View source for Vox populi

{{Short description|Latin phrase meaning "voice of the people"}}
{{Other uses|Vox populi (disambiguation)|Voice of the people (disambiguation)|Vox pop (disambiguation)|Man on the Street (disambiguation){{!}}Man on the Street}}
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{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
'''{{lang|la|Vox populi}}''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|v|ɒ|k|s|_|ˈ|p|ɒ|p|j|ʊ|l|i|,_|-|l|aɪ}} {{respell|VOKS|_|POP|yuu|lee|,_-|lye}}<ref name="oxdic">{{citation | url=http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/vox-populi?q=vox+populi | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160821194701/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/vox-populi?q=vox+populi | title=Vox Populi | work=Oxford Dictionaries British & World English (online) | publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] | archive-date=2016-08-21}}</ref>) is a [[List of Latin phrases|Latin]] phrase (originally '''''Vox populi, vox Dei''''' – "The voice of the people is the voice of God") that literally means "voice of the people." It is used in English in the meaning "the opinion of the majority of the people."<ref name="oxdic"/><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|chapter-url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/vox%20populi|article=Vox populi | title=Dictionary.com|accessdate=5 March 2023}}</ref> In [[journalism]], '''vox pop''' or '''man on the street''' refers to short [[interview]]s with members of the public.<ref>{{cite book|title=Interviewing for Journalists|first=Sally |last=Adams|publisher=[[Psychology Press]]|year=2001|isbn=978-0-415-22914-2|page=10}}</ref>

==Man on the street==
{{more citations needed|section|date=July 2016}}
[[File:Interview.jpg|thumb|right|250px|A vox pop interview]]
American television personality [[Steve Allen]] as the host of ''[[The Tonight Show]]'' further developed the "man on the street" interviews and audience-participation comedy breaks that have become commonplace on late-night TV. Usually the interviewees are shown in public places, and supposed to be giving spontaneous opinions in a chance encounter – unrehearsed persons, not selected in any way. As such, journalists almost always refer to them as the abbreviated ''vox pop''.<ref>{{cite book |title=How to Succeed in Newspaper Journalism |first=David |last=Stephenson |page=34 |publisher=Kogan Page |year=1998 |isbn=0-7494-2514-8}}</ref> In U.S. [[broadcast journalism]], it is often referred to as a '''man on the street''' interview or '''MOTS'''.<ref>{{cite magazine | url=https://ajrarchive.org/article.asp?id=3299 <!-- http://www.ajr.org/Article.asp?id=3299 -->|title=Easy to do, but often worthless|last=Prato|first=Lou|date=April 1999|magazine=[[American Journalism Review]] | publisher=University of Maryland College of Journalism}}</ref>

The results of such an interview are unpredictable at best, and therefore vox pop material is usually edited down very tightly. This presents difficulties of [[media balance|balance]], in that the selection used ought to be, from the point of view of [[journalistic standards]], a fair cross-section of opinions.

Although the two can be quite often confused, a vox pop is not a form of a survey. Each person is asked the same question; the aim is to get a variety of answers and opinions on any given subject. Journalists are usually instructed to approach a wide range of people to get varied answers from different points of view. The interviewees should be of various ages, sexes, classes and communities so that the diverse views and reactions of the general people will be known.

Generally, the vox pop question will be asked of different persons in different parts of streets or public places. But as an exception, in any specific topic or situation which is not concerned to general people, the question can be asked only in a specific group to know what the perception/reaction is of that group to the specific topic or issue; e.g., a question can be asked to a group of students about the quality of their education.

With increasing public familiarity with the term, several radio and television programs have been named "vox pop" in allusion to this practice.

==''Vox populi, vox Dei''==
{{for|the Whig tract of 1709|Vox Populi, Vox Dei}}
{{Wiktionary|vox populi, vox Dei}}
The Latin phrase '''{{lang|la|Vox populi, vox dei}}''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|v|ɒ|k|s|_|ˈ|p|ɒ|p|juː|l|i|_|ˌ|v|ɒ|k|s|_|ˈ|d|eɪ|i}}), 'The voice of the people [is] the voice of god', is an old [[proverb]].

