View source for Volkswagen Beetle

{{Short description|Small family car (1938–2003)}}
{{About|the original Volkswagen Beetle|the 1997–2011 car|Volkswagen New Beetle|the 2011–2019 car|Volkswagen Beetle (A5)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox automobile
| sp = uk
| name = {{unbulleted list
  | Volkswagen Type 1
  | "Beetle"
  }}
| image = VW Käfer Baujahr 1966.jpg
| caption = 1965–1966 Volkswagen Käfer
| manufacturer = [[Volkswagen]]
| alt = A front-three quarters view of a pale-yellow Volkswagen Käfer. It features 165/80R15 tires, which shod 15x4. 5" silver, circular wheels. The Käfer features a beetle-like body, and its window is open. The picture is taken with much greenery in the background, and the photo was edited to give it a more warmer tone.
| aka = [[List of names for the Volkswagen Type 1|Full list]]
| assembly = [[#Markets and assembly|Full list]]
| designer = [[Ferdinand Porsche]]
| class = [[Small family car]]
| body_style = {{plainlist|
*2-door [[Sedan (automobile)|saloon]]
*2-door [[convertible]]}}
| production = {{unbulleted list
  | 1938–2003
  | 21,529,464 produced
  }}
| successor = {{plainlist|
* [[Volkswagen Golf Mk1]]
* [[Volkswagen Gol#First generation (''Typ''30, 1980)|Volkswagen Gol (G1)]]
* [[Volkswagen New Beetle]]}}
| layout = [[Rear-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout|Rear-engine, rear-wheel-drive]]
| engine = {{Plain list|
* '''[[Petrol]]:'''
* [[Volkswagen air-cooled engine|1131&nbsp;cc]] [[Flat-four engine|H4]]
* 1192&nbsp;cc H4
* 1285&nbsp;cc H4
* 1493&nbsp;cc H4
* 1584&nbsp;cc H4
}}
| transmission = {{plainlist|
*4-speed [[manual transmission|manual]] transaxle
*4-speed ''[[Saxomat]]'' [[Semi-automatic transmission|semi-automatic]]
*3-speed ''[[Autostick]]'' semi-automatic
}}
| wheelbase = {{convert|2400|-|2420|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
| related = {{unbulleted list
  | [[Volkswagen Type 2]]
  | [[Volkswagen Type 3]]
  }}
| length = {{convert|4079|-|4140|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
| width = {{convert|1539|-|1585|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
| height = {{convert|1500|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
| weight = {{convert|730|-|930|kg|lb|sigfig=3|abbr=on}}
}}

The '''Volkswagen Beetle''', officially the '''Volkswagen Type 1''',{{efn|It is known informally in German as {{lang|de|der Käfer}} (meaning "[[beetle]]"), in parts of the English-speaking world as the '''Bug''',<ref name="nytnewbeetle">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/01/04/us/with-new-beetle-come-wistful-hints-of-old-flame.html|title=With New Beetle Come Wistful Hints of Old Flame|first=Robyn|last=Meredith|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=4 January 1998|url-access=subscription|mode=cs2|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20240117040322/https://www.nytimes.com/1998/01/04/us/with-new-beetle-come-wistful-hints-of-old-flame.html |archive-date=17 January 2024|access-date=16 February 2024|url-status=live}}</ref> and by [[List of names for the Volkswagen Type 1|many other nicknames]] in other languages.}} is a [[small family car]] produced by the German company [[Volkswagen]] from 1938 to 2003.{{efn|While the first units were produced in 1938,{{sfn|Faragher|2005|p=7}} [[series production]] did not commence until 1945.}} A global [[cultural icon]] known for its [[beetle|bug]]-like design, the Beetle is widely regarded as [[Car of the Century|one of the most influential cars of the 20th century]]. Its production period of 65 years is the longest for any single generation of automobile,{{efn|It is the longest-running automobile without significant changes in design;<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theage.com.au/national/victoria/bye-bye-beetle-thanks-for-the-memories-20190713-p526vm.html|title=Bye-bye Beetle, thanks for the memories|newspaper=[[The Age]]|mode=cs2|access-date=14 March 2024|date=13 July 2019|first=Joshua|last=Dowling|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190714153852/https://www.theage.com.au/national/victoria/bye-bye-beetle-thanks-for-the-memories-20190713-p526vm.html|archive-date=14 July 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> the [[Chevrolet Suburban]] is the longest-running nameplate.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thestreet.com/personal-finance/car-models-that-have-been-around-longest|title=The Car Models That Have Been Around the Longest|website=[[TheStreet]]|first=Samanda|last=Dorger|date=27 December 2021|access-date=16 February 2024|mode=cs2|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224210347/https://www.thestreet.com/personal-finance/car-models-that-have-been-around-longest|archive-date=24 December 2023|url-status=live}}</ref>}} and its total production of 21.5 million units makes it the most produced car of a single [[car platform|platform]] in history and the second-highest of all nameplates manufactured in the 20th century.

The Beetle was conceived in the early 1930s. The leader of Nazi Germany, [[Adolf Hitler]], decided there was a need for a ''people's car''—an inexpensive, simple, mass-produced car—to serve Germany's new road network, the ''[[Reichsautobahn]]''. The German engineer [[Ferdinand Porsche]] and his design team began developing and designing the car in the early 1930s, but the fundamental design concept can be attributed to [[Béla Barényi]] in 1925, predating Porsche's{{efn|When referring to the surname "Porsche" of Ferdinand Porsche, it should not be mistaken for the [[Porsche AG|automotive brand he established]]. The correct term for the company is Porsche AG, or "Porsche" followed by the specific model name (e.g., Porsche Cayenne).}} claims by almost ten years. The result was the Volkswagen Type 1 and the introduction of the Volkswagen brand. Volkswagen initially slated production for the late 1930s, but [[Second World War|the outbreak of war in 1939]] meant that production was delayed until the war had ended. The car was originally called the Volkswagen Type 1 and marketed simply as the Volkswagen. It was not until 1968 that it was officially named the "Beetle".

Volkswagen implemented designations for the Beetle in the 1960s, including 1200, 1300, 1500, 1600, 1302, and 1303. Volkswagen introduced a series of large luxury models throughout the 1960s and 1970s—comprising the [[Volkswagen Type 3|Type 3]], [[Volkswagen Type 4|Type 4]] and [[Volkswagen K70|K70]]—to supplement the Beetle, but none of these models achieved the level of success that it did. In 1972, it became the [[List of best-selling automobiles|best-selling car of all time]], a position it retained for nearly three decades. Rapidly changing consumer preferences toward [[front-wheel drive]] compact hatchbacks in Europe prompted Volkswagen's gradual shift away from rear-wheel drive, starting with the [[Volkswagen Golf|Golf]] in 1974. In the late 1970s and '80s, [[automotive industry in Japan|Japanese automakers]] dominated some markets around the world, which contributed to the Beetle's declining popularity.

The Beetle remains one of the best-selling cars of all time and is the first to sell over 20{{nbsp}}million units. Over its lifespan, its design remained consistent, yet Volkswagen implemented over 78,000 incremental updates. These modifications were often subtle, involving minor alterations to its exterior, interior, colours, and lighting. Some more noteworthy changes included the introduction of new engines, models and systems, such as improved technology or comfort. The Beetle maintains a substantial cultural influence and is regarded as one of the most iconic vehicles in automotive history; its success largely influenced the way automobiles are designed and marketed, and propelled Volkswagen's introduction of [[Volkswagen New Beetle|a Golf-based series of vehicles]].

== History ==
=== KdF-Wagen ===
In May 1934, at a meeting at Berlin's [[Hotel Kaiserhof (Berlin)|Kaiserhof Hotel]], dictator of [[Nazi Germany]], [[Adolf Hitler]], insisted on the development of a vehicle that could accommodate two adults and three children while not using more than seven{{nbsp}}litres of fuel per 100&nbsp;km (33.6 mpg US/40.4 mpg UK).{{sfn|Wood|2003|pp=3–5}} All components were designed for a quick and inexpensive part exchange. As Hitler explained, the reason for choosing an [[air-cooled engine]] was the lack of a garage for every country doctor.<ref name=Spiegel331955>{{cite magazine | url = http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-31970946.html | title = In König Nordhoffs Reich | trans-title = In King Nordhoff's realm | access-date = 23 January 2025 | magazine = [[Der Spiegel]] | editor-first = Rudolf | editor-last = Augstein | editor-link = Rudolf Augstein | volume = 33/1955 | page = 16 | date = 10 August 1955 | archive-date = 21 December 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181221203341/http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-31970946.html | url-status = live | mode = cs2|language=de|quote=muß luftgekühlt sein, denn nicht jeder Landarzt hat eine Garage}}</ref>{{sfn|Cleaver|Clute|Reid|Whitehead|1961|p=133}} On 22 June 1934, [[Ferdinand Porsche]] received a development contract from the ''[[Verband der Automobilindustrie]]'' (German Association of the Automotive Industry) for the prototype of an inexpensive and economical passenger car after Hitler decided there was a need for a ''people's car'' (in German, "volkswagen")—a car affordable and practical enough for lower-class people to own—to serve the country's new road network, the ''[[Reichsautobahn]]''.{{sfn|Möser|1997|p=212}}{{sfn|Dageför|1997|p=43}} Although the Volkswagen Beetle was primarily the conception of Porsche and Hitler, the idea of a "people's car" is much older than [[Nazism]] and has existed since the introduction of automotive mass-production.<ref name=Jalopnik>{{Cite web|url=https://jalopnik.com/the-real-story-behind-the-nazis-and-volkswagen-1733943186|title=The Real Story Behind The Nazis And Volkswagen|website=[[Jalopnik]]|date=2 October 2015|first=Jason|last=Torchinsky|access-date=16 February 2024|mode=cs2|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20231202194246/https://jalopnik.com/the-real-story-behind-the-nazis-and-volkswagen-1733943186 |archive-date=2 December 2023|url-status=live}}</ref>

Originally designated as the Type 60 by Porsche, the Beetle project involved a team of designers and engineers comprising [[Erwin Komenda]], who specialised in the bodywork; Josef Kales, responsible for the engine design; [[Karl Rabe]], serving as the chief engineer; and Josef Mickl and Franz Xaver Reimspiess, the latter credited for devising the iconic Volkswagen badge.{{sfn|Peene|2022|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=SKZhEAAAQBAJ&pg=PP14 14]}} The project saw significant milestones in October 1935 with the completion of the first two Type-60 prototypes, identified as cars V1 (sedan) and V2 (convertible), denoted with a "V" (for ''Versuchs'' – "prototype") signifying their status as a [[Development mule|test car]].{{sfn|Seume|2001b|p=11}} The testing of three additional V3 prototypes began on 11 July 1936, the first of which was driven to [[Obersalzberg]] and inspected by Hitler. Two V3s were delivered to Berlin in August for examination by other Nazi Party officials, who showed great interest in them. By June 1936, the V3s underwent over {{cvt|50000|km}} of testing across various terrains.{{sfn|Seume|2001b|p=12}}{{sfn|Shuler|1996|p=9}} A series of thirty W30 development models, commissioned by Porsche and manufactured by Daimler-Benz, underwent testing in early April 1937,{{sfn|Hayes|2020|p=16}} covering a total distance of over {{convert|1800000|mi|disp=flip}}.{{sfn|Copping|2018|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=l3t6DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT21 21]}} All vehicles featured the characteristic rounded design and included [[Volkswagen air-cooled engine|air-cooled]], rear-mounted [[internal combustion engine|engines]].{{sfn|Hayes|2020|p=16}}{{sfn|Copping|2011|p=22}} A further batch of 44 ''VW38'' pre-production cars produced in 1938 introduced split rear windows,{{sfn|Seume|2001b|p=22}} and subsequently, Volkswagen introduced fifty ''VW39'' cars, completed in July 1939.{{sfn|Sloniger|1980|p=28}}{{sfn|Etzold|1988b|p=17}}

