetorum]]''
|-
| [[File:Otocyon megalotis - Etosha 2014.jpg|150px]]
|''[[Otocyon]]'' {{small|S. Müller, 1835}}
|
*''[[Otocyon megalotis]]''
|-
| [[File:Fox - British Wildlife Centre (17429406401).jpg|150px]]
|''[[Vulpes]]'' {{small|Garsault, 1764}}
|
*''[[Vulpes bengalensis]]''
*''[[Vulpes cana]]''
*''[[Vulpes chama]]''
*''[[Vulpes corsac]]''
*''[[Vulpes ferrilata]]''
*''[[Vulpes lagopus]]''
*''[[Vulpes macrotis]]''
*''[[Vulpes pallida]]''
*''[[Vulpes rueppellii]]''
*''[[Vulpes velox]]''
*''[[Vulpes vulpes]]''
*''[[Vulpes zerda]]''
* †''[[Vulpes hassani]]''
* †''[[Vulpes praeglacialis]]''
* †''[[Vulpes qiuzhudingi]]'' 
* †''[[Vulpes riffautae]]''
* †''[[Vulpes rooki]]''
* †''[[Vulpes skinneri]]''
* †''[[Vulpes stenognathus]]''
|-
| 
| †''[[Ferrucyon]]'' {{small|Ruiz-Ramoni et al., 2020}}
|
*†''[[Ferrucyon avius]]''
|-
|
| †''[[Metalopex]]'' {{small|S. Müller, 1835}}
|
*†''[[Metalopex bakeri]]'' <small>[[Richard H. Tedford|Tedford]] et al. 2009</small>
*†''[[Metalopex macconnelli]]'' <small>[[Richard H. Tedford|Tedford]] et al. 2009</small>
*†''[[Metalopex merriami]]'' <small>[[Richard H. Tedford|Tedford]] and [[Xiaoming Wang (paleontologist)|Wang]], [[2008 in paleontology|2008]]</small>
|-
| 
| †''[[Prototocyon]]'' {{small|Pohle, 1928}}
|
*†''[[Prototocyon curvipalatus]]''
*†''[[Prototocyon recki]]''
|-
|}

==Taxonomy==
The taxonomy of Carnivora in general and Canidae in particular correlates with various diagnostic features of the [[dentition]] and [[basicranium]]. Regarding Vulpini, Tedford has remarked:

{{quote|These small canids are distinguished from all other Caninae in possessing a wide paroccipital process that is broadly sutured to the posterior surface of the [[Tympanic part of the temporal bone#Ear canal|bulla]] with a short and laterally turned free tip that barely extends below the body of the process. The presence of a metaconule and postprotocrista on [[dental formula|M2]] of vulpines represents the culmination of a reversal that began with late ''[[Leptocyon]]'' species to resume the form of the primitive canine M2.|[[Richard H. Tedford]]<ref name=Tedford2009/>}}

The cladogram below is based on the phylogeny of Lindblad-Toh (2005)<ref name=LindbladToh2005/> modified to incorporate recent findings on ''Vulpes''.<ref name=ZhaoZhang2016>{{cite journal |last1=Zhao |first1=Chao |last2=Zhang |first2=Honghai |last3=Liu |first3=Guangshuai |last4=Yang |first4=Xiufeng |last5=Zhang |first5=Jin |title=The complete mitochondrial genome of the Tibetan fox (Vulpes ferrilata) and implications for the phylogeny of Canidae |journal=Comptes Rendus Biologies |volume=339 |issue=2 |year=2016 |pages=68–77 |issn=1631-0691 |doi=10.1016/j.crvi.2015.11.005 |pmid=26868757|doi-access=free }}</ref>

