View source for Voiced labial–palatal approximant

{{Short description|Consonantal sound represented by ⟨ɥ⟩ in IPA}}
{{for|consonants followed by superscript ᶣ|Labio-palatalization}}
{{Infobox IPA
|above=Voiced labial–palatal approximant
|ipa symbol=ɥ
|ipa number=171
|decimal1=613
|x-sampa=H
|kirshenbaum=j&lt;rnd&gt;
|imagefile=IPA Unicode 0x0265.svg
|imagesize=150px
|braille=256
|braille2=h
|soundfile = LL-Q150 (fra)-WikiLucas00-IPA ɥ.wav
}}

The '''voiced labial–palatal''' (or '''labio-palatal''') '''approximant''' is a type of [[consonant]]al sound, used in some [[speech communication|spoken]] [[language]]s, for example, French {{lang|fr|huitième}}, read as [ɥitjɛm]. It has two constrictions in the [[vocal tract]]: with the [[tongue]] on the [[palate]], and [[rounded vowel|rounded]] at the [[lip]]s. The symbol in the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]] that represents this sound is {{angbr IPA|ɥ}}, a [[turned h|rotated lowercase letter {{angbr|h}}]], or occasionally {{angbr IPA|jʷ}}, which indicates {{IPAblink|j}} with a different [[roundedness|kind of rounding]].

The labial–palatal approximant can in many cases be considered the [[semivowel|semivocalic]] equivalent of the [[close front rounded vowel]] {{IPA|[y]}}. They [[alternation (linguistics)|alternate]] with each other in certain languages, such as [[French language|French]], and in the [[diphthong]]s of some languages, {{angbr IPA|ɥ}} and {{angbr IPA|y̑}} with the non-syllabic diacritic are used in different [[phonetic transcription|transcription]] systems to represent the same sound. Sometimes,<ref>See e.g. {{Harvcoltxt|Mangold|2005|p=42}}</ref> {{angbr IPA|y̆}} is written in place of {{angbr IPA|y̑}}, even though the former symbol denotes an extra-short {{IPAblink|y}} in the official IPA.

Some languages, though, have a [[palatal approximant]] that is unspecified for rounding, and therefore cannot be considered the semivocalic equivalent of either {{IPA|[y]}} or its unrounded counterpart {{IPAblink|i}}. An example of such a language is Spanish, in which the labialized palatal approximant (not a semivowel) appears [[allophone|allophonically]] with rounded vowels in words such as ''ayuda'' {{IPA|[aˈʝ̞ʷuð̞a]}} 'help'. According to some sources, it is not correct to transcribe this with the symbol {{angbr IPA|ɥ}}, which has a different kind of rounding, or with {{angbr IPA|jʷ}}, which implies spread lips; the only suitable transcription is {{angbr IPA|ʝ̞ʷ}}.{{sfnp|Martínez Celdrán|2004|p=208}} See [[palatal approximant]] for more information.

There is also the '''labialized postpalatal approximant'''<ref name="post-palatal">Instead of "post-palatal", it can be called "retracted palatal", "backed palatal", "palato-velar", "pre-velar", "advanced velar", "fronted velar" or "front-velar". For simplicity, this article uses only the term "post-palatal".</ref> in some languages, which is articulated slightly more back compared with the place of articulation of the prototypical labialized palatal approximant, though not as back as the prototypical [[labialized velar approximant]]. It can be considered the semivocalic equivalent of the [[close central rounded vowel]] {{IPA|[ʉ]}}. The International Phonetic Alphabet does not have a separate symbol for that sound, though it can be transcribed as {{angbr IPA|ɥ̄}} or {{angbr IPA|ɥ˗}} (both symbols denote a [[Relative articulation#Advanced and retracted|retracted]] {{angbr IPA|ɥ}}), {{angbr IPA|ɥ̈}} ([[Relative articulation#Centralized semivowels|centralized]] {{angbr IPA|ɥ}}), {{angbr IPA|w̟}} ([[Relative articulation#Advanced and retracted|advanced]] {{angbr IPA|w}}) or {{angbr IPA|ẅ}} (centralized {{angbr IPA|w}}). The equivalent X-SAMPA symbols are <code>H_o</code>, <code>H_"</code>, <code>w_+</code> and <code>w_"</code>, respectively. Other possible transcriptions include a centralized and labialized {{angbr IPA|j}} ({{angbr IPA|j̈ʷ}} in the IPA, <code>j_"_w</code> in X-SAMPA) and a non-syllabic {{angbr IPA|ʉ}} ({{angbr IPA|ʉ̯}} in the IPA, <code>}_^</code> in X-SAMPA).