[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 146-1979-025-30A, Reichsautobahn mit zwei KdF-Wagen, Cabrio-Version (cropped).jpg|right|thumb|Two KdF cars on the ''[[Reichsautobahn]]'', {{circa|1943}}. Since the KdF was never delivered to the public,<ref>{{cite news|last=Bowler|first=Tim|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-34358783|title=Volkswagen: From the Third Reich to emissions scandal|date=2 May 2015|access-date=20 February 2024|publisher=[[BBC]]|mode=cs2|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103051115/https://www.bbc.com/news/business-34358783|archive-date=3 November 2023|url-status=live}}</ref> it is likely that this was an advertisement photo.|alt=Black and white image of two black small convertibles driving on the ''Reichsautobahn'']]

''[[Strength Through Joy|Kraft durch Freude]]'' (Strength Through Joy, a political organisation aimed at providing the populace with leisure activities) was in charge of this project. [[Robert Ley]], the Nazi official heading ''Kraft durch Freude'' (KdF), announced in 1938 that every German would own a Volkswagen within ten years.{{sfn|Copping|2005|p=11}} However, there were challenges. Gasoline prices in Germany were high due to taxes, making it expensive for private car ownership. Gasoline was also primarily used for the military in the Nazi regime. Despite that, the Nazi leaders saw the mass-produced car as a way to promote their system. It symbolised a shift from cars being a privilege for the wealthy to a dream that lower-class Germans could now fulfil. Hitler was particularly enthusiastic about it because the car could easily be adapted for military use.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bpb.de/shop/zeitschriften/izpb/nationalsozialismus-aufstieg-und-herrschaft-314/137211/volksgemeinschaft/?p=all|trans-title= People's Community|language=German|title= Volksgemeinschaft|first=Michael|last=Wildt|date=24 May 2012|access-date=17 February 2024|mode=cs2|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20240217025049/https://www.bpb.de/shop/zeitschriften/izpb/nationalsozialismus-aufstieg-und-herrschaft-314/137211/volksgemeinschaft/?p=all|archive-date=17 February 2024|website=[[Federal Agency for Civic Education]]}}</ref>

The ''KdF-Wagen'' was not [[mass production|series-produced]] before [[the Second World War]] because the Volkswagen plant at [[Fallersleben]] (now [[Wolfsburg]]), founded in May 1938, was not yet finished. During the war, other German manufacturers were concurrently producing [[military vehicle]]s and [[armament]]s, so the series production of the then-called Volkswagen car could not begin until peacetime; nevertheless, 210 ''KdF-Wagens'' were manufactured by the end of the war in May 1945.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.dw.com/en/hitler-and-his-volkswagen-tracing-the-80-year-history-of-the-beetle/a-43942998|title= Hitler and 'his Volkswagen'|date=26 May 2018|access-date=17 February 2024|newspaper=[[Deutsche Welle]]|first=Astrid|last=de Oliveira|mode=cs2|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20240119042215/https://www.dw.com/en/hitler-and-his-volkswagen-tracing-the-80-year-history-of-the-beetle/a-43942998 |archive-date=19 January 2024|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Bruce/> Following the cessation of hostilities the [[British occupation zone in Germany|British occupying forces]] brought the factory into operation and by the close of 1945, 1,785 Volkswagens had been built, delivered to the occupying powers and the [[Deutsche Bundespost|postal service]].{{sfn|Kiley|2002|p=61}}{{sfn|Flammang|1996|p=22}}<ref name=Bruce>{{cite web|url= https://www.motor1.com/features/272618/ford-volkswagen-merger-history/|archive-date=11 March 2023|mode=cs2|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230311065922/https://www.motor1.com/features/272618/ford-volkswagen-merger-history/ |title= Ford Could Have Paid Nothing To Own VW After World War II|first=Chris|last=Bruce|website=[[Motor1]]|date=18 October 2018|access-date=17 February 2024|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Design ===
The Beetle featured a rear-located, air-cooled four-cylinder, [[boxer engine]] and rear-wheel drive in a two-door bodywork. It features a flat front windscreen, accommodating four passengers and providing luggage storage under the front bonnet and behind the rear seat, reaching a {{Cd|long=yes|link=car|0.48}}.{{sfn|Terenna|2012|p=58}}{{sfn|Etzold|1988a|p=136}} The bodywork attached with eighteen bolts to the Beetle's nearly flat [[platform chassis]] featured a central structural tunnel.{{sfn|Christopher|2012|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=I1c7AwAAQBAJ&pg=PT201 201]}} The front and rear suspension incorporated [[Torsion bar suspension|torsion bars]] and a front stabiliser bar, providing independent suspension at all wheels, albeit the front axle was designed with double longitudinal trailing arms, whereas the rear axle was a [[swing axle]].{{sfn|Bobbitt|2001|pp=40–43}} [[Light alloy]] forms the Beetle's engine, transmission, and cylinder heads.{{sfn|Christopher|2012|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=I1c7AwAAQBAJ&pg=PT201 201]}}

=== Design controversies ===
German-Bohemian [[Ferdinand Porsche]] (1875–1951) and his team were generally known as the original designers of the Volkswagen.{{sfn|Rieger|2013|p=1900}} However, there has been debate over whether he was the original designer. Rumours circulated, suggesting that other designers, such as [[Béla Barényi]], [[Paul Jaray]], [[Josef Ganz]] and [[Hans Ledwinka]], may have influenced its design.

;Béla Barényi
In 1925, Austro-Hungarian automotive engineer Béla Barényi designed a car similarly shaped to the Beetle, more than five years before Porsche unveiled his initial "People's Car" design.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.handelsblatt.com/auto/test-technik/vor-100-jahren-geboren-bela-barenyi-war-der-geistige-vater-des-vw-kaefers/2776652.html|mode=cs2|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120504203039/http://www.handelsblatt.com/auto/test-technik/vor-100-jahren-geboren-bela-barenyi-war-der-geistige-vater-des-vw-kaefers/2776652.html|date=1 March 2007|archive-date=4 May 2012|newspaper=[[Handelsblatt]]|access-date=17 February 2024|title=Béla Barényi war der geistige Vater des VW-Käfers|trans-title=Béla Barényi was the spiritual father of the VW Beetle|url-status=live}}</ref> Through a court ruling in 1953, Barényi successfully asserted his authorship and associated claims. He explained that he had previously elucidated the concept of the Beetle, which was already formulated in the 1920s, to Porsche in great detail. However, this concept was not protected sufficiently by [[patent]]s. Key elements of this concept included the air-cooled four-cylinder boxer engine at the rear, the transmission positioned in front of the rear axle, and the distinctive roundish shape. Dieter Landenberger, the head of Porsche's historical archive, later affirmed that Barényi played a "decisive role in the authorship of the later VW Beetle".{{sfn|Meck|2016|pp=58–61}} Since then, he has been known for conceiving the original car design.<ref name="hof">{{cite web |url=http://www.automotivehalloffame.org/honors/index.php?cmd=view&id=4&type=inductees |work=[[Automotive Hall of Fame]] |title=Inductees: Béla Barényi |access-date=2006-05-20 |url-status=dead |mode=cs2|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091101143217/http://www.automotivehalloffame.org/honors/index.php?cmd=view&id=4&type=inductees |archive-date=2009-11-01 }}</ref>

;Paul Jaray
Many assume that Paul Jaray shaped the car's body design through his aerodynamics calculations.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://archplus.net/en/Paul-Jaray/#article-32528|title= Paul Jaray and the Shape of Necessity|first=Wolfgang|last=Scheppe|access-date=17 February 2024|website=Architecture Of Speed|mode=cs2|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230930033303/https://archplus.net/en/Paul-Jaray/#article-32528|archive-date=30 September 2023|url-status=live}}</ref> According to a November 2021 update of research mentioned in the fifteenth report by the German newspaper ''[[Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung]]'', Jaray's findings influenced the design of "Hitler's streamlined KdF car", later known as the 'beetle', which became the best-selling car globally post-war.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.faz.net/aktuell/feuilleton/debatten/wie-hitler-die-idee-fuer-den-kaefer-stahl-die-geschichte-des-vws-17630969.html|title= Als Hitler die Idee für den Käfer stahl|trans-title= When Hitler stole the idea for the Beetle|date=15 November 2021|access-date=17 February 2024|newspaper=[[Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung]]|mode=cs2|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230426201112/https://www.faz.net/aktuell/feuilleton/debatten/wie-hitler-die-idee-fuer-den-kaefer-stahl-die-geschichte-des-vws-17630969.html |archive-date=26 April 2023|url-status=live|language=German|issn=0174-4909}}</ref> Jaray's research results in fluid mechanics for ground-bound vehicles extended beyond the VW Beetle, impacting the Tatra 77 and other vehicles. His initial patents and publications date back to the early 1920s. The engineer Christian Binnebesel scientifically presented Jaray's significant contribution to streamline form in his 2008 dissertation.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://depositonce.tu-berlin.de/bitstream/11303/2103/1/Dokument_24.pdf|last=Binnebesel|first=Christian|title=Vom Handwerk zur Industrie – Der PKW-Karosseriebau in Deutschland bis 1939|trans-title=From craft to industry – car body construction in Germany until 1939|date=16 October 2007|publisher=[[Technische Universität Berlin]]|location=Berlin|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170810110131/https://depositonce.tu-berlin.de/bitstream/11303/2103/1/Dokument_24.pdf|archive-date=10 August 2017|url-status=live|pages=94, 119–124, 298–311}}</ref>

;Josef Ganz
Josef Ganz's potential early contributions to the original Beetle's development remained controversial for years and lacked clear clarification. Research suggests that his idea and the concept of a compact car played a significant role in the VW Beetle's development and its prototypes.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://taz.de/Das-Schweigen-der-Autobauer/!5321127/|title=Das Schweigen der Autobauer|trans-title=The silence of the car manufacturers|first=B. M.|last=Brosowsky|date=22 July 2016|access-date=18 February 2024|newspaper=[[Die Tageszeitung]]|pages=28 ePaper 23 Nord |mode=cs2|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205144529/https://taz.de/Das-Schweigen-der-Autobauer/!5321127/|archive-date=5 December 2023|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://programm.ard.de/TV/Programm/Jetzt-im-TV/?sendung=281113342874502|title=Ganz – The true story of the VW Beetle|date=12 August 2020|access-date=18 February 2024|website=[[ARD (broadcaster)|ARD]]|first=Suzanne|last=Raes|mode=cs2|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205125832/https://programm.ard.de/TV/Programm/Jetzt-im-TV/?sendung=281113342874502|archive-date=5 December 2023|url-status=live}}</ref> Ganz personally drove a [[Hanomag 2/10 PS|Hanomag Kommissbrot]] and a swing-axle Tatra—both featuring elements such as a central tubular frame, independent wheel suspension, and a rear/mid-engine design. Ganz incorporated these technical features into his proposed vehicle designs. Hitler reportedly saw cars designed by Josef Ganz at the 1933 [[Berlin Auto Show]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/the-unknown-jewish-engineer-behind-hitlers-vaunted-volkswagen-beetle/|title=The unknown Jewish engineer behind Hitler's vaunted Volkswagen Beetle|newspaper=[[The Times of Israel]]|first=Rich|last=Tenorio|date=19 May 2018|access-date=18 February 2024|mode=cs2|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528205144/https://www.timesofisrael.com/the-unknown-jewish-engineer-behind-hitlers-vaunted-volkswagen-beetle/|archive-date=28 May 2023|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Standard Superior]], designed by Ganz for the Standard vehicle factory, featured an implied teardrop-shaped body on a central tubular frame with a rear swing axle, yet the engine was transversely installed in front of the axle, not longitudinally as a rear engine.{{sfn|McCarthy|1986|p=18}}{{sfn|Ludvigsen|2000|p=16}}

