View source for Voiced alveolar and postalveolar approximants

{{Short description|Consonantal sounds represented by ⟨ɹ⟩ / ⟨ð̠˕⟩ and ⟨ɹ̠⟩ in IPA}}
{{Infobox IPA
|ipa symbol=ɹ
|ipa symbol2=ð̠˕
|ipa number=151
|decimal=633
|xsampa=r\
|braille=3456
|imagefile=IPA Unicode 0x0279.svg
|imagesize=150px
}}
{{Infobox IPA
|ipa symbol=ɹ̠
}}

The '''voiced alveolar and postalveolar approximants''' are types of [[consonant]]al sounds used in some spoken [[language]]s. The symbol in the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]] that represents the [[alveolar consonant|alveolar]] and [[postalveolar consonant|postalveolar]] [[approximant]]s is {{angbr IPA|ɹ}}, a lowercase letter ''r'' rotated 180 degrees. The equivalent [[X-SAMPA]] symbol is <code>r\</code>.

The most common sound represented by the letter ''r'' in English is the '''voiced postalveolar approximant''', pronounced a little more back and transcribed more precisely in IPA as {{angbr IPA|ɹ̠}}, but {{angbr IPA|ɹ}} is often used for convenience in its place. For further ease of typesetting, English phonemic transcriptions might use the symbol {{angbr IPA|r}} even though this symbol represents the [[alveolar trill]] in phonetic transcription.

The [[bunched r|bunched or molar r]] sounds remarkably similar to the postalveolar approximant and can be described as a ''voiced labial pre-velar approximant with tongue-tip retraction''. It can be transcribed in IPA as {{angbr IPA|ψ}}<ref>{{cite book |last=Laver |first=John |author-link= |date=1994 |title=Principles of Phonetics |url= |location= |publisher= Cambridge University Press|page=302 |isbn=0-521-45655-X}}</ref> or {{angbr IPA|ɹ̈}}.

==Features==
[[File:Voiced alveolar approximant.svg|thumb|A schematic mid-sagittal section of an articulation of a voiced alveolar approximant [ɹ].]]
[[File:Voiced postalveolar approximant.svg|thumb|A schematic mid-sagittal section of an articulation of a voiced postalveolar approximant [ɹ̠].]]
Features of the voiced alveolar approximant:

{{approximant}}
{{alveolar}}
{{voiced}}
{{oral}}
{{central articulation}}
{{pulmonic}}