An early reference to the expression is in a letter from [[Alcuin of York]] to [[Charlemagne]] in {{CE|798}}.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Mackie|first1=Phil C.|last2=Sim|first2=Fiona M. |year=2007|title=A question of rhetoric|journal=[[Public Health (journal)|Public Health]]|volume=121|issue=9|pages=641–642|doi=10.1016/j.puhe.2007.06.001|issn=0033-3506|pmid=17624382|publisher=Royal Institute of Public Health}}</ref> The full quotation from Alcuin reads:<ref>{{cite book | author=Alcuin of York | date=1863 | orig-year=798 | chapter=Letter 164 | title=Works | volume=1}} qtd. in {{cite book | editor-last=Partington | editor-first=Angela | year=1993 | title=The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Quotations | edition=3rd | publisher=Oxford University Press | isbn=978-0-19-866199-3}} qtd. in {{cite web|url=http://www.cs.man.ac.uk/~hulld/q2004-02-11.html |last=Hull | first=Duncan | date=11 Feb 2004 | title=Quote of the Day | website=cs.man.ac.uk |access-date=2007-04-22 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090504102502/http://www.cs.man.ac.uk/~hulld/q2004-02-11.html |archive-date=4 May 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | author=Alcuin of York | date=1863 | orig-year=798 | chapter=Letter 164 | title=Works | volume=1}} qtd. in {{cite book | last=Ratcliffe | first=Susan | editor-first1=Susan | editor-last1=Ratcliffe | chapter=Alcuin c.735–804: English scholar and theologian | title=Oxford Essential Quotations | edition=4th | publisher=Oxford University Press | volume=1 | date=2016 | isbn=978-0-19-182671-9 | doi=10.1093/acref/9780191826719.001.0001 | chapter-url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780191826719.001.0001/q-oro-ed4-00000192}}</ref>

{{verse translation|lang=la|Nec audiendi qui solent dicere, Vox populi, vox Dei, quum tumultuositas vulgi semper insaniae proxima sit.|And those people should not be listened to who keep saying the voice of the people is the voice of God, since the riotousness of the crowd is always very close to madness.}}

Writing in the early 12th century, [[William of Malmesbury]] refers to the saying as a "proverb".<ref>{{cite book |title=The Life and Times of St. Anselm, Archbishop of Canterbury and Primate of the Britains |first=Martin |last=Rule |page=67 |publisher=Kegan Paul Trench & Co. |year=1883 |volume=II}}</ref>

Of those who promoted the phrase and the idea, [[Archbishop of Canterbury]] [[Walter Reynolds]] brought charges against King [[Edward II]] in 1327 in a sermon "{{lang|la|Vox populi, vox Dei}}".<ref>{{cite book | last1=Lagomarsino | first1=David | last2=Wood | first2=Charles T. | date=1989 | title=The Trial of Charles I: A Documentary History | publisher=Dartmouth College Press | publication-place=Hanover | isbn=978-0-87451-499-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_iXxOS4o41wC&pg=PT27 | quote=As far back as 1327, in pronouncing the deposition of Edward II, the Archbishop of Canterbury Walter Reynolds had taken as his justifying text the old Carolingian adage {{lang|la|Vox populi, vox Dei}}, 'The voice of the people is the voice of the Gods.'}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite book | last=Hamburger | first=Philip | year=2009 | title=Law and judicial duty | publisher=Harvard University Press | isbn=978-0-674-03819-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AuUT-4KjCjwC&pg=PA74 | page=74 | quote=At the meeting of this high court early in 1327, Archbishop of Canterbury Walter Reynolds brought charges against the king, ... homage to the prince, and Archbishop Reynolds – the son of a baker – preached on the text {{lang|la|Vox populi, vox Dei}}.}}</ref> [[John Locke]] in his ''[[Of the Conduct of the Understanding]]'' (1706) criticises the phrase, writing "I don’t remember God delivering his oracles by the multitude, or nature delivering truths by the herd!".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Locke |first1=John |title=Of the Conduct of the Understanding |date=1825 |publisher=Baynes & Son |page=48}}</ref>