;Hans Ledwinka
The Austrian automobile designer [[Hans Ledwinka]], whom Porsche was a contemporary, worked at the Czechoslovakian company [[Tatra (car)|Tatra]].{{sfn|Margolius|Henry|2016|p=5}} In 1931, Tatra built the [[Tatra V570|V570]] prototype, which featured an [[air-cooled]] [[flat-twin engine]] mounted at the rear.{{sfn|Willson|Selby|1995|pp=214–215}} Hitler and Porsche both were influenced by the Tatras.{{sfn|Willson|Selby|1995|pp=214–215}} Hitler, an avid automotive enthusiast, rode in Tatras multiple times during political tours of Czechoslovakia and had frequent dinners with Ledwinka.{{sfn|Willson|Selby|1995|pp=214–215}} Following one such tour, Hitler remarked to Porsche, "This is the car for my roads".{{sfn|Willson|Selby|1995|pp=214–215}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/history-of-tatra-87-2014-2#its-said-that-after-one-tour-hitler-went-to-ferdinand-porsche-and-said-this-is-the-car-for-my-roads-this-is-hitler-opening-a-volkswagon-factory-27|title=I Found This Beautiful, Bizarre Car In A German Design Museum – And Its Backstory Is Fascinating|first=Nicholas|last=Carlson|website=[[Business Insider]]|date=8 February 2014|access-date=19 February 2024|mode=cs2|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506034459/https://www.businessinsider.com/history-of-tatra-87-2014-2|archive-date=6 May 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> From 1933 onwards, Ledwinka and Porsche met regularly to discuss their designs, and Porsche admitted, "Well, sometimes I looked over his shoulder, and sometimes he looked over mine" while designing the Volkswagen.{{sfn|Willson|Selby|1995|pp=214–215}} The [[Tatra 97]] of 1936 had a 1,749&nbsp;cc, rear-located, rear-wheel drive, air-cooled four-cylinder [[boxer engine]]. It accommodated five passengers in its compact four-door body, which provided luggage storage under the front bonnet and behind the rear seats.{{sfn|Ludvigsen|2000|p=16}}

Just before the outbreak of [[World War II]], Tatra filed numerous legal claims against VW for patent infringement.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.roadandtrack.com/car-culture/classic-cars/a9984649/the-bittersweet-joy-of-driving-the-last-tatra/|title=The Bittersweet Joy of Driving the Last Tatra|date=30 June 2017|access-date=19 February 2024|magazine=[[Road and Track]]|first=Bob|last=Sorokanich|mode=cs2|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922035148/https://www.roadandtrack.com/car-culture/classic-cars/a9984649/the-bittersweet-joy-of-driving-the-last-tatra/|archive-date=22 September 2023|url-status=live}}</ref> Tatra launched a lawsuit, halted only by [[Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)|Germany's invasion of Czechoslovakia]] in 1938, leading to the Nazi administration of the Tatra factory in October. Hitler instructed Tatra to focus exclusively on heavy trucks and diesel engines, discontinuing all car models except the V8-engined [[Tatra 87]].{{sfn|Ludvigsen|2000|p=16}} The issue resurfaced post-World War II, and in 1965, Volkswagen paid Ringhoffer-Tatra 1,000,000 Deutsche Marks in an out-of-court settlement.{{sfn|Schmarbeck|1990|p=174}}

== Tenure ==
=== World War II and military production: 1938–1945 ===
[[File:ATMS 52 - Volkswagen.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Sand-coloured Volkswagen indoors.|Sand-coloured VW Type 82E — a Wehrmacht Beetle on the [[Volkswagen Kübelwagen|Kübelwagen's]] underpinnings.]]
The name ''Volkswagen'' was officially substituted by the term KdF (''[[Kraft durch Freude]]''; German for 'Strength Through Joy') derived from the Nazi organisation once Hitler ceremoniously laid the foundation stone for the Volkswagen factory on 26 May 1938.<ref>{{cite news|mode=cs2|url=https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno?apm=0&aid=ibn&datum=19380527&seite=2|title=Innsbruck News, May 27, 1938|newspaper=[[Austrian Newspapers Online]]|access-date=17 February 2024|via=[[Austrian National Library]]|archive-date=18 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220818184134/https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno?apm=0&aid=ibn&datum=19380527&seite=2|url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Etzold|1983|p=74}} As part of this organisation, Volkswagen urged workers to "save five marks a week and get your car".{{sfn|Welch|2008|p=70}}<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/nazi_propaganda_gallery_04.shtml|title= Nazi Propaganda: Saving for a Volkswagen|newspaper=[[BBC]]|date=17 February 2011|access-date=17 February 2024|first=David|last=Welch|mode=cs2|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210903013909/https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/nazi_propaganda_gallery_04.shtml |archive-date=3 September 2021|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.businessinsider.com/brought-to-you-by-podcast-btyb-vw-beetle|title=25. The VW Beetle's Dark Past|first1=Sally|last1=Herships|first2=Sarah|last2=Wyman|first3=Amy|last3=Pedulla|first4=Dan|last4=Bobkoff|date=13 August 2020|access-date=17 February 2024|mode=cs2|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220818180751/https://www.businessinsider.com/brought-to-you-by-podcast-btyb-vw-beetle |archive-date=18 August 2022|url-status=live|website=[[Business Insider]]}}</ref> Before the completion of the KdF factory, many Germans had already signed up for a savings plan to buy a car. At that time, Germany had fewer cars than other European countries. In 1930, there were only about 500,000 registered cars in Germany, while France and Great Britain had over 1 million each, and the USA had more than 26 million.{{sfn|Cassis|De Luca|Florio|2015|p=199}}{{sfn|Ziemann|Rossol|2021|p=437}} However, the onset of [[the Second World War]] hindered the distribution of the cars, and there was a lack of time for [[series production]]. With the Volkswagen facility dedicated solely to wartime requirements, the over 330,000 KdF savers could not acquire their vehicles.{{sfn|Angolia|Littlejohn|1999|p=215}}{{sfn|Marsh|2020|p=26}} Following the war, numerous KdF savers pressed for the receipt of a Volkswagen. When their request was denied, the VW saver initiative ensued, spanning several years.<ref>{{cite news|mode=cs2|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161008234608/https://www.zeit.de/1959/41/letzte-runde-im-vw-sparer-prozess|archive-date=8 October 2016|url=https://www.zeit.de/1959/41/letzte-runde-im-vw-sparer-prozess|trans-title=Last round in the VW saver process?|title=Letzte Runde im VW-Sparer-Prozeß?|author=K. D.|date=9 October 1959|access-date=20 February 2024|url-status=live|language=German|via=[[Zeit Online]]|newspaper=[[Die Zeit]]}}</ref>

During the war, the factory predominantly built the ''[[Volkswagen Kübelwagen|Kübelwagen]]'' (Type 82),{{sfn|Mommsen|Grieger|1996|p=330}}{{sfn|Ingrassia|2012|p=89}} the ''[[Schwimmwagen]]'' (Type 166){{sfn|Reich|2018|p=161}}{{sfn|Ingrassia|2012|p=89}} and numerous other [[Military light utility vehicle|light utility vehicles]]. These vehicles were derived mechanically from the Type 1 and used by the ''[[Wehrmacht]]''.{{sfn|Euler|2010|p=30}}<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.autoweek.com/car-life/a1950746/escape-roads-1943-volkswagen-kbelwagen/|title= Escape Roads: 1943 Volkswagen Kübelwagen|website=[[Autoweek]]|first=Jim|last=Allen|date=15 May 2012|access-date=21 February 2024|mode=cs2|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20221209100804/https://www.autoweek.com/car-life/a1950746/escape-roads-1943-volkswagen-kbelwagen/ |archive-date=9 December 2022|url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Scholz|2023|p=85}} These vehicles, including several hundred [[Volkswagen Kommandeurswagen|''Kommandeurswagen'']] (Type 87), featured a Type 1 Beetle body mounted on the robust chassis of the four-wheel-drive Type 86 ''Kübelwagen'' prototype. The ''Kommandeurswagen'' included a portal axle, a ''Schwimmwagen'' drivetrain, wider fenders, and oversized Kronprinz all-terrain tyres, reminiscent of the later [[Baja Bug]]s.{{sfn|Mayer|1988|p=33}} The production of the ''Kommandeurswagen'' persisted until 1944 when the production at the plant halted due to the extensive damage inflicted by the Allied air raids.{{sfn|Mayer|1988|pp=30–33}} Due to gasoline shortages late in the war, a few "''Holzbrenner''" (wood-burner) Beetles were built fueled with wood logs.{{sfn|Flammang|1996|p=28}}

[[File:VW Berlin-Rom,Bj.1939vorn.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Porsche 64]] (''pictured in 1981'') was largely derived from the Beetle.|alt=Blue sports racing car on the Nürburgring track in 1981.]]

Planned for September 1939, ''[[Kraft durch Freude]]'' arranged an event to showcase Germany's [[Autobahn]] highway system and to promote the purported beginning of the production of the ''KdF-Wagen'', involving a 1,500-kilometre{{nbsp}}(930{{nbsp}}mi) journey from Berlin to Rome.<ref name="Hagerty64">{{cite web|url= https://www.hagerty.com/media/buying-and-selling/first-porsche-for-sale-big-deal/|title= The first car to bear the Porsche name is up for sale, and here's why it's a big deal|first=Ronnie|last=Schreiber|website=[[Hagerty (insurance)|Hagerty]]|date=14 May 2019|access-date=20 February 2024|mode=cs2|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20231206074617/https://www.hagerty.com/media/buying-and-selling/first-porsche-for-sale-big-deal/ |archive-date=6 December 2023|url-status=live}}</ref> Erwin Komenda supervised the development process, while Karl Froelich was responsible for creating official plans that they subsequently used to form a wooden scale model. The model was wind tunnel tested at [[Stuttgart University]] by Josef Mickl.<ref>{{cite web|mode=cs2|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231001183722/https://rmsothebys.com/en/auctions/mo19/monterey/lots/r0031-1939-porsche-type-64/776606|url=https://rmsothebys.com/en/auctions/mo19/monterey/lots/r0031-1939-porsche-type-64/776606|title=1939 Porsche Type 64|website=[[RM Sotheby's]]|archive-date=1 October 2023|url-status=live|access-date=22 February 2024}}</ref> Dubbed the "Berlin-Rome car", Porsche AG's engineers designed the Type 60 K 10, officially known as the [[Porsche 64]].{{sfn|Leffingwell|2022|p=22}}{{sfn|Adler|2003|p=58}} Although the engineers produced three vehicles, they never made it to the race due to the [[Timeline of World War II (1939)|outbreak of war]] before the scheduled date;<ref name="Hagerty64"/> two of them disappeared during the conflict.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/11/business/first-porsche-type-64-auction.html|title='First' Porsche Heads to Auction, and a Record Price Is Expected|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=11 August 2019|url-access=subscription|mode=cs2|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190811173002/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/11/business/first-porsche-type-64-auction.html|archive-date=11 August 2019|access-date=21 February 2024|first=Rob|last=Sass|url-status=live}}</ref> Austrian Otto Mathé acquired the third Berlin-Rome car and raced it throughout the 1950s, becoming the fastest in its class during the 1950 Alpine Cup.{{sfn|Pfundner|Christoph Graf von Seherr-Thoss|Swann|2005|p=67}} He continued to use it until his death in 1995.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sg.finance.yahoo.com/news/oldest-surviving-porsche-probably-fetch-174000946.html|title=The Oldest-Surviving Porsche Will Probably Fetch $20 Million at Auction|website=[[Yahoo! Finance]]|date=14 May 2019|access-date=21 February 2024|mode=cs2|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240221084911/https://sg.finance.yahoo.com/news/oldest-surviving-porsche-probably-fetch-174000946.html|archive-date=21 February 2024|url-status=live|first=Chris|last=Perkins}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.barrons.com/articles/first-car-to-wear-porsche-badge-could-fetch-more-than-20-million-at-rm-sothebys-01557776579|title=First Car to Wear Porsche Badge Could Fetch More Than $20 Million|newspaper=[[Barron's]]|first=Fang|last=Block|date=13 May 2019|access-date=21 February 2024|mode=cs2|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518221623/https://www.barrons.com/articles/first-car-to-wear-porsche-badge-could-fetch-more-than-20-million-at-rm-sothebys-01557776579|archive-date=18 May 2022|url-status=live}}</ref>
{{clear left}}