Especially in [[broad transcription]], the labialized postpalatal approximant may be transcribed as a palatalized and labialized velar approximant ({{angbr IPA|wʲ}} in the IPA, <code>w'</code> or <code>w_j</code> in X-SAMPA).

==Compressed palatal approximant==
The '''compressed palatal approximant''' is typically transcribed in IPA simply as {{angbr IPA|ɥ}}, and that is the convention used in this article. There is no dedicated [[IPA diacritic|diacritic]] for compression in the IPA. However, the compression of the lips can be shown with the letter {{IPAalink|β̞}} as {{angbr IPA|j͡β̞}} (simultaneous {{IPA|[j]}} and labial compression) or {{angbr IPA|jᵝ}} ({{IPA|[j]}} modified with labial compression). The spread-lip diacritic {{angbr IPA|&nbsp;&nbsp;͍ }} may also be used with a labialized approximant letter {{angbr IPA|ɥ͍}} as an ''ad hoc'' symbol, though technically 'spread' means unrounded.

The '''compressed post-palatal approximant'''<ref name="post-palatal"/> can be transcribed simply as {{angbr IPA|ɥ̈}} (centralized {{IPA|[ɥ]}}), and that is the convention used in this article. Other possible transcriptions include {{angbr IPA|j̈ᵝ}} (centralized {{IPA|[j]}} modified with labial compression) and {{angbr IPA|ɥ͍̈}} (centralized {{IPA|[ɥ]}} with the spread-lip diacritic).

===Features===
Features of the compressed palatal approximant:

{{approximant}}
*Its [[place of articulation]] is [[palatal consonant|palatal]] and in addition it is [[rounding (phonetics)|endo-labialized]], which is accomplished by raising the body of the [[tongue]] toward the [[palate]] while approximating the lips.
{{voiced}}
{{oral}}
{{central articulation}}
{{pulmonic}}

===Occurrence===
Because the labialized palatal approximant is assumed to have compression, and few descriptions cover the distinction, some examples in the table below may actually have protrusion.