==Occurrence==

===Alveolar===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!colspan=2| Language !! Word !! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] !! Meaning !! Notes
|-
| [[Albanian language|Albanian]] || unknown || [[Albanian alphabet|gjelbë'''r''']] || {{IPA|[ˈɟʑɛlbəɹ]}} || 'green' ||
|-
| [[Armenian language|Armenian]] || [[Classical Armenian|Classical]] || {{lang|hy|[[Armenian alphabet|սու'''ր'''ճ]]}} || {{IPA|[suɹtʃ]}} || 'coffee' ||
|-
| colspan="2"|[[Assamese language|Assamese]]|| [[Assamese alphabet|'''ৰ'''ঙা ('''r'''ônga)]] || {{IPA|[ɹɔŋa]}} || 'red' ||
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Assyrian Neo-Aramaic]] ||[[Alqosh]] dialect ||rowspan="2"| ܪܒ ||rowspan="2"|{{IPA|[ɹɑbɑ]}} || rowspan=2 | 'many' || rowspan=2 | Corresponds to {{IPAslink|ɾ}} in most other Assyrian dialects.
|-
|[[Tyari]] dialect
|-
|[[Bengali language|Bengali]]{{sfnp|Khan|2010|pp=223–224}} |||| {{lang|bn|[[Bengali alphabet|আবা'''র''']]}} || {{IPA|[abaɹ]}} || 'again' || Phonetic realisation of /r/, especially in some Eastern Dialects and sometimes in conjunct before consonants. Corresponds to [{{IPA link|r}} ~ {{IPA link|ɾ}}] in others. See [[Bengali phonology]]
|-
|colspan=2| [[Burmese language|Burmese]]<ref>{{harvcoltxt|Cornyn|1944|p=7}}</ref><ref>{{harvcoltxt|Watkins|2001|p=}}</ref> || {{lang|my|[[Burmese alphabet|ပ'''ရိ'''ဘောဂ]]}}|| {{IPA|[pəɹḭbɔ́ɡa̰]}}|| 'furniture' || Occurs only in loanwords, mostly from Pali or English.
|-
|colspan=2| [[Chukchi language|Chukchi]]{{citation needed|date=September 2013}} || [[Cyrillic script|ңи'''р'''эк]] || {{IPA|[ŋiɹek]}} || 'two' ||
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Dahalo language|Dahalo]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Maddieson|Spajić|Sands|Ladefoged|1993|p=34}}</ref> || colspan="2" align="center" | {{IPA|[káð̠˕i]}} || 'work' || Apical. It is a common intervocalic allophone of {{IPA|/d̠/}}, and may be a weak fricative {{IPAblink|ð̠}} or simply a plosive {{IPAblink|d}} instead.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Maddieson|Spajić|Sands|Ladefoged|1993|pp=28, 34}}</ref>
|-
| [[Danish language|Danish]] || Standard<ref name="Basbøll">{{Harvcoltxt|Basbøll|2005|pp=59 and 63}}</ref><ref name="Grønnum">{{Harvcoltxt|Grønnum|2003|p=121}}</ref><ref name="SOWL1">{{Harvcoltxt|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996|pp=144}}</ref> || {{lang|da|[[Danish alphabet|ve'''d''']]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ve̝ð̠˕ˠ]}} || 'at' || Velarized and laminal; allophone of {{IPA|/d/}} in the [[syllable coda]].<ref name="Basbøll"/><ref name="Grønnum"/><ref name="SOWL1"/> For a minority of speakers, it may be a [[Voiced alveolar non-sibilant fricative|non-sibilant fricative]] instead.<ref name="SOWL1"/> See [[Danish phonology]].
|-
|rowspan=3| [[Dutch language|Dutch]] || Central Netherlandic ||rowspan=2| {{lang|nl|[[Dutch alphabet|doo'''r''']]|italic=yes}} ||rowspan=2| {{IPA|[doːɹ]}} ||rowspan=2| 'through' ||rowspan=2| Allophone of {{IPA|/r/}} in the syllable coda for some speakers. See [[Dutch phonology]].
|-
| Western Netherlandic
|-
| [[Leiden]] || {{lang|nl|[[Dutch alphabet|'''r'''at]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ɹat]}} || 'rat' || Corresponds to {{IPA|/r/}} in other dialects.
|-
|colspan=2| [[Faroese language|Faroese]] || {{lang|fo|[[Faroese orthography|'''r'''óðu'''r''']]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ɹɔuwʊɹ]}} || 'rudder' || See [[Faroese phonology]].
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[German language|German]]
| [[Moselle Franconian]] ([[Siegerländisch|Siegerland]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Kohler|1995|p=165f}}, cited in [http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160517060853/http://www.uni-koeln.de/phil-fak/ifl/asw/studium/material/serzisko/PhonoAnal.pdf Universität zu Köln: Phonologische Analyse]</ref> and [[Westerwald]]<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160305215223/http://www.waeller-platt.de/aussprache.html Wäller Platt: Die Aussprache]</ref> dialects)
| rowspan="3" |{{lang|de|[[German orthography|'''R'''ebe]]}}|| rowspan="3" | {{IPA|[ˈɹeːbə]}} 
| rowspan="3" |'vine'|| rowspan="3" | Most other dialects use a voiced uvular fricative {{IPAblink|ʁ}}, a uvular trill {{IPAblink|ʀ}} or an alveolar trill {{IPAblink|r}}. See [[Standard German phonology]].
|-
| [[Silesian German|Silesian]]
|-
| [[East Central German|Upper Lusatian]]
|-