{{Clade |style=font-size:80%; line-height:85%
   |label1=Vulpini
   |1={{Clade
      |1=''[[Otocyon megalotis]]'' (bat-eared fox) [[File:Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes BHL19827472 white background.png|45 px]]
         |2={{Clade
         |1=''[[Nyctereutes]]'' (raccoon dogs) [[File:Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate XXXII).png|50 px]]
         |label2=[[Vulpes]]
         |2={{Clade
            |1={{Clade
               |1=''[[Vulpes zerda]]'' (fennec fox) [[File:Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate XXXVI).png|50 px]]
               |2=''[[Vulpes cana]]'' (Blanford's fox) [[File:Blandford's fox.png|50 px]]
               }}
            |2={{Clade
               |1=''[[Vulpes chama]]'' (Cape fox) [[File:Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate XXXIII).png|50 px]]
               |2={{Clade
                  |1={{Clade
                     |1={{Clade
                        |1=''[[Vulpes vulpes]]'' (red fox) [[File:Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate XXII).png|50 px]]
                        |2=''[[Vulpes rueppellii]]'' (Ruppell's fox) [[File:Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate XXXV).png|50 px]]
                        }}
                     |2={{clade
                        |1=''[[Vulpes corsac]]'' (corsac fox) [[File:Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate XXVII).png|50 px]]
                        |2=''[[Vulpes ferrilata]]'' (Tibetan sand fox) [[File:Tibetan sand fox illustration, transparent background.png|50 px]]
                        }}
                     }}
                  |2={{Clade
                     |1=''[[Vulpes macrotis]]'' (kit fox) [[File:Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate XXV).png|50 px]]
                     |2=''[[Vulpes lagopus]]'' (Arctic fox) [[File:Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate XXVI).png|50 px]]
                  }}
               }}
            }}
         }}
      }}
   }}
}}

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=

<ref name=LindbladToh2005>{{cite journal |doi=10.1038/nature04338 |pmid=16341006 |title=Genome sequence, comparative analysis and haplotype structure of the domestic dog |journal=Nature |volume=438 |issue=7069 |pages=803–819 |year=2005 |last1= Lindblad-Toh |first1= Kerstin |last2=Wade |first2= Claire M. |last3=Mikkelsen |first3=Tarjei S. |last4=Karlsson |first4= Elinor K. |last5=Jaffe |first5=David B. |last6=Kamal |first6=Michael |last7=Clamp |first7=Michele |last8=Chang |first8=Jean L. |last9=Kulbokas |first9=Edward J. |last10=Zody |first10=Michael C. |last11=Mauceli |first11=Evan |last12=Xie |first12=Xiaohui |last13=Breen |first13=Matthew |last14=Wayne |first14=Robert K. |last15=Ostrander |first15=Elaine A. |last16=Ponting |first16=Chris P. |last17=Galibert |first17=Francis |last18=Smith |first18= Douglas R. |last19=Dejong |first19=Pieter J. |last20=Kirkness |first20=Ewen |last21=Alvarez |first21=Pablo |last22=Biagi |first22=Tara |last23=Brockmann |first23=William |last24=Butler |first24=Jonathan |last25=Chin |first25=Chee-Wye |last26=Cook |first26=April |last27=Cuff |first27=James |last28=Daly |first28=Mark J. |last29=Decaprio |first29=David |last30=Gnerre |first30= Sante |display-authors=6 |bibcode=2005Natur.438..803L|doi-access=free }}</ref>

<ref name=Tedford2009>{{cite journal|last1=Tedford|first1=Richard H.|author-link1=Richard H. Tedford|last2=Wang|first2=Xiaoming|author-link2=Xiaoming Wang (paleontologist)|last3=Taylor|first3=Beryl E.|year=2009|title=Phylogenetic Systematics of the North American Fossil Caninae (Carnivora: Canidae)|doi=10.1206/574.1|volume=325|journal=[[Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History]] |pages=1–218|url=http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/bitstream/2246/5999/1/B325.pdf|hdl=2246/5999|s2cid=83594819 }}</ref>
}}

{{Carnivora|Ca.}}
{{Canidae extinct nav|C.}}
{{Taxonbar|from= Q30223}}

[[Category:Vulpini| ]]
[[Category:Mammal tribes]]
[[Category:Canines]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Wilhelm Hemprich]]


{{Canid-stub}}