=== Post-war production and success: 1945–1970 ===
[[File:Autotentoonstelling RAI, Bestanddeelnr 902-7194 (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|The early post-war export model at the 1948 Amsterdam [[AutoRAI]] Autoshow|alt=Black and white front view photo of a black car.]]
Following the war, the Beetle experienced a significant growth in success.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.autoweek.com/car-life/classic-cars/a1689381/heres-how-volkswagen-beetle-became-best-selling-car-ever/|title=Here's How The Volkswagen Beetle Became The World's Best-Selling Car, At Least For A While|website=[[Autoweek]]|date=22 January 2018|first=Wesley|last=Wren|access-date=23 February 2024|mode=cs2|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327071707/https://www.autoweek.com/car-life/classic-cars/a1689381/heres-how-volkswagen-beetle-became-best-selling-car-ever/|archive-date=27 March 2023|url-status=live}}</ref> On 11 April 1945, "Stadt des KdF-Wagens bei Fallersleben", where 17,000 people lived, was officially designated "[[Wolfsburg]]".{{sfn|Hayes|2020|p=21}}{{sfn|Meyer-Larsen|2000|p=183}} Official [[series production|series manufacture]] of the [[sedan (automobile)|saloon]] began on 27 December 1945;<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2015/sep/26/volkswagen-vw-hitler-herbie-wolfsburg|title=From Hitler to Herbie and hubris – how Volkswagen was brought low|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|mode=cs2|access-date=18 March 2024|first=Jennifer|last=Rankin|date=27 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230215185946/https://www.theguardian.com/business/2015/sep/26/volkswagen-vw-hitler-herbie-wolfsburg|archive-date=15 February 2023|url-status=live}}</ref> Volkswagen made fifty-five vehicles by the end of the year.{{sfn|Hayes|2020|p=9}}<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.roadandtrack.com/news/a35083249/volkswagen-beetle-production-75th-anniversary/|title=The Volkswagen Beetle Entered Production 75 Years Ago|magazine=[[Road and Track]]|date=28 December 2020|access-date=23 February 2024|first=Chris|last=Perkins|mode=cs2|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240212171100/https://www.roadandtrack.com/news/a35083249/volkswagen-beetle-production-75th-anniversary/|archive-date=12 February 2024|url-status=live}}</ref> The Volkswagen facility, initially slated for dismantling and transportation to Britain under American control in 1945, faced a lack of interest from British car manufacturers; an official report included the statement, "The vehicle does not meet the fundamental technical requirement of a motor-car [...] it is quite unattractive to the average buyer [...] To build the car commercially would be a completely uneconomic enterprise." Instead, the factory remained operational by producing cars for the [[British Army]].<ref name="autogenerated3">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2000/mar/18/guardianobituaries |title=Ivan Hirst|url-status=live|newspaper= [[The Guardian]]|date= 18 March 2000|access-date= 30 September 2010|mode=cs2|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208000515/https://www.theguardian.com/news/2000/mar/18/guardianobituaries|archive-date=8 December 2023}}</ref> Allied dismantling policy changed from late 1946 to mid-1947. During this period, heavy industry in Germany continued until 1951. In March 1947, [[Herbert Hoover]] helped change policy by stating:

{{blockquote |There is the illusion that the New Germany left after the [[Oder-Neisse line|annexations]] can be reduced to a "[[pastoral state]]". It cannot be done unless we exterminate or move 25,000,000 people out of it.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/Pubs/chronicle/2008/webarticles/080103_marshallplan.html |title=UN Chronicle, A magazine for the United Nations |magazine=[[UN Chronicle]]|access-date=30 September 2010 |url-status=dead |mode=cs2|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090419195002/http://www.un.org/Pubs/chronicle/2008/webarticles/080103_marshallplan.html |archive-date=19 April 2009}}</ref>}}

Major [[Ivan Hirst]] (1916–2000), a British Army officer, has been widely acknowledged for the reopening of the factory.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.nytimes.com/2000/03/22/business/ivan-hirst-british-officer-who-revived-vw-is-dead-at-84.html|title= Ivan Hirst, British Officer Who Revived VW, Is Dead at 84|first=Phil|last=Patton|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=22 March 2000|access-date=24 February 2024|url-status=live|mode=cs2|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230318193746/https://www.nytimes.com/2000/03/22/business/ivan-hirst-british-officer-who-revived-vw-is-dead-at-84.html|archive-date=18 March 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hagerty.com/media/automotive-history/75-years-ago-the-beloved-vw-beetle-entered-production/|title=75 years ago, the beloved VW Beetle entered production|website=[[Hagerty (insurance)|Hagerty]]|date=29 December 2020|first=Brandon|last=Gillogly|access-date=26 February 2024|mode=cs2|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601030001/https://www.hagerty.com/media/automotive-history/75-years-ago-the-beloved-vw-beetle-entered-production/|archive-date=1 June 2023}}</ref> Hirst was ordered to take control of the heavily bombed factory, which the Americans had captured.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/the-good-oil-fog-lights-are-a-nuisance/5T4OESAV6B536GJRBPTPBAATY4/|title= The good oil: Fog lights are a nuisance|newspaper=[[The New Zealand Herald]]|date=11 July 2009|access-date=24 February 2024|mode=cs2|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20240224121856/https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/the-good-oil-fog-lights-are-a-nuisance/5T4OESAV6B536GJRBPTPBAATY4/ |archive-date=24 February 2024|url-status=live}}</ref> Recognising the scarcity of occupations in Germany and the shortage of vehicles in the British Army, Hirst persuaded the British military to order 20,000&nbsp;cars, stating that it "was the limit set by the availability of materials". By March 1946, production capacity was rated at approximately 1,000 units per month.{{sfn|Christopher|2012|pp=202–203}} Based on an eight-hour shift in mid-1946, production was around 2,500 per month. At the time, about 1,800 machine tools were in operation, of which 200 were used exclusively for the key components.{{sfn|Carroll|2016|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=e3GCDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT36 36]}}

{{Multiple image | align = left | direction = vertical | width = 200
| image1 = Wolfsburg - Käfer vor Volkswagen in Wolfsburg.jpg
| image2 = Wolfsburg - Volkswagen Assembly Line.jpg
| alt1 = A white Volkswagen Käfer that had just came out of the facility in 1960. Pictured in the background is the factory it was built at.
| alt2 = Numerous Volkswagen Käfers at the Volkswagen Wolfsburg assembly line in 1960.
| footer = Outdoor (''top'') and indoor (''bottom'') views of the [[Wolfsburg Volkswagen Plant|Wolfsburg assembly facility]], 1960
}}

Once [[Heinrich Nordhoff]] assumed management at [[Volkswagen]]werk, manufacturing capacity increased significantly. Production in 1946 and 1947 was rated at 9,878 and 8,973 examples, respectively, but in Nordhoff's first year, 1948, manufacture doubled to approximately 19,244 units. On 6 August 1955, the millionth example was assembled and by 1959, production capacity was rated at 700,000 units per year.{{sfn|Carroll|2016|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=e3GCDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT43 43]}}<ref>{{cite book|title=German International|year=1972|publisher=Heinz Moeller-Verlag|location=Illinois|volume=16|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q4KqdQbjWcEC|via=Google Books|page=28|access-date=6 March 2024|archive-date=23 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240223095803/https://www.google.com.au/books/edition/German_International/Q4KqdQbjWcEC?hl|url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Hopfinger|1954|p=156}} By mid-1948, the Forces of Occupation received 20,991 cars, leaving less than 10,000 for export or domestic consumption. The number of employees increased from 6,033 by the end of 1945 to almost 57,000 in 1957. After the war, over 10,000 apartments were built to house the workers in Wolfsburg, which then had a population of nearly 60,000.{{sfn|Carroll|2016|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=e3GCDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT43 43]}} In 1959, Volkswagen invested more than DM500{{nbsp}}million to increase daily production by 1,000, reaching a final target of 3,000 per day. During 1960, the company occasionally increased production by around 100; by the end of 1960, Volkswagen planned to produce 4,000 examples daily. Nordhoff stated, "Then we believe we shall have reached a balance between supply and demand so that we can finally deliver Volkswagens to customers without a waiting period".{{sfn|Nelson|1965|p=154}}

By the early 1960s, the Wolfsburg facility was massive. It accommodated about 10,000 production machines and covered {{cvt|10800000|sqft|ha|order=flip}} in roofed area, more than the combined residential area in [[Wolfsburg]].{{sfn|Copping|2011|p=106}}{{sfn|Nelson|1965|p=156}} Daily production increased to approximately 5,091, and the plant employed over 43,500 workers. By 1962, Nordhoff had spent over DM675{{nbsp}}million in expanding the factory. At that time, Volkswagen sales constituted 34.5{{nbsp}}per{{nbsp}}cent of the total [[West Germany|West German]] automotive market and 42.3{{nbsp}}per{{nbsp}}cent of sub-{{cvt|2750|lb|order=flip}} commercial vehicle market there.{{sfn|Nelson|1965|p=156}} Nordhoff's recurring encouragement proved to be highly effective. He consistently urged the team to work harder, reduce expenses and avoid complacency and corporate inefficiencies.{{sfn|Nelson|1965|pp=156–157}} In January 1960, Nordhoff quoted:

{{blockquote|We shall some day speak of the [[1950s|Golden Fifties]]. We are now moving away from them and we must recognise that fact and use the time given us. The wheel of history never turns back! Whatever opportunities you miss today will never return! The new year will have 366 days this time; every day, we will cross one off—and soon there will be only four left. No power of heaven or earth will bring those days back. Let us use this time, as long as we are free to do so, as we are now, and as we shall still be for a few years.{{sfn|Nelson|1965|p=157}} }}