|colspan=2| [[Greek language|Greek]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Arvaniti|2007|pp=15–18}}</ref> || {{lang|el|[[Greek alphabet|μέ'''ρ'''α]]}} ''[[Romanization of Greek|mé'''r'''a]]'' || {{IPA|[ˈmɛɹɐ]}} || 'day' || Allophone of {{IPAslink|ɾ}} in rapid or casual speech and between vowels. See [[Modern Greek phonology]].
|-
|colspan=2| [[Icelandic language|Icelandic]] || {{lang|is|[[Icelandic orthography|bró'''ð'''ir]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ˈprou̯ð̠˕ir]}} || 'brother' || Usually apical. See [[Icelandic phonology]].
|-
| [[Limburgish language|Limburgish]] || [[Montfortian dialect]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Bakkes|2007|p={{page needed|date=November 2020}}}}</ref> || {{lang|li|main'''t'''enant|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ˈmæ̃ːn˦ð̠˕ənɑ̃ː˨]}} || 'now' ||
|-
|colspan=2|[[Persian language|Persian]]||فارسی || {{IPA|[fɒːɹˈsiː]}} ||'Persian'||Allophone of {{IPA|/ɾ/}} before /t/, /d/, /s/, /z/, /ʃ/, /ʒ/, and /l/. See [[Persian phonology]].
|-
| [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] || Multiple Brazilian dialects, mostly inland [[Centro-Sul]]<ref>[http://dspace.c3sl.ufpr.br/dspace/bitstream/handle/1884/3955/CARACTER%C3%8DSTICAS%20FON%C3%89TICO.pdf?sequence=1 Acoustic-phonetic characteristics of the Brazilian Portuguese's retroflex /r/: data from respondents in Pato Branco, Paraná] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303175335/http://dspace.c3sl.ufpr.br/dspace/bitstream/handle/1884/3955/CARACTER%C3%8DSTICAS%20FON%C3%89TICO.pdf?sequence=1 |date=2016-03-03 }}. Irineu da Silva Ferraz. Pages 19–21 (in Portuguese)</ref> || {{lang|pt|[[Portuguese orthography|amo'''r''']]}} || {{IPA|[aˈmoɹˠ]}} || 'love' || Allophone of {{IPA|/{{IPA link|ɾ}} ~ {{IPA link|ʁ}}/}} in the syllable coda. Velarized, may also be [[Retroflex approximant|retroflex]], [[Postalveolar consonant|post-alveolar]] and/or a [[R-colored vowel|rhotic vowel]]. See [[Portuguese phonology]].
|-
| rowspan=5|[[Spanish language|Spanish]] || [[Andalusian Spanish|Andalusian]]<ref>{{harvcoltxt|Recasens|2004|p=436}} citing {{harvcoltxt|Fougeron|1999}} and {{harvcoltxt|Browman|Goldstein|1995}}</ref> || ''[[Spanish orthography|do'''s'''cientos]]'' || {{IPA|[do̞(ɹ)ˈθje̞n̪t̪o̞s]}} || 'two hundred' || Allophone of {{IPA|/s/}} before [θ]. See [[Spanish phonology]].
|-
|[[Belizean Spanish|Belizean]]||rowspan=3|''[[Spanish orthography|invie'''r'''no]]''||rowspan=3|{{IPA|[imˈbjeɹno]}}||rowspan=3|'winter'||rowspan=3|Possible realization of {{IPA|/r/}} in the syllable coda due to English influence.
|-
|[[Colombian Spanish#Caribbean dialect|Caribbean Colombian]]
|-
|[[Puerto Rican Spanish|Puerto Rican]]
|-
|[[Costa Rican Spanish|Costa Rican]]<ref>{{harvcoltxt|Lipski|1994|p=222}}</ref>||''[[Spanish orthography|ca'''rr'''o]]''||{{IPA|ˈkaɹo}}||'car'||Allophone of {{IPA|/r/}}, and of {{IPA|/ɾ/}} before {{IPA|/l/}}. See [[Costa Rican Spanish]].
|-
| [[Swedish language|Swedish]] || Central Standard<ref>{{harvcoltxt|Engstrand|1999|p=141}}</ref> || {{lang|sv|[[Swedish alphabet|sta'''r'''kast]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ˈs̪t̪äɹːkäs̪t̪]}} || 'strongest' || Allophone of {{IPA|/r/}}. Some speakers have {{IPAblink|ɾ}} ({{IPAblink|r}} when geminated) in all positions. See [[Swedish phonology]].
|-
|colspan=2| [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]] || {{lang|tl|[[Tagalog alphabet|pa'''r'''ang]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[paɹaŋ]}} || 'like-' || Allophone of the more usual and traditional flap or trill {{IPA|[{{IPAplink|ɾ}} ~ {{IPAplink|r}}]}} and is sometimes thus pronounced by some younger speakers due to exposure to mainstream English.
|-
| [[Turkish language|Turkish]]|| Marmara Region || {{lang|tr|[[Turkish alphabet|a'''r'''tık]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[aɹtɯk]}} || 'excess, surplus' || Occurs as an allophone of {{IPAblink|ɾ}} in syllable coda, in free variation with post-alveolar {{IPAblink|ɹ̠}}. See [[Turkish phonology]].
|-
| [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]] || Saigon<ref>{{harvcoltxt|Thompson|1959|p=459}}</ref> || {{lang|vi|[[Vietnamese alphabet|'''r'''a]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ɹa]}} || 'go out' || In free variation with {{IPAblink|ɾ}}, {{IPAblink|r}} and {{IPAblink|ʐ}}. See [[Vietnamese phonology]].
|-
| [[Zapotec language|Zapotec]] || [[Tilquiapan Zapotec|Tilquiapan]]<ref>{{harvcoltxt|Merrill|2008|p=109}}</ref> || '''''r'''dɨ'' || {{IPA|[ɹd̪ɨ]}} || 'pass' || Allophone of {{IPA|/ɾ/}} before consonants.
|}