{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" | Language !! Word !! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] !! Meaning !! Notes
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Abkhaz language|Abkhaz]] || [[Abkhaz alphabet|ауа'''ҩ'''ы]] || {{IPA|[awaˈɥə]}} || 'human' || See [[Abkhaz phonology]]
|-
| [[Breton language|Breton]] || [[Bro_Gwened#Dialect|Gwenedeg]] || {{lang|br|'''ou'''ilhad|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ɥiːʎɐt]}} || 'escapade' || Realization of /w/ before front vowels.
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Chinese language|Chinese]] || [[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]] || {{lang|cmn-Hani|[[Chinese characters|月]]}} / {{lang|cmn-Latn|[[Pinyin|'''yu'''è]]}} || {{IPA|[ɥe̹˥˩]}}|| 'moon' || See [[Mandarin phonology]]
|-
| [[Shanghainese]]{{sfnp|Chen|Gussenhoven|2015|p=331}} || {{lang|cmn-Hani|[[Chinese characters|浴]]}} / yoq
|{{IPA|[ɥo̽ʔ˥]}}|| 'bath' || Allophone of {{IPA|/j/}} before rounded vowels.{{sfnp|Chen|Gussenhoven|2015|p=331}}
|-
|[[English language|English]]
|[[Bay Islands English|Bay Islands]]{{sfnp|Graham|1997|p=164}}
|{{Lang|en|'''w'''ill}}
|{{IPA|[ɥɪl]}}
|'will'
|Allophone of {{IPA|/w/}} or {{IPA|/v/}} that only occurs before /i/ or /ɪ/. See [[Bay Islands English#Phonology]].
|-
| colspan="2" | [[French language|French]] || {{lang|fr|[[French orthography|n'''u'''ire]]}} || {{Audio-IPA|Fr-nuire.ogg|[nɥiʁ]}} || 'to harm' || Merges with {{IPA|/w/}} or {{IPA|/y/}} in [[Belgian French]]. See [[French phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Iaai language|Iaai]] || [[Iaai language|'''v'''ëk]] || {{IPA|[ɥæk]}} || 'four' || Contrasts with the voiceless {{IPA|/ɥ̊/}}.
|-
|[[Kham language|Kham]]{{sfnp|Wilde|2016}}
|[[Kham language|Gamale Kham]]
|{{Lang|kgj|[[Devanāgarī|व़े]]}}
|{{IPA|[ɥe]}}
|'husband'
|
|-
| [[Korean language|Korean]] || [[Gyeonggi dialect|Gyeonggi]] || {{lang|ko-Hang|[[Hangul|쉬엄쉬엄]]}} / {{lang|ko-Latn|[[Revised Romanization of Korean|s'''w'''ieoms'''w'''ieom]]}} || {{IPA|[ɕɥiʌmɕɥiʌm]}} || 'Take it easy' || Only occurs before {{IPA|/i/}}. See [[Korean phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Kurdish language|Kurdish]] || {{lang|ku|[[Kurdish phonology|d'''ü'''a]]}} || {{IPA|[dʉːɥɑː]}} || 'back' || See [[Kurdish phonology]]
|-
| [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]] || [[Urban East Norwegian|Urban East]]{{sfnp|Kristoffersen|2000|p=35}} || {{lang|no|[[Norwegian alphabet|d'''u'''alisme]]}} || {{IPA|[dʉ̞ɥ̈ɑˈlɪ̟smə]}} || 'dualism' || Post-palatal; appears prevocalically after the compressed close vowels {{IPA|/ʉ, ʉː/}}.{{sfnp|Kristoffersen|2000|p=35}} May be transcribed with {{angbr IPA|w̟}} or simply {{angbr IPA|w}}. See [[Norwegian phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Shipibo language|Shipibo]]{{sfnp|Valenzuela|Márquez Pinedo|Maddieson|2001|p=283}} || {{example needed|date=January 2016}} || || || Allophone of {{IPA|/w/}} before {{IPA|/i, ĩ/}}. Only lightly labialized.{{sfnp|Valenzuela|Márquez Pinedo|Maddieson|2001|p=283}}
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Occitan language|Occitan]] || {{lang|oc|[[Occitan orthography|n'''u'''èch]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈnɥɛtʃ]}} || 'night' ||  See [[Occitan_phonology#Vowels|Occitan phonology]]
|-
| [[Swedish language|Swedish]] || Central Standard || {{lang|sv|[[Swedish orthography|f'''u'''l]]}} || {{Audio-IPA|Sv-ful.ogg|[fʉ̟ɥl]}} || 'ugly' || Non-syllabic element of the common diphthongal realization of {{IPA|/ʉː/}} ({{IPA|[ʉ̟ɥ]}}); can be a fricative instead. Palatal in the Central Standard variety, post-palatal in some other varieties. See [[Swedish phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Upper Sorbian language|Upper Sorbian]]{{sfnp|Šewc-Schuster|1984|pp=36–37, 41, 46}} || {{lang|hsb|'''w'''ěm}} || {{IPA|[ɥɪm]}} || 'I know' || Soft counterpart of {{IPAslink|β̞|w}}.{{sfnp|Šewc-Schuster|1984|pp=36–37, 41, 46}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Xumi language|Xumi]] || Lower{{sfnp|Chirkova|Chen|2013|p=368}} || colspan=2 align=center | {{IPA|[dʑɥɛ˩˥]}} || 'fang' || rowspan=2 | Allophone of {{IPA|/w/}} when preceded by an (alveolo-)palatal initial and/or followed by one of the front vowels {{IPA|/i, e, ɛ/}} (in Upper Xumi also {{IPA|/ĩ/}}).{{sfnp|Chirkova|Chen|2013|p=368}}{{sfnp|Chirkova|Chen|Kocjančič Antolík|2013|p=387}}
|-
| Upper{{sfnp|Chirkova|Chen|Kocjančič Antolík|2013|p=387}} || colspan=2 align=center | {{IPA|[dɥe˩˥]}} || 'to ask'
|}