==Cultural references==
* "Vox Populi Sphere" is an online magazine of poetry, politics and nature published by the poet and activist [[Michael Simms (publisher)]].
* "Vox Populi" is a paper by Sir [[Francis Galton]], first published in the 7 March 1907 issue of ''[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]'', that demonstrates the "[[wisdom of the crowd]]" by a [[statistical analysis]] of the guesses from a weight-judging contest.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Galton | first=Francis | date=7 March 1907 | title=Vox Populi | journal=Nature | volume=75 | issue=1949 | issn=0028-0836 | doi=10.1038/075450a0 | pages=450–451| bibcode=1907Natur..75..450G }}</ref>
* A variant was used in the [[1920 United States presidential election]], in which the main candidates were [[Warren G. Harding]] and [[James M. Cox]]: "Cox or Harding, Harding or Cox? / You tell us, populi, you got the vox."<ref>{{cite book|last1=Safire|first1=William|title=Safire's Political Dictionary|date=2008|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0195343342|page=783|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c4UoX6-Sv1AC&pg=PA783 |access-date=18 November 2015}}</ref>
* In [[CollegeHumor]]'s actual play [[Dungeons & Dragons]] show ''[[Dimension 20]]: The Unsleeping City'', Kingston Brown holds the title of "Vox Populi of New York City", the individual selected to be the voice of the people of New York, regarding matters involving magical forces from the Dream Realm.
* "Vox Populi" is a song written by American actor and rockstar Jared Leto for his band, 30 Seconds to Mars.
* The "Vox Populi" are a faction in the 2013 video game ''[[BioShock Infinite]]'' as a [[communist]] revolutionary force led by Daisy Fitzroy against the tyrant Zachary Comstock.
*Vox Populi is referenced in the film ''[[V for Vendetta (film)|V for Vendetta]]'' when V performs his alliterative speech for Evey.<ref>{{cite magazine | last=Schwartz | first=Dana | url=https://observer.com/2017/05/a-few-thoughts-on-v-from-v-for-vendetta/ | title=A Few Thoughts on V from 'V for Vendetta' | magazine=[[The New York Observer]] | date=16 May 2017 }}</ref>
* Sherlock Holmes, in the story "The Adventure of the Abbey Grange", asks Watson to give judgment regarding a criminal, and after his choice to let him go, Sherlock quotes the phrase "Vox Populi, Vox Dei" and sends the criminal free.<ref>{{cite book | last=Doyle | first=Arthur Conan | date=February 1905 | chapter=The adventure of the abbey grange | title=The return of Sherlock Holmes | publisher=McClure, Phillips & Co. | chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/returnofsherlock0000unse_b0i4/page/348/mode/1up | page=348}}</ref>
*After his acquisition of [[Twitter]], [[Elon Musk]] conducted a poll<ref name="Musk 2022"/> asking whether or not he should reinstate the account of the former President [[Donald Trump]]. Upon the results of the poll, Musk tweeted "The people have spoken. Trump will be reinstated. Vox Populi, Vox Dei."<ref>{{cite tweet | last=Musk | first=Elon | user=elonmusk | number=1594131768298315777 | title=The people have spoken. Trump will be reinstated. | date=November 19, 2022 | access-date=November 21, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://variety.com/2022/digital/news/donald-trump-reinstated-twitter-musk-1235437878/  | access-date=2022-11-28 | website=Variety | language=en-US | date=2022-11-19 | first=Todd | last=Spangler | title=Donald Trump will be allowed back on Twitter, Elon Musk has decided.