The Emden facility represented an expenditure exceeding DM154.4{{nbsp}}million, with Beetle operations beginning there on 1 December 1964.{{sfn|Copping|2005|p=38}} By late 1965, Volkswagen's annual production exceeded 1,600,000 units, averaging 6,800 units per day. Volkswagen's share of all cars produced in West Germany reached 48.6 per{{nbsp}}cent, representing a 3.3% increase from the previous year. When including Audis produced at Ingolstadt, the combined output from Volkswagen and its [[Auto-Union]] company constituted 50.4% of all West German cars produced that year.{{sfn|Nelson|1965|p=157}} In 1968, the Type 1 was officially given the name "Beetle" (from "der Käfer", German for [[beetle]]).<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.forbes.com/sites/msolomon/2018/09/14/luxury-lineage-a-brief-history-of-the-volkswagen-beetle/?sh=17d0671e5048|title= Luxury Lineage: A Brief History of the Volkswagen Beetle|first=Michael|last=Solomon|date=14 September 2018|access-date=26 February 2024|mode=cs2|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230805153823/https://www.forbes.com/sites/msolomon/2018/09/14/luxury-lineage-a-brief-history-of-the-volkswagen-beetle/|archive-date=5 August 2023|magazine=[[Forbes]]|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Decline and end of West German production: 1970–1990 ===
[[File:VW Golf I front 20090416.jpg|thumb|right|alt=White hatchback car with quad headlights.|The [[Volkswagen Golf I|first-generation Golf]] served as the Beetle's replacement once Wolfsburg production ended.{{sfn|Imseng|2016|p=90}}]]
While it was largely successful in the 1960s,<ref name="nytnewdiscontinued">{{cite news |last1=Tsang |first1=Amie |last2=Ewing |first2=Jack |title=Volkswagen Beetle, Symbol of '60s Counterculture, Will Be Discontinued Again |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/14/business/volkswagen-beetle.html |newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|url-access=subscription|date=14 September 2018|access-date=27 July 2025|mode=cs2|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240117052124/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/14/business/volkswagen-beetle.html|archive-date=17 January 2024|url-status=live}}</ref> recording its highest sales growth in North America from 1960 to 1965,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/larrylight/2020/05/22/vw-is-nostalgia-a-basis-for-buying/|title=VW: Is Nostalgia A Basis For Buying?|first=Larry|last=Light|magazine=[[Forbes]]|date=22 May 2020|access-date=27 February 2024|mode=cs2|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200620044502/https://www.forbes.com/sites/larrylight/2020/05/22/vw-is-nostalgia-a-basis-for-buying/#31fb5c0841b7|url-access=subscription|archive-date=20 June 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> the Beetle started facing competition from more contemporary designs worldwide in the 1970s.<ref name="Handy79Guide">{{cite web|url=https://www.hagerty.com/media/buying-and-selling/your-handy-1949-79-volkswagen-beetle-buyers-guide/|title=Your handy 1949–79 Volkswagen Beetle buyer's guide|website=[[Hagerty (insurance)|Hagerty]]|date=16 December 2022|first=Brendan|last=McAleer|mode=cs2|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231210112811/https://www.hagerty.com/media/buying-and-selling/your-handy-1949-79-volkswagen-beetle-buyers-guide/|archive-date=10 December 2023|url-status=live|access-date=27 February 2024}}</ref><ref name="BloombergLP">{{cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2006-05-09/the-vw-storybusinessweek-business-news-stock-market-and-financial-advice|title=The VW Story|first=Marty|last=Bernstein|website=[[Bloomberg L.P.]]|date=10 May 2006|access-date=27 February 2024|mode=cs2|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160521082722/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2006-05-09/the-vw-storybusinessweek-business-news-stock-market-and-financial-advice|archive-date=21 May 2016|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref> The decade started out well for Volkswagen, which sold 569,000 Beetles in 1970.{{sfn|Kiley|2002|p=121}}{{sfn|Maxton|Wormald|1996|p=84}} In 1970, fifteen American Volkswagen dealerships convened in Washington, D.C., to implement the [[Volkswagen American Dealers Association]], which was made to preserve a free market of imported international automobiles through political pressure and lobbying.<ref name="BloombergLP"/> 

On 17 February 1972, the world car production record was broken by the Beetle, with a total of 15,007,034 units produced worldwide, thereby surpassing the production figure that had been held by the American [[Ford Model T]] for nearly fifty years.{{sfn|Seume|2001b|p=97}} Volkswagen donated the record-breaking car, a [[#Super Beetle|Super Beetle]], to the [[Smithsonian Institution]] for permanent exhibition in its industrial history section.{{sfn|Gunnell|2017|p=98}} By 1973, over 16{{nbsp}}million Beetles had been manufactured.{{sfn|Nolan|2015|p=123}} On 1 July 1974, the final Beetle was produced at the [[Wolfsburg]] plant after 11,916,519 units were made there. Following its discontinuation, Volkswagen ceased the ongoing development of the Beetle in Germany.{{sfn|Wiersch|2005|p=271}} On 19 January 1978, the last Beetle sedan manufactured in Europe rolled off the production line at the Emden plant with the chassis number 1182034030.{{sfn|Schmitz|1990|p=304}}{{sfn|Hayes|2020|p=108}}{{sfn|Flammang|1996|p=157}} After its discontinuation in Germany, production of the Volkswagen Beetle continued in Brazil, Mexico and Nigeria.{{sfn|Mantle|2014|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=lyVhBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT197 197]}}

In the 1960s and '70s, Volkswagen augmented its product portfolio with several models to supplement the Type 1—the [[Volkswagen Type 3|Type 3]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.roadandtrack.com/car-culture/a39947888/the-type-3-was-vw-trying-to-out-beetle-itself/|title=The Type 3 Was VW Trying to Out Beetle Itself|first=J. P.|last=Huffman|magazine=[[Road and Track]]|date=16 May 2022 |mode=cs2|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314190514/https://www.roadandtrack.com/car-culture/a39947888/the-type-3-was-vw-trying-to-out-beetle-itself/|archive-date=14 March 2023|url-status=live}}</ref> the [[Volkswagen Type 4|Type 4]] and the [[NSU Motorenwerke|NSU]]-based [[Volkswagen K70|K70]] sedan.{{sfn|Hayes|2020|p=99}}{{sfn|Gooding|2016|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=_gB7DAAAQBAJ&dq=gooding+2016+&pg=PT45 45]}} None of these models achieved the level of success of the Beetle.{{sfn|Gooding|2016|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=_gB7DAAAQBAJ&dq=gooding+2016+&pg=PT45 45]}} The overdependence on a singular model, which was experiencing a decline in popularity, meant that Volkswagen was in a financial crisis and needed German government funding to produce the Beetle's replacement. Consequently, the company introduced a new generation of water-cooled, front-engined, [[front-wheel-drive]] models, including the [[Volkswagen Golf|Golf]], the [[Volkswagen Passat|Passat]], the [[Volkswagen Polo|Polo]] and the [[Volkswagen Scirocco|Scirocco]], all of which were styled by the Italian automotive designer [[Giorgetto Giugiaro]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://moneyweek.com/422739/19-january-1978-roduction-of-the-vw-beetle-ends-in-germany|title=19 January 1978: production of the VW Beetle ends in Germany|date=19 January 2021|access-date=28 February 2024|mode=cs2|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231206144808/https://moneyweek.com/422739/19-january-1978-roduction-of-the-vw-beetle-ends-in-germany|archive-date=6 December 2023|url-status=live|first=Takahiro|last=Hasegawa|magazine=[[MoneyWeek]]}}</ref> By 1979, the Golf constituted over 50 per cent of Volkswagen sales, and it eventually became Volkswagen's most successful model since the Beetle.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hagerty.co.uk/articles/opinion/the-full-english-volkswagen-golf/|title=The Full English: Volkswagen Golf|last=English|first=Andrew|website=[[Hagerty (insurance)|Hagerty UK]]|date=14 February 2024|mode=cs2|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240216094619/https://www.hagerty.co.uk/articles/opinion/the-full-english-volkswagen-golf/|archive-date=16 February 2024|url-status=live}}</ref> As opposed to the Beetle, the Golf was substantially redesigned over its lifetime, with only a few components carried over between generations.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.slashgear.com/1475246/golf-one-of-top-selling-volkswagen-all-time/|title=Here's How The Golf Became One Of The Best Selling Volkswagen's Ever Made|website=[[SlashGear]]|last=Shutt|first=Mike|date=25 December 2023|mode=cs2|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228092751/https://www.slashgear.com/1475246/golf-one-of-top-selling-volkswagen-all-time/|archive-date=28 February 2024|access-date=28 February 2024|url-status=live}}</ref> On 10 January 1980, the final Beetle convertible of 330,281 rolled off the production line at the [[Karmann]] facility in [[Osnabrück]].{{sfn|Nelson|1965|p=340}}<ref>{{cite news|url=https://money.cnn.com/gallery/autos/2014/07/16/history-of-the-volkswagen-beetle/index.html|title=History of the Volkswagen Beetle|first=J. R.|last=Coughlin|date=16 July 2014|website=[[CNN Money]]|mode=cs2|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230127020723/https://money.cnn.com/gallery/autos/2014/07/16/history-of-the-volkswagen-beetle/index.html|archive-date=27 January 2023|url-status=live|access-date=28 February 2024}}</ref> It was the most successful convertible for a long time and was replaced by the first [[Volkswagen Golf|Golf]] cabriolet in 1979.<ref name="Handy79Guide"/>{{sfn|Hayes|2020|p=108}}

The number of Beetle units sold by Volkswagen was at its lowest in the 1980s. The Beetle faced competition from Japanese automakers such as [[Toyota]] and [[Honda]], whose cars were uprated in reliability and performance. The closure of Volkswagen's Pennsylvania factory was due to high costs, subpar quality, and poor sales. In the United States, Volkswagen introduced the [[Volkswagen Golf Mk2|Rabbit]] and [[Volkswagen Corrado|Corrado]], both of which had little success. The overall sales suffered a significant downturn, leading to the loss of many dealerships for the company.<ref name="BloombergLP"/>

=== New Beetle and end of production: 1990–2003 ===
In 1991, the planning of a new car began once [[J Mays]] and [[Freeman Thomas]] returned to California to open Volkswagen's Design Centre at [[Simi Valley]].{{sfn|Seume|2001a|p=7}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hagerty.com/media/car-profiles/volkswagen-new-beetle-squashed-but-not-forgotten/|title=Volkswagen New Beetle squashed but not forgotten|first=Brendan|last=McAleer|date=4 April 2018|access-date=28 February 2024|mode=cs2|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203135554/https://www.hagerty.com/media/car-profiles/volkswagen-new-beetle-squashed-but-not-forgotten/|archive-date=3 December 2023|url-status=live|website=[[Hagerty (insurance)|Hagerty]]}}</ref> Recognising that Japanese manufacturers dominated the market in the 1970s and '80s, Volkswagen needed to introduce a vehicle to regain popularity. Before this, the company began the development of a city car, codenamed "[[Volkswagen Chico|Chico]]", in which they invested millions of [[Deutsche Marks]].{{sfn|Seume|2001a|p=7}} In 1993, the brand stated that the Chico was intended to begin production in 1995. However, this plan was abandoned once Volkswagen realised that the project was commercially infeasible.{{sfn|Seume|2001a|p=7}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/01/19/business/worldbusiness/IHT-germans-join-race-to-build-small-cars.html|title=Germans Join Race To Build Small Cars|first=Brandon|last=Mitchener|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=19 January 1993|access-date=28 February 2024|mode=cs2|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231116163609/https://www.nytimes.com/1993/01/19/business/worldbusiness/IHT-germans-join-race-to-build-small-cars.html|archive-date=16 November 2023|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Mays and Thomas recognised the difficulties faced by the brand and suggested the need for a vehicle that included the recognisable design of the Beetle as a potential solution to improve customer appeal.{{sfn|Seume|2001a|p=7}} During development, this car was known as the "Concept One" project.{{sfn|Seume|2001a|p=7}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theverge.com/2016/4/22/11482150/volkswagen-beetle-old-discontinued-car-ressurection|title=Kill the cars you love the most|website=[[The Verge]]|date=23 April 2016|first=Chris|last=Ziegler|access-date=29 February 2024|mode=cs2|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320202523/https://www.theverge.com/2016/4/22/11482150/volkswagen-beetle-old-discontinued-car-ressurection|archive-date=20 March 2023|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[prototype]] version of the project was revealed at the 1994 [[Detroit Motor Show]], and a red convertible variant of the model was showcased at the 1995 [[Geneva Motor Show]].{{sfn|Seume|2001a|p=11}}

It took a year for Volkswagen to officially confirm the production of the concept in its final form, which was slated for completion by the end of the century. To help gauge public demand of the forthcoming automobile in the United States, Volkswagen implemented a free-access telephone line to allow members to express their thoughts on the car. The line quickly became inundated with calls, with many saying, "You build it, I'll buy it!"{{sfn|Seume|2001a|p=11}} Work on the Concept One continued, with further redesigns on its front [[fascia (car)|fascia]]. To reduce production investments and expenses, Volkswagen initially planned to use the platform of the [[Volkswagen Polo|Polo]]. However, in 1995, at the [[Tokyo Motor Show]], the company unveiled another [[prototype]], sharing its [[wheelbase]] and its broader range of engine options with the [[Volkswagen Golf|Golf]]. Simultaneously, Volkswagen announced that it would be named the "New Beetle".{{sfn|Seume|2001a|pp=12–13}} After over six years of planning and development, Volkswagen introduced the New Beetle in 1997.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2018/sep/17/herbie-bug-vw-beetle-volkswagen|title=Herbie the Toxic Bug? How the fun went out of the VW Beetle|first=Stephen|last=Moss|date=17 September 2018|access-date=29 February 2024|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|mode=cs2|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221129032142/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2018/sep/17/herbie-bug-vw-beetle-volkswagen|archive-date=29 November 2022|url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Burt|2002|p=91}}