===Postalveolar===
{{See also|Retroflex approximant|Voiced retroflex approximant}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!colspan=2| Language !! Word !! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] !! Meaning !! Notes
|-
|rowspan=3| [[English language|English]] || [[Australian English|Australian]] ||rowspan=3| ''[[English orthography|'''r'''ed]]'' || {{IPA|[ɹ̠ʷed]}} ||rowspan=3| 'red' ||rowspan=3| Often [[labialization|labialized]]. May also be a labialized [[Voiced retroflex approximant|retroflex approximant]]. For convenience it is often transcribed {{angbr|r}}. See [[Australian English phonology]], [[English phonology]], [[Rhoticity in English]] and [[Pronunciation of English /r/]].
|-
| Most [[American English|American]] dialects<ref>{{harvcoltxt|Hallé|Best|Levitt|1999|p=283}} citing {{harvcoltxt|Delattre|Freeman|1968}}, {{harvcoltxt|Zawadzki|Kuehn|1980}}, and {{harvcoltxt|Boyce|Espy-Wilson|1997}}</ref> || rowspan=2| {{Audio-IPA|En-us-red.ogg|[ɹ̠ʷɛd]}}
|-
| [[Received Pronunciation]]
|-
|colspan=2| [[Igbo language|Igbo]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Ikekeonwu|1999|p=108}}</ref> || {{lang|ig|'''r'''í|italic=yes}}|| {{IPA|[ɹ̠í]}} || 'eat' ||
|-
| colspan="2" |[[Malay language|Malay]]
|[[Jawi alphabet|'''ر'''اتوس]] / ''[[Latin alphabet|'''r'''atus]]''
|{{IPA|[ɹ̠ä.tos]}}
|'hundred'
|More commonly trill [{{IPA|r}}] or flap [{{IPA|ɾ}}]. See [[Malay phonology]]
|-
| [[Maltese language|Maltese]] || Some dialects<ref name="puech">{{Harvcoltxt|Puech|2013|p=74}}</ref> || {{lang|mt|malaj'''r'''|italic=yes}}|| {{IPA|[mɐˈlɐjɹ̠]}} || 'quickly' || Corresponds to {{IPA|[{{IPAplink|ɾ}} ~ {{IPAplink|r}}]}} in other dialects.<ref name="puech"/>
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Shipibo language|Shipibo]]<ref name="val283">{{Harvcoltxt|Valenzuela|Márquez Pinedo|Maddieson|2001|p=282}}</ref> ||'''''r'''oro''||{{IPA|[ˈd̠ɹ̠o̽ɾ̠o̽]}} || 'to break into pieces' || [[Pre-stopped consonant|Pre-stopped]]. Possible word-initial realization of {{IPA|/r/}}.<ref name="val283"/>
|}

As an allophone of other [[rhotic consonant|rhotic]] sounds, {{IPA|[ɹ]}} occurs in [[Edo language|Edo]], [[Fula language|Fula]], [[Murrinh-patha language|Murrinh-patha]], and [[Palauan language|Palauan]].<ref>{{harvcoltxt|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996|pp=240–241}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Index of phonetics articles]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist|30em}}

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{{Refend}}

==External links==
* {{phoible|ɹ}}

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[[Category:Alveolar consonants]]
[[Category:Pulmonic consonants]]
[[Category:Oral consonants]]
[[Category:Central consonants]]