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.engadget.com/twitter-donald-trump-unbanned-elon-musk-023043690.html/  | access-date=2022-11-28 | website=Engadget | language=en-US | date=2022-11-19 | first1=Mariella | last1=Moon | first2=Karissa | last2=Bell | title=Elon Musk says he will unban Donald Trump after Twitter poll}}</ref> This poll stated "Reinstate former President Trump"<ref name="Musk 2022">{{cite tweet | last=Musk | first=Elon | user=elonmusk | number=1593767953706921985 | date=November 18, 2022 |access-date=2022-11-24 |title=Reinstate former President Trump: Poll |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Richard |first=Lawrence |date=2022-11-19 |title=Donald Trump reacts after Elon Musk reinstates his Twitter account, ending lifetime ban |url=https://www.foxnews.com/politics/donald-trump-reacts-after-elon-musk-reinstates-his-twitter-account-ending-lifetime-ban |access-date=2022-11-20 |website=Fox News |language=en-US}}</ref> and after 15,085,458 votes, resulted in 51.8% voting "Yes." Musk used the phrase, once again, in response to a poll he posted on Twitter on November 23, 2022. That poll asked, "Should Twitter offer a general amnesty to suspended accounts, provided that they have not broken the law or engaged in egregious spam?"<ref>{{cite tweet | last=Musk | first=Elon | user=elonmusk | number=1595473875847942146 |date=November 23, 2022 |title=Should Twitter offer a general amnesty to suspended accounts |access-date=2022-11-24 |language=en}}</ref> After being active for one day, the results were 72.4% in favor of account amnesty. 3,162,112 accounts voted. To this, Musk tweeted "The people have spoken. Amnesty begins next week. Vox Populi, Vox Dei."<ref>{{cite tweet | last=Musk | first=Elon | user=elonmusk | number=1595869526469533701 | date=November 24, 2022 | title=The people have spoken. Amnesty begins next week. | access-date=2022-11-24 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news | last=Mariathasan | first=Andrew | url=https://www.rttnews.com/3328078/elon-musk-offers-general-amnesty-to-suspended-twitter-accounts.aspx  | access-date=2024-04-09 | work=RTTNews | language=en-US | date=2022-11-25 | title=Elon Musk Offers General Amnesty To Suspended Twitter Accounts}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://mashable.com/article/twitter-amnesty-elon-musk-suspended-unban  | access-date=2022-11-28 | website=Mashable | language=en-US | date=2022-11-25 | first=Amanda | last=Yeo | title=Elon Musk says Twitter will give 'amnesty' to suspended accounts from next week}}</ref>
*In reference to the decline of [[Old media|legacy media]], American journalist and [[YouTube|Youtube]] personality, [[Andrew Callaghan]] has criticized the overuse of Vox populi interviews by fellow online [[Content creation|content creators]], stating in a February 11, 2025 interview, "Most journalists today, it's just 'Vox Pop', and what that refers to--I read it on Wikipedia one time--it's you just get peoples' reactions to what's already happening".<ref name=":0">{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?si=h7ZsS4mWMWIl3aM1&t=2780&v=J-Naa36SfhU&feature=youtu.be |title=An Unfiltered Conversation with Andrew Callaghan: Money, Greed, & Getting Cancelled {{!}} Channel 5 News |date=2025-02-09 |last=The Iced Coffee Hour |access-date=2025-02-11 |via=YouTube}}</ref> Callaghan points to this as a strategy used to drive online viewership through collective outrage on an issue without the burden of providing any new substantive journalistic reporting.<ref name=":0" />

==See also==
{{Wiktionary}}
{{Wikiquote-inline}}
* [[List of Latin phrases]]
* [[Power to the people (slogan)]]
* [[Doxa]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vox Populi}}
[[Category:Broadcast journalism]]
[[Category:Democracy]]
[[Category:Latin words and phrases]]
[[Category:Latin political words and phrases]]
[[Category:Popular sovereignty]]

[[fr:Micro-trottoir]]