On 30 July 2003 at 9:05&nbsp;a.m., at the [[Puebla]] plant in Mexico, Volkswagen produced the final Type 1, after 21,529,464 examples were produced globally during its tenure.{{sfn|Copping|2023|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=7kDJEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT61 61]}}{{sfn|Hayes|2020|p=156}} Its production span of 65 years is the longest of any single generation of automobile,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://money.cnn.com/galleries/2011/autos/1111/gallery.vw_beetle_history.fortune/index.html|title=VW Beetles through the ages|date=2 November 2011|first=Alex|last=Taylor|website=[[CNN Money]]|mode=cs2|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240229004936/https://money.cnn.com/galleries/2011/autos/1111/gallery.vw_beetle_history.fortune/index.html|archive-date=29 February 2024|url-status=live}}</ref> and its total production of over 21.5{{nbsp}}million is the most of any car of a single [[car platform|platform]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2011/jul/21/volkswagens-iconic-beetle-roars-into-the-21st-cent/|title=Volkswagen's iconic Beetle roars into the 21st Century|date=21 July 2011|access-date=29 February 2024|newspaper=[[The Washington Times]]|mode=cs2|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170220035020/http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2011/jul/21/volkswagens-iconic-beetle-roars-into-the-21st-cent/|archive-date=20 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> To celebrate the occasion, Volkswagen marketed a series of 3,000 Beetles as "Última Edición" (Final Edition).{{sfn|Becker|2016|p=54}}{{sfn|Hayes|2020|p=156}}{{sfn|Copping|2011|p=171}}

== Models and history of design ==
While the design of the Beetle changed little over its lifespan, Volkswagen implemented over 78,000 incremental updates.{{sfn|Willson|Selby|1995|p=212}} Typically subtle, these alterations usually involved minor updates to the exterior, interior, colours and lighting. More noteworthy changes have comprised new engines, models and systems, such as updated [[dashboard]]s and [[hydraulic braking]].

=== Initial and successful models: 1946–1974 ===
The Type 11 standard limousine, initially designated as the Type 60 before 1946, received the dub "Pretzel Beetle" due to its distinctive oval-shaped, vertically divided rear window.{{sfn|Herda|2008|p=33}}{{sfn|Hielscher|2020|p=26}} On 1 July 1949, the Volkswagen lineup was expanded to include the "export" model featuring enhanced interiors, chrome bumpers, and trim. It was offered in a variety of colours to distinguish it from the preceding "Standard" model.{{sfn|Copping|2023|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=qRayEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT38 38]}}{{sfn|Copping|2014|p=27}} Starting in 1950, an optional [[sunroof]] with a textile cover could be added at an extra cost.{{sfn|Szantai|2022|p=14}} By March of the same year, the export model began to be equipped with a [[hydraulic brake|hydraulic brake system]],{{sfn|Gunnell|2017|p=18}} which became a standard feature from April onwards.{{sfn|Copping|2014|p=28}} In 1952, the equipment was enhanced with the addition of vent windows in the doors, and the wheels were reduced to a diameter of {{convert|15|in}} from the previous {{convert|16|in}}.{{sfn|Gunnell|2017|p=24}} On 10 March 1953, the split rear window was replaced with a one-piece rear window.{{sfn|Burt|2002|p=28}} Starting in 1954, the [[Volkswagen air-cooled engine|Type 122]] engine had a {{cvt|77|mm|in|abbr=on|1}} [[cylinder bore]], increased by {{cvt|2|mm|in|abbr=on|2}}, and an [[engine displacement]] of {{cvt|1192|cc|L|1}}, surpassing the previous {{cvt|1131|cc|L|1}}. This engine produced {{cvt|30|PS|kW|0|disp=flip}}, a {{cvt|5|PS|kW|0|disp=flip}} improvement over its predecessor.{{sfn|Riegler|2019|p=147}}<ref>{{cite magazine|magazine=[[Practical Motorist]] |volume = 7 | issue = 81  |title =Knowing your Volkswagen | page = 943|date=May 1961}}</ref> In 1955, the traditional VW semaphore turn signals were replaced by conventional flashing directional indicator lamps for North America, followed by their worldwide replacement in 1961.{{sfn|Copping|2011|page=57}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Stoklosa |first=Alexander |date=2023-08-31 |title=The Bug's Life: A History of the Volkswagen Beetle |url=https://www.caranddriver.com/features/g15378761/volkswagen-beetle-models-by-year/ |work=Car And Driver|mode=cs2|access-date=14 May 2024}}</ref> In 1958, the Beetle received a revised instrument panel, and a larger rectangular rear window replaced the previous oval design.{{sfn|Burt|2002|pp=46–48}}

{{quote box|width=200px|align=right|quote="The 1961 Volkswagen sedan provides the kind of happy surprise that comes when an excellent motor vehicle is made even better."|source=''[[Motor Trend]]'', August 1960{{sfn|Gunnell|2017|pp=53–54}}}}
In 1960, Volkswagen introduced a series of technical alterations. The front [[blinker|indicators]] were relocated to the front [[Hood (car)|bonnet]] within chrome housings, and the rear indicators were integrated into the [[tail lamps]]. In January, the valve-clearing adjusting nut was slightly enlarged and resistor-type ignition leads were adopted. In March, Volkswagen made several modifications to its front trailing arm and the steering damper. In May 1960, Volkswagen added plastic warm air ducts to decrease noise.{{sfn|Burt|2002|p=53}}

[[File:Volkswagen Beetle (ca 1961) rear three quarters.JPG|thumb|left|alt=Picture of a yellow automobile in a field, with an airplane in the background. This is a rear three-quarters-view of it.|Rear view of a 1961 Volkswagen Type 1]]

In the mid-1960s, the traditional labels "standard" and "export" for the Beetle's model variants were superseded by numerical designations, approximately correlating with the engine displacements. In the October 1961 issue of ''[[Motor Trend]]'', Don Werner noted, "Five years ago, out of every ten imported cars sold, six were Volkswagens. [The] latest figures show the ratio is now down to about every four [Volkswagens] out of every ten. If the current VW starts to slip, the new [Type 3]—soon to be introduced—probably will be imported to justify the [company's] more than 600 [Volkswagen] dealerships and the $100{{nbsp}}million investment in facilities". He continued by expressing that the [[Volkswagen Type 3|Type 3]] had failed to leave a positive impression on industry executives in both Europe and North America. The new engine essentially possessed identical specifications to the previous model;{{sfn|Gunnell|2017|pp=53–54}} it was a [[Flat engine|horizontally opposed]], [[Overhead valve engine|overhead valve]], [[straight-four engine|four-cylinder]] [[air-cooled engine]]. It generated {{cvt|40|kW|PS hp|0}} at 3,900{{nbsp}}rpm and produced {{cvt|83|Nm}} at 2,000{{nbsp}}rpm.{{sfn|Weertman|2007|p=207}}

The 1961 Beetle introduced a fully synchronised four-speed [[manual transmission]], replacing the former non-synchronised first gear. The Volkswagen facility implemented 27 alterations to the new model, some of which were minor. Noteworthy changes comprised an automatic choke, an [[Carburetor heat|anti-icing carburettor heater]], a redesigned [[fuel tank]] that increased [[Trunk (car)|boot capacity]], an external [[gas tank]] vent to prevent odours in the car, standard [[windshield wipers]]  with a manual washer system, and a new ignition switch. Stylistic improvements included new paint colours and interior design options, a coloured [[steering wheel]], a {{cvt|150|km/h|-1}} [[speedometer]].{{sfn|Gunnell|2017|pp=55–56}} For 1962, the manual windscreen washer system was replaced by a powered system that was pressurized by the air pressure in the front mounted spare wheel. The system included a built in-valve to prevent the tire from losing too much pressure to be usable. This system would be implemented in multiple other VW models throughout the 1960s and 1970s.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Torchinsky |first=Jason |date=2018-10-22 |title=The Spare Tire Windshield Washer System In Old Volkswagens Is Both Ridiculous And Clever |url=https://www.jalopnik.com/the-spare-tire-windshield-washer-system-in-old-volkswag-1829875552/ |access-date=2025-04-03 |website=Jalopnik |language=en-US}}</ref> On 30 July 1962, Volkswagen made several updates for the 1963 [[model year]], including the incorporation of an air filter into the oil filter, the introduction of larger-diameter cylinder head induction ports and the adoption of plastic for the headliner and window guides. Volkswagen replaced the Wolfsburg crest on the hood, which had been present since 1951, with the company's lettering. A [[heating system]] was also introduced.{{sfn|Gunnell|2017|p=57}} In 1965, the 1200A designation was introduced for the standard Beetle with the {{cvt|22|kW|PS|0}} engine.{{sfn|Tyler|2004|p=219}}

Volkswagen introduced the 1300 in August 1965, equipped with a 1.3-litre engine producing {{cvt|40|PS|kW|0|disp=flip}}. Although featuring an identical design, the {{cvt|6|PS|kW|1}} increase was achieved through the adoption of the [[crankshaft]] from the [[Volkswagen Type 3|Type 3]]. This extended the stroke from {{cvt|64|mm|1}} to {{cvt|69|mm|1}}, resulting in an engine displacement of {{cvt|1285|cc|L|1}}.{{sfn|Copping|2018|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=l3t6DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT281 281]}} 1965 also marked the Beetle's most extensive design change when its body stampings were extensively revised. It allowed for significantly larger windows, a departure from previous designs. The windshield increased by 11% in area and adopted a slight curvature, replacing its flat configuration. Door windows also expanded by 6%, with a slight backward canting of door vent window edges. Rear side windows increased by 17.5%, and the rear window by 19.5%.{{sfn|Nelson|1965|p=308}}

In 1967, updates comprised shortened front and rear bonnets, box-profile bumpers with a railway rails design that were installed at a higher position, vertically oriented scattering discs for the headlights and larger rear lights with an iron design. Volkswagen introduced an external fuel filler flap, eliminating the need to open the front bonnet for refuelling.{{sfn|Hayes|2020|pp=92–93}} In September 1967, the 1500 Beetle was introduced. Its engine displacement was approximately {{convert|1493|cc|L|1|disp=flip}}, its power output was {{cvt|32|kW|PS|0}} and featured a three-speed [[semi-automatic transmission]].{{sfn|Copping|2011|p=119}} In 1968, the 1200 received fully [[independent suspension]], some stylistic improvements and an external [[fuel cap]]. The 1300 transitioned from six-volt to twelve-volt electrics and received dual circuit braking and a fuel gauge. The 1500 also received these alterations, as well as carburettor enhancements. In 1969, the 1200 received twelve-volt electrics, [[automotive lighting#Emergency warning devices|hazard warning lamps]] and a locking fuel cap. The 1300 was available with a semi-automatic transmission and [[radial tyres|radial-ply tyres]]. In 1970, the 1500 received a new carburettor and dual circuit braking, and Volkswagen discontinued the 1500.{{sfn|Tyler|2004|p=219}}

In 1971, the 1200 received a larger windscreen, while the 1300 received a power increase to {{cvt|32|kW|PS|0}} and larger brakes, effectively replacing the 1500.{{sfn|Tyler|2004|p=219}}{{sfn|Rosenow|2013|p=1985}} Volkswagen replaced the 1300 with the 1300A "economy version" in 1973 for the 1974 model year, possessing the same specifications as the 1300 but maintaining the same overall design as the 1200.{{sfn|Tyler|2004|p=219}}
{{clear}}

=== <span class="anchor" id="Super Beetle"></span> Mid-life and declining models: 1970–1986 ===
[[File:Volkswagen Beetle .jpg|thumb|left|Volkswagen 1303 ("Super Beetle")]]
The VW 1302, introduced in August 1970,{{sfn|Copping|Cservenka|2005|p=62}} featured a redesigned front end. It incorporated a new front axle featuring [[MacPherson strut|MacPherson suspension struts]], [[wishbone suspension|wishbones]] and a stabiliser.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zZcfAQAAIAAJ|mode=cs2|title=Automobile Year|volume=18|page=58|via=Google Books|year=1970|publisher=Edita S. A.|location=France|access-date=15 March 2024|archive-date=19 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240319082720/https://www.google.com.au/books/edition/Automobile_Year/zZcfAQAAIAAJ?hl|url-status=live}}</ref> The enlargement of the front trunk became possible as a result. Unlike its predecessor, the spare wheel was no longer positioned diagonally at the front under the hood but instead rested horizontally under a cover in the trunk area.{{sfn|Tyler|2004|p=219}}{{sfn|Hayes|2020|p=95}} The company initially intended to designate the car as the "1301", but a [[trademark]] already held by the French company [[Simca]] compelled Volkswagen to use "1302" instead. Volkswagen produced the more powerful 1302S alongside the 1302. The latter has an engine displacement of {{convert|1285|cc|L|1|disp=flip}}, while the former has a capacity of {{convert|1584|cc|L|1|disp=flip}}.{{sfn|Hayes|2020|p=96}}{{sfn|Copping|2001|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=E4VxAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT353 353]}} In English-speaking countries, the name "Super Beetle"—alongside "1600"—was included on the written description but not the engine cover.{{sfn|Hayes|2020|p=96}}

The 1302 possessed the same {{convert|44|PS|kW|abbr=on|1|disp=flip}} output as the 1300, whereas the 1302S saw an increase to {{convert|50|PS|kW|abbr=on|1|disp=flip}}. This was facilitated by a twin-port [[cylinder head]], enabling the engines to breathe more effortlessly. The British automotive magazine ''[[Autocar (magazine)|Autocar]]'' expressed disappointment in its power increase, noting, "Even with 14 [per{{nbsp}}cent] more power, the total output of 50{{nbsp}}[[brake horsepower|bhp]] is very modest for the size of the engine". The Super Beetle had a {{convert|2|cm|in|abbr=on|1}} increase in [[wheelbase]], but the extra space was in front of the windshield. For 1971, the overall length increased by {{convert|8|cm|in|abbr=on|1}}, doubling the front trunk capacity and adding {{convert|3|cuft|abbr=on|1}} of luggage space. Volkswagen also implemented a new fresh-air ventilation system, drawing its air from the rear quarter panels.{{sfn|Hayes|2020|p=96}}

[[File:Beetle (4935612536).jpg|thumb|right|1983 Volkswagen 1200|alt=Front three-quarters-view of a white car with a compact body and small wheels]]

In August 1972, the 1303 range superseded the 1302 model, which featured a curved windshield. This design change elicited mixed opinions; some favoured it, while others expressed dissatisfaction. Despite the effort to infuse the Beetle with a modernised design, this did not resonate with consumers, resulting in declining Beetle sales.{{sfn|Seume|2001b|pp=97–99}}{{efn|For more information about its decline, see [[#Decline and end of German production, 1970–1990|§ Decline and end of German production]]}} In 1975, the 1303 and 1303S received [[rack and pinion]] steering, but in July of that year, Volkswagen discontinued both of them.{{sfn|Seume|2001b|p=99}} The long-serving 1200 was renamed the "1200L" in 1976, with the additional deluxe features incorporated into the car's interior.{{sfn|Tyler|2004|p=219}} In July 1984, Volkswagen eliminated the engine lid louvres.{{sfn|Glen|2003|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=hNKSCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT580 580]}}

=== Final models: 1986–2003 ===
[[File:Autostadt ZH 21 (cropped).jpg|thumb|"Última Edición" (Final Edition) in Aquarius Blue (2003)]]
Starting in 1986, for the 1987 [[model year]], the sole model available was the single-carburettor version with {{convert|1584|cc|L|1|disp=flip}}. From late 1992 for the 1993 model year, Volkswagen standardised [[catalytic converter]]s, the [[Bosch (company)|Bosch]] [[Digifant engine management system]], a [[lambda probe]] and [[electric ignition]]. This fuel-injection system proved much more straightforward and reliable than previous injection systems used on German-assembled Volkswagens since 1967. Vehicles with these modifications can be identified externally by the reintroduced louvred engine lid, heavier and larger bumper bars, four-stud wheels with twenty ventilation holes and a "1600i" badge on the engine lid. The 1993 model also featured a [[Volkswagen Golf Mk3|third-generation Golf]]-style [[steering wheel]] and front seats, a protection alarm, [[Parking brake|handbrake]] and engine compartment lamps and an optional [[ZF Friedrichshafen|ZF]] [[limited-slip differential]]. The engine received [[hydraulic tappet]]s, a full-flow [[oil filter]], a 6.6:1 [[compression ratio]]—allowing for the use of [[Unleaded gas|unleaded fuel]]—and an electric [[fuel pump]]. A standard version was also released in 1993, featuring painted bumper bars and many minor removals.{{sfn|Glen|2003|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=hNKSCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT580 580]}}

From 1997, front [[disc brakes]] and an [[immobiliser]] became available, and the De Luxe model featured small traffic indicator side lamps ahead of the top door hinge. The steering wheel's centre boss was restyled to resemble that of the contemporary Golf and Polo. In 1998, Volkswagen removed the small through-flow ventilation slots behind the rear side windows and standardised front disc brakes. Furthermore, Volkswagen included a [[security alarm]] as standard and removed the "1600i" inscription from the engine lid.{{sfn|Glen|2003|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=hNKSCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT580 580]}}

== Cultural impact and legacy ==
While the Beetle was seen throughout its production as an affordable car appealing to the masses, its near-consistent style over its 65-year run coupled with record-breaking sales led to the car becoming a global cultural icon. The [[Volkswagen advertising|company's advertising campaign]] from the 1950s through the 1970s achieved significant success due to its playful and sometimes self-deprecating nature. The campaign, including the famed [[Think Small]] ad, was voted as the best of the 20th century by ''[[Ad Age]]'', while its 1960 Lemon ad popularized the term [[lemon (automobile)|lemon car]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Ad Age Advertising Century: The Top 100 Campaigns |url=https://adage.com/article/special-report-the-advertising-century/ad-age-advertising-century-top-100-campaigns/140918/ |access-date=27 July 2025 |work=Ad age |date=29 March 1999 |language=en}}</ref> The [[punch buggy]] car trip game, also called slug bug, took hold around this time.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Duffer |first1=Robert |title=Slug bug is still a hit: The game outlasts the Volkswagen Beetle that inspired it |url=https://www.motorauthority.com/news/1122867_slug-bug-is-still-a-hit-the-game-outlasts-the-volkswagen-beetle-that-inspired-it |website=Motor Authority |access-date=27 July 2025 |language=en |date=9 May 2019}}</ref> During the 1960s, its low purchase and operating costs, combined with its quirky style, made the model's popularity soar in several subcultures that morphed its popular image in the United States and beyond. [[Hippie]]s, as part of the [[counterculture movement]], embraced the Beetle as a symbol of anti-[[materialism]].<ref name="nytnewdiscontinued"></ref> At the beach and desert, the Beetle served as the platform for modified off-road vehicles such as [[Baja Bug]]s and fiberglass-bodied [[dune buggies]], due to the large variety of aftermarket performance equipment available from companies such as [[EMPI (automotive)|EMPI]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Banner |first1=Justin |title=How RacingLine and EMPI are Growing the Volkswagen Tuner Market |url=https://www.motortrend.com/events/sema-2022-volkswagen-vw-tuner-car-parts-raceline-empi-interview |access-date=27 July 2025 |work=MotorTrend |date=9 November 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Robinson |first1=Aaron |title=VW is still Baja Bug bombing |url=https://www.hagerty.com/media/archived/bug-bombing/ |website=Hagerty Media |access-date=27 July 2025 |date=12 February 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Webster |first1=Larry |title=From the Archive: The Father of the Dune Buggy Rides Again |url=https://www.caranddriver.com/features/a15147937/the-father-of-the-dune-buggy-rides-again/ |website=Car and Driver |access-date=27 July 2025 |date=20 February 2021}}</ref>

[[File:Herbie car.jpg|thumb|An original Herbie used by Disney for the filming of ''[[Herbie Goes to Monte Carlo]]'']]
With its growing cult status, the Beetle began to feature prominently in mass media. [[Herbie]], a [[sentient]] 1963 Beetle race car, is a fictional [[Disney]] character that helmed a [[Herbie (franchise)|five-decade series of films and TV appearances]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Douglas |first1=Edward |title=After Two Decades, It's Time for Disney To Bring Back This Beloved Franchise |url=https://collider.com/herbie-the-love-bug-reboot-disney/ |website=Collider |access-date=27 July 2025 |language=en |date=8 July 2025}}</ref> Starting with the film ''[[The Love Bug]]'', which was one of the [[list of 1969 box office number-one films in the United States|top grossing movies of 1969]], Herbie himself became a fixture in popular culture, and was partially responsible for boosting Beetle sales in the late 1960s and early 1970s.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Achim |first1=Adina |title=A Detailed Look Back At Herbie, The Sentient Anthropomorphic Volkswagen Beetle |url=https://www.hotcars.com/herbie-sentient-anthropomorphic-volkswagen-beetle/ |website=HotCars |access-date=27 July 2025 |language=en |date=7 October 2022}}</ref>{{sfn|Robertson|2015|p=26}}{{sfn|Hayes|2020|pp=110-123}} In response, American Volkswagen dealers offered cross-promotions with the release of Herbie sequels, with items ranging from posters to Herbie decal kits,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Korkis |first1=Jim |title=Herbie Day at Disneyland 1974 |url=https://mouseplanet.com/herbie-day-at-disneyland-1974/5901/ |website=MousePlanet |access-date=27 July 2025 |date=3 May 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Nickodemski |first1=Steve |title=The Marginalized Passenger |date=8 July 2022 |publisher=Steve Nickodemski |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bCJ6EAAAQBAJ |access-date=27 July 2025 |language=en}}</ref> and a Love Bug special edition of 1974 Beetles.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Shinkin |first1=Colin |title=1974 The Love Bug |url=https://sebeetles.com/lovebug/ |website=SEBeetles |access-date=27 July 2025 |date=16 January 2020}}</ref> The Beetle also featured prominently in the [[Superbug (film series)|''Superbug'' film series]] produced in West Germany, and as [[Bumblebee (Transformers)|Bumblebee]] in the ''[[Transformers]]'' franchise.{{sfn|Hayes|2020|pp=110-123}}

Despite production ending worldwide by 2003, the Beetle continues to have an enduring impact on society. In Mexico, the Beetle remained in production for 25 years after European manufacturing ceased, and has become [[Volkswagen Beetle in Mexico|an essential part of the country's culture]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Quintos |first1=Norrie |title=From 'Herbie the Love Bug' to punch buggy, the Beetle remains iconic in Mexico |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/article/punch-buggy-why-mexico-is-a-haven-for-car-buffs |website=National Geographic |access-date=27 July 2025 |language=en |date=22 February 2021}}</ref> [[Nostalgia]] for the model led Volkswagen to introduce the [[New Beetle]] and a [[Volkswagen Beetle (A5)|follow-up model]], redesigned Golf-based versions that were in production from 1997 to 2019.<ref name="nytnewbeetle"></ref><ref name="nytnewdiscontinued"></ref> Enthusiasts continue to buy, restore, and modify original Beetles, and several enthusiast subcultures exist, including Beetle-based [[art cars]], [[Cal-Style VW]]s, [[Cal Look]] Beetles, [[Volksrod|hot-rod crossovers]], dune buggies, Baja Bugs, and Herbie replicas.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Vaughn |first1=Mark |title=The Volkswagen Beetle Was Once the Coolest Car You Could Own |url=https://www.autoweek.com/car-life/classic-cars/a38933169/2022-national-roadster-show-vw-beetle/ |website=Autoweek |access-date=27 July 2025 |date=2 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Spencer |first1=Jakab |title=Fan Homage to a Favored VW Has One Glaring Flaw: Speed |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/yes-im-driving-a-replica-herbie-sorry-drag-racing-is-not-possible-1525622771 |access-date=27 July 2025 |work=Wall Street Journal |date=6 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Heitmann |first1=John A. |title=How the Volkswagen Beetle sparked America's art car movement |url=https://theconversation.com/how-the-volkswagen-beetle-sparked-americas-art-car-movement-120310 |access-date=27 July 2025 |work=The Conversation |date=18 July 2019}}</ref> In 2023, Volkswagen partnered with eClassics to produce an electric-power retrofit kit for vintage Beetles, with a 36.8 kWh battery that provides a top speed of {{convert|150|km/h}} and an estimated range of {{convert|200|km}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theverge.com/2019/9/5/20851784/vw-beetle-electric-conversion-frankfurt-motor-show|title=Volkswagen will help turn old Beetles and microbuses electric|first=Sean|last=O'Kane|date=5 September 2019|website=[[The Verge]]|access-date=8 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231105055612/https://www.theverge.com/2019/9/5/20851784/vw-beetle-electric-conversion-frankfurt-motor-show|archive-date=5 November 2023|url-status=live|mode=cs2}}</ref>

== Markets and assembly ==
Over its 65-year tenure, Volkswagen produced the Volkswagen Type 1 in numerous locations worldwide. The following list encompasses all the locations in which it was manufactured.

{{Div col|colwidth=20em|content=
* {{flagicon|Germany}} [[Emden]], Germany{{sfn|Hayes|2020|p=108}}{{sfn|Copping|2005|p=38}}
* {{flagicon|Germany}} [[Hanover]], Germany{{sfn|Copping|2014|p=57}}{{sfn|Gunnell|2017|p=257}}
* {{flagicon|Germany}} [[Ingolstadt]], Germany{{sfn|Copping|2001|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=E4VxAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT311 § Landmarks of the Years 1965 to 1967] }}
* {{flagicon|Germany}} [[Osnabrück]], Germany{{sfn|Gunnell|2017|p=111}}{{efn|The convertibles were constructed at this location, not the coupes.}}
* {{flagicon|Germany}} [[Wolfsburg]], Germany{{sfn|Gunnell|2017|p=23}}<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.driving.co.uk/news/final-volkswagen-beetle-rolled-off-production-line/|title=The final Volkswagen Beetle has rolled off the production line|newspaper=[[The Sunday Times|The Sunday Times Driving]]|mode=cs2|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813070245/https://www.driving.co.uk/news/final-volkswagen-beetle-rolled-off-production-line/|url-status=live|archive-date=13 August 2022|access-date=20 March 2024|date=12 July 2019|first=James|last=Allen}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|Australia}} [[City of Melbourne|Melbourne]], Australia{{sfn|Copping|2001|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=E4VxAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT44 44]}}
* {{flagicon|Belgium}} [[Brussels, Belgium|Brussels]], Belgium{{sfn|Copping|2014|p=57}}
* {{flagicon|Brazil}} [[São Bernardo do Campo]], Brazil{{sfn|Hayes|2020|p=147}}<ref>{{cite magazine|magazine=[[Popular Mechanics]]|volume=112|number=4|date=October 1959|page=122|title=Popular Mechanics, Oct 1959|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q9wDAAAAMBAJ}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|Finland}} [[Heinola]], Finland{{sfn|Hayes|2020|p=96}}<ref>{{cite book|title=Quarterly Economic Review|location=United Kingdom|page=11|publisher=[[Economist Intelligence Unit]]|year=1966|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2i4WAQAAMAAJ}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|Indonesia}} [[Jakarta]], Indonesia{{sfn|Gunnell|2017|p=257}}
* {{flagicon|Ireland}} [[Dublin, Ireland|Dublin]], Ireland{{sfn|Hayes|2020|p=36}}<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ILZYizfeikMC|title=Foreign Commerce Weekly|year=1950|publisher=[[U.S. Department of Commerce]]|access-date=20 March 2024|location=United States}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Shah Alam]], Malaysia<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.motortrader.com.my/news/history-of-volkswagen-in-malaysia/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151202124807/http://www.motortrader.com.my/news/history-of-volkswagen-in-malaysia/|archive-date=2 December 2015|date=3 January 2007|magazine=[[Motor Trader Magazine]]|access-date=20 March 2024|title=History of Volkswagen in Malaysia|mode=cs2|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|Mexico}} [[Puebla]], Mexico{{sfn|Gunnell|2017|p=127}}{{sfn|Hayes|2020|p=152}}
* {{flagicon|New Zealand}} [[Auckland]], New Zealand{{sfn|Coyle|2004|p=38}}
* {{flagicon|Nigeria}} [[Lagos State|Lagos]], Nigeria{{sfn|Patton|2002|p=121}}
* {{flagicon|Philippines}} [[Manila, Philippines|Manila]], Philippines{{sfn|Copping|2011|p=162}}{{sfn|Nelson|1965|p=118}}
* {{flagicon|South Africa}} [[Uitenhage]], South Africa{{sfn|Copping|2011|p=162}}{{sfn|Schnetler|1997|p=41}}
* {{flagicon|Thailand}} [[Bangkok]], Thailand<ref>{{cite news|title=Investors Chronicle and Stock Exchange Gazette|date=27 April 1973 |volume=24|location=United Kingdom|publisher=n.p.|page=884|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iucgAQAAMAAJ}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|Venezuela}} [[Caracas]], Venezuela{{sfn|Nelson|1965|p=118}}
* {{flagicon|Yugoslavia}} [[Sarajevo]], Yugoslavia{{sfn|Flammang|1996|p=239}}
}}

=== Specific markets ===
[[File:1961 VW Fusca (6794866445).jpg|thumb|right|Interior of the 1961 Brazilian-built Fusca|alt=The white cockpit of a 1960s automobile.]]

==== Brazil ====
Official exportation of the Beetle to the Brazilian market began on 23 March 1953, with its parts imported from Germany.{{sfn|Bobbitt|2001|p=161}} For the local market, the Type 1 was officially known "Volkswagen Fusca".{{sfn|Copping|2014|p=61}} In January 1959, Volkswagen shifted assembly to the new São Bernardo do Campo plant, initially maintaining 60{{nbsp}}per{{nbsp}}cent of its German parts. However, by the mid-1960s, the cars had about 99.93{{nbsp}}per{{nbsp}}cent Brazilian-made components.<ref name=Stern136>{{cite magazine| magazine = [[Der Spiegel]] | title = VW-Tochter: Erfolg mit Fusca | trans-title = VW-daughter: Fusca success | language = German | url = http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-46414589.html | date = 19 September 1966 | page = 136 | ref = stern | editor-first = Rudolf | editor-last = Augstein | editor-link = Rudolf Augstein | number = 39 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170421065042/http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-46414589.html | archive-date = 21 April 2017 | url-status = live }}</ref> Production persisted until 1986, after over 3.3{{nbsp}}million examples were produced there,<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.chicagotribune.com/1994/11/20/in-brazil-the-beetle-rolls-along-for-now/|title=In Brazil, the Beetle rolls along-for-now|newspaper=[[Chicago Tribune]]|mode=cs2|date=20 November 1994|access-date=21 March 2024|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20240321031733/https://www.chicagotribune.com/1994/11/20/in-brazil-the-beetle-rolls-along-for-now/ |archive-date=21 March 2024|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref> and resumed in 1992, extending until 1996.{{sfn|Patton|2002|p=217}}

==== Mexico ====
{{Main|Volkswagen Beetle in Mexico}}
The production of the Beetle was possible through agreements with companies like Chrysler in Mexico and the [[Studebaker-Packard Corporation]], which assembled cars imported in [[Knock-down kit|complete knock-down]] form.{{sfn|Gunnell|2017|p=127}} The Beetle was introduced to the Mexican market in 1954,<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/article/punch-buggy-why-mexico-is-a-haven-for-car-buffs|title=From 'Herbie the Love Bug' to punch buggy, the Beetle remains iconic in Mexico|magazine=[[National Geographic]]|first=Norie|last=Quintos|date=23 February 2021|access-date=22 March 2024|mode=cs2}}</ref> and began official production ten years later.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/12/26/world/americas/mexico-beetle-vocholandia.html|title=In This Mexican Neighborhood, Locals Say ¡Viva el Beetle!|first=Zolan|last=Kanno-Youngs|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=26 December 2023|access-date=22 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240219152629/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/12/26/world/americas/mexico-beetle-vocholandia.html|archive-date=19 February 2024|mode=cs2|url-status=live}}</ref> The local market referred to the Beetle as the "Vocho".{{sfn|Gunnell|2017|p=130}} The introduction of a new taxi regulation in Mexico City, requiring only four-door vehicles to be permitted to prevent robberies, influenced Volkswagen's decision to end the production of the Beetle in 2003.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2003-jul-22-fg-mexbug22-story.html|title=Mexico's Mania for the Beetle|first=Chris|last=Kraul|newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=22 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240322081549/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2003-jul-22-fg-mexbug22-story.html|archive-date=22 March 2024|url-status=live|mode=cs2}}</ref>{{efn|For a complete overview of the discontinuation of the Beetle, see [[#New Beetle and end of production: 1990–2003|§ New Beetle and end of production]]}}

==== Australia ====
Formal introduction of the Volkswagen Beetle to the Australian market took place in 1953, followed by local assembly operations at the [[Clayton, Victoria]] facility in the subsequent year.{{sfn|Glen|2017|p=106}} The establishment of [[Volkswagen Australia|Volkswagen Australia Ltd]] took place in 1957,{{sfn|Copping|2018|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=l3t6DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT382 § Volkswagen Australasia Pty Ltd]}}{{sfn|Hayes|2020|p=47}} and by 1960, locally manufactured body panels were integrated for the first time.{{sfn|Glen|2017|p=106}} Despite the introduction of larger windows for the European Type One body in 1965, Volkswagen Australia opted to maintain production of the smaller-windowed bodies with features tailored for Australian models. This decision was influenced by the constraints of the market size and the expenses associated with retooling. By this juncture, Australian content had surged to nearly 95{{nbsp}}per{{nbsp}}cent.<ref name="Richmonds11">{{cite web|url=https://richmonds.com.au/portfolio/1957-volkswagen-beetle-oval-window/|title=1957 Volkswagen Beetle Oval Window|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525220428/https://richmonds.com.au/portfolio/1957-volkswagen-beetle-oval-window/|archive-date=25 May 2022|url-status=live|access-date=22 March 2024|website=Richmonds|mode=cs2}}</ref> The final Australian-assembled Beetle rolled off the production line in July 1976.<ref name="Richmonds11"/>

==See also==
* {{annotated link|Volkswagen Beetle (A5)}}
* {{annotated link|Volkswagen New Beetle}}
* {{annotated link|Volkswagen Type 2}}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== Citations ==
{{reflist|22em}}

== Sources ==
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{{Refend}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}

* [https://www.volkswagen.com.au/en/brand-experience/iconic-models/beetle.html Beetle – A brief history of a well-loved icon], published by [[Volkswagen Group]], [https://web.archive.org/web/20240114074611/https://www.volkswagen.com.au/en/brand-experience/iconic-models/beetle.html archived] from the original on 14 January 2024.
* [https://www.superbeetles.com/history.html The In-Depth History of the Volkswagen Super Beetle]
* [https://www.vw.com/en/newsroom/lifestyle-and-heritage/an-ode-to-the-bug.html An Ode to the Bug], published by Volkswagen Group, [https://web.archive.org/web/20240303221946/https://www.vw.com/en/newsroom/lifestyle-and-heritage/an-ode-to-the-bug.html archived] from the original on 3 March 2024.
{{Volkswagen}}
{{Volkswagen (Europe) timeline 1950-1979}}
{{Volkswagen (North America) timeline 1950-1979}}
{{Volkswagen (Europe) timeline 1980 to date}}
{{Volkswagen (South America) timeline 1980 to date}}

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[[Category:Volkswagen Beetle|Beetle]]
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