==Protruded palatal approximant==
{{Infobox IPA
|above = Protruded palatal approximant
|ipa symbol = ɥ̫
|ipa symbol2 = ɥʷ
|ipa symbol3 = jʷ
}}

As there are no diacritics in the IPA to distinguish protruded and compressed rounding, an old diacritic for labialization, {{angbr IPA|&nbsp;&nbsp;̫}}, will be used here as an ''ad hoc'' symbol for the protruded palatal approximant. Another possible transcription is {{angbr IPA|ɥʷ}} or {{angbr IPA|jʷ}} (a palatal approximant modified by endolabialization).

Acoustically, this sound is "between" the more typical compressed palatal approximant {{IPA|[ɥ]}} and the non-labialized palatal approximant {{IPAblink|j}}.

===Features===
Features of the protruded palatal approximant:

{{approximant}}
*Its [[place of articulation]] is [[labial–palatal consonant|labial–palatal]], which is accomplished by raising the body of the [[tongue]] toward the [[palate]] while approximating the lips.
{{voiced}}
{{oral}}
{{central articulation}}
{{pulmonic}}

===Occurrence===
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" | Language !! Word !! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] !! Meaning !! Notes
|-
| [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]] || [[Urban East Norwegian|Urban East]]{{sfnp|Kristoffersen|2000|p=35}} || {{lang|no|[[Norwegian alphabet|c'''y'''anid]]}} || {{nowrap|{{IPA|[sʏ̫ɥ̫ɑˈniːd]}}}} || 'cyanide' || Appears prevocalically after the protruded close vowels {{IPA|/ʏ, yː/}}.{{sfnp|Kristoffersen|2000|p=35}} See [[Norwegian phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | Spanish || {{lang|es|[[Spanish orthography|a'''y'''uda]]}} || {{IPA|[äˈʝ̞ʷuð̞ä]}} || 'help' || Approximant consonant; lenited allophone of {{IPA|/ɟ͡ʝ/}} before and between rounded vowels. May be a fricative {{IPA|[ʝʷ]}} in emphatic speech. See [[Spanish phonology]]
|}

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
{{Refbegin}}
* {{Citation
|last1=Chen
|first1=Yiya
|last2=Gussenhoven
|first2=Carlos
|year=2015
|title=Shanghai Chinese
|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
|volume=45
|issue=3
|pages=321–327
|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/287375585
|doi=10.1017/S0025100315000043
|doi-access=free
}}
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|last2=Chen
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|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
|volume=43
|issue=3
|pages=363–379
|doi=10.1017/S0025100313000157
|doi-access=free
}}
* {{Citation
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|first1=Katia
|last2=Chen
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|last3=Kocjančič Antolík
|first3=Tanja
|year=2013
|title=Xumi, Part 2: Upper Xumi, the Variety of the Upper Reaches of the Shuiluo River
|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
|volume=43
|issue=3
|pages=381–396
|doi=10.1017/S0025100313000169
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}}
* {{Citation
|last=Graham
|first=William
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}}
* {{Citation
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* {{Citation
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|orig-year=1962
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* {{Citation
|last=Martínez Celdrán
|first=Eugenio
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|s2cid=144568679
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}}
* {{Citation
|last=Šewc-Schuster
|first=Hinc
|year=1984
|title=Gramatika hornjo-serbskeje rěče
|place=Budyšin
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}}
* {{Citation
|last1=Valenzuela
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|last2=Márquez Pinedo
|first2=Luis
|last3=Maddieson
|first3=Ian
|year=2001
|title=Shipibo
|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
|volume=31
|issue=2
|pages=281–285
|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/40852342
|doi=10.1017/S0025100301002109
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*{{citation
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|issue=9
|pages=130–199
|hdl=1885/109195
|hdl-access=free
}}
{{Refend}}

==External links==
* {{phoible|ɥ}}

{{IPA navigation}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Voiced labial-palatal approximant}}
[[Category:Palatal consonants]]
[[Category:Bilabial consonants]]
[[Category:Oral consonants]]
[[Category:Co-articulated consonants]]
[[Category:Central consonants]]
[[Category:Pulmonic